Voluntary motor skills

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As voluntary motor ( syn. Plot motor skills ) in the medicine be active from the mind controlled and triggered movements referred. These controls are therefore incumbent on the highest brain centers or sensorimotor fields. (a) (a) In this way, the term is differentiated from motility in the medical sense, which is primarily subject to subcortical controls and triggering processes, such as reflexes . (b) (b)

Partial aspect of motor skills

Occasionally, motor skills are understood as synonymous with voluntary motor skills - as being exclusively subject to free will . (c) Usually, however, motor skills refer to the totality of mobility, thus the generic term for voluntary and involuntary motor skills. (b) (a) Partial aspects of motor skills are usually identified by compound words such as vasomotor or sensorimotor . (b)

Nervous system

A wide variety of brain structures are active before a conscious action is carried out . In particular, the importance of planning and programming must be pointed out. In conscious actions, not only the animal nervous system , which is ultimately decisive for the execution, is involved, to which in particular the pyramidal tract belongs, but also extrapyramidal nerve tracts, the cerebellum , the limbic system and the formatio reticularis . The cortex does not simply represent individual muscles, but rather sequences of movements. It is just a relay station in a complex motor control loop. (a) The importance of subcortical neural structures in the sense of arbitrary action readiness has Wilder Penfield noted (1891-1976) by emphasizing that there is no part of the cortex, have its removal unconsciousness result, but they kick in injury to the brain stem a. The difference between corticospinal and subcortical projections results in two different types of paralysis in central paresis : (b)

  1. the distally emphasized form with impairment of fine motor skills and targeted movement (see → ataxia ) and
  2. the proximally emphasized form of the parapyramidal tracts with impairment of the posture function (ataxia) and only slight disturbance of the distal fine motor skills.

The distinction between the two types of paralysis goes back to the observations of Klaus-Joachim Zülch (1910–1988), who saw the fine motor skills preserved in lesions in the bridge area (→ Formatio reticularis), although the proximal limb sections can be more paralyzed.

forensic science

The concept of the act of will has gained practical significance in forensics . Law in Germany differentiates between intent and negligence . (a) Psychologically, the term intent is further differentiated by the self -awareness. (b)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Norbert Boss (Ed.): Roche Lexicon Medicine . 2nd Edition. Hoffmann-La Roche AG and Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich, 1987, ISBN 3-541-13191-8 :
    (a) p. 1821 f. to Lemma “voluntary motor skills”;
    (b) p. 1161 on Lemma “Motiltät”;
    (c) p. 1161 on lemma “motor skills”;
    see. a. downloadable text 5 2003 of the online lexicon .
  2. ↑ a b c Zetkin-Schaldach: Dictionary of Medicine . dtv, Munich and Georg Thieme, Stuttgart 1980; ISBN 3-423-03029-1 (dtv) and ISBN 3-13-382206-3 (Thieme):
    (a) p. 916 on lemma “voluntary motor skills”;
    (b) p. 916 on Lemma “Motility”;
    (c) p. 916 on Lemma "motor skills" ;.
  3. ↑ a b Wilhelm Karl Arnold et al. (Ed.): Lexicon of Psychology . Bechtermünz, Augsburg 1996, ISBN 3-86047-508-8 ;
    (a) Col. 1415–1420 on the lemma “motor skills”;
    (b) Col. 2041 f. to lemma "sensorimotor skills".
  4. ^ A b Klaus Poeck : Neurology . 8th edition, Springer, Berlin 1992, ISBN 3-540-53810-0 :
    (a) p. 89 ff. On stw. “Psychophysical aspects of motor skills”;
    (b) p. 91 to Stw. “Different types of paralysis in central paresis”.
  5. ↑ Peter R. Hofstätter (Ed.): Psychology . The Fischer Lexicon, Fischer-Taschenbuch, Frankfurt a. M. 1972, ISBN 3-436-01159-2 ; P. 86 on Stw. “W. Penfield ”in Lemma“ Consciousness ”.
  6. ^ Fritz Broser : Topical and clinical diagnosis of neurological diseases. 2nd edition, U&S, Munich 1981, ISBN 3-541-06572-9 ; P. 134 to the district “Predilection attitude”.
  7. ↑ a b Hans Walter Gruhle : Understanding Psychology . Experiential theory. 2nd edition, Georg Thieme, Stuttgart 1956:
    (a) p. 13 f. to Stw. "act of will";
    (b) p. 269 on stw. “I-consciousness”.