Reactive intermediate

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In chemistry, reactive intermediate stages refer to high- energy particles that appear as short-lived intermediate products in organic and biochemical reactions.

Reactive intermediate stages are characterized by local minima in the reaction profile and require a very low activation energy for their further implementation . Since they are not rate-determining in a multi-stage reaction, they do not appear in the reaction kinetics .

Important reactive intermediates are primarily carbenium ions , carbanions , radicals , carbenes and nitrenes . The lifetime of a reactive intermediate is often too short for a clear spectroscopic characterization. Sometimes the matrix isolation technique can help.

Carbenium ions occur, for example, as reactive intermediates in the S N 1 reaction , CC bond linkages, rearrangements and fragmentations .

literature

  • Curt Wentrup: Reactive intermediate stages . Thieme, Stuttgart, 1979
  1. Radicals, carbenes, nitrenes, strained rings . ISBN 3-13-560101-3 .
  2. Carbocations, carbanions, zwitterions . ISBN 3-13-573801-9 .
  • Francis A. Carey, Richard J. Sundberg: Organic Chemistry. A further textbook . Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2004, ISBN 3-527-29217-9 .

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ulrich Lüning: Organic reactions , 2nd edition, Elsevier GmbH, Munich, 2007, pp. 210-211, ISBN 978-3-8274-1834-0 .