Civitas Taunensium

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The Civitas Taunensium was a civil Roman administrative unit ( Civitas ) in the right bank of the Rhine in the province of Germania superior in today's Rhine-Main area , the Taunus and the Wetterau . The main place was the Roman settlement in Frankfurt-Heddernheim with the name Nida . The civitas was probably established in the Trajan period and existed until the Limes falls in the middle of the 3rd century.

geography

Northern Limes Arch ( Wetterau Arch ) at the forts Arnsburg and Butzbach.

The civitas comprised the area of ​​the Roman areas north of the Main between today's Hanau and Hattersheim , possibly also some south of the Main bordering. It was part of the areas designated by Tacitus as agri decumates . The boundaries of the civitas were formed in the northwest, north and east by the Limes (also known as the Wetterau arc), the Schwarzbach is assumed to be the western border . Here the Civitas Mattiacorum bordered with today's Wiesbaden ( Aquae Mattiacorum ) as the main town. In the south was the Civitas Auderiensium with the main town of Dieburg . The Civitas Taunensium was probably separated from this area by the Main.

Due to the proximity to the monitored imperial border, Roman troops were present in the entire area of ​​the civitas. The reason for the inclusion of the areas north of the Main in a wide arc was certainly the fertility of the Wetterau loess loam soils . The border region was - like many border areas in the Roman Empire - dominated militarily and agriculturally.

story

Germanic campaigns of the Augustan period

The area of ​​the later Civitas Taunensium first moved into the field of vision of Roman expansion with the Germanic campaigns of Emperor Augustus . Here the Rheingraben in the form of the Wetterau reached in the shape of a cone far into Germanic territory. This is why this area was chosen as one of the two main routes of invasion next to the Lippe region . From the legionary camp Mogontiacum ( Mainz ) a number of forts were built, which enabled the units to safely march from the Rhine into the inner-Germanic areas. These forts were located in Rödgen , Friedberg, Bad Nauheim and possibly Nida. The establishment of the Roman Forum in Waldgirmes also fell during this time. The forts were connected to one another by a military road, which is now known as Elisabethenstrasse . A second supply route was water. The Main and Nidda were primarily used to transport goods and materials. A fort in Frankfurt-Höchst may have served to secure the waterway ; there were defensive trenches there in Bolongarostraße from that time. Due to the devastating defeat in the Varus Battle , the Roman expansion was stopped for a time. The planned town near Waldgirmes was abandoned.

Flavian emperors and chat campaigns

Jupiter's column, replica in front of the museum in Echzell, found at Villa rustica in Wölfersheim near Echzell. The inscription names the veteran of an ala Indiana Antoniniana .

Even after the end of the Teutonic Wars under Augustus and Tiberius , the Roman Empire tried to influence the areas to the right of the Rhine. With Wiesbaden and Mainz-Kastel, the Romans held a bridgehead across from Mogontiacum. The first fort buildings (earth storage) in Hofheim date back to the Claudian - Neronian times. A similar picture emerges south of the Main, when the Romans tried to control a bridgehead across from Mogontiacum and the important connection along the Rhine ( Roman Rhine Valley Road ).

Another Roman offensive for the appropriation of areas on the right bank of the Rhine happened under Domitian . The area of ​​the Civitas Taunensium became part of the Roman Empire during the Emperor's Chat Wars in 83–85 AD. According to Frontinus , the Chatta did not take part in open battle, but attacked from an ambush. That is why the Romans had aisles cut in the forest - the beginning of the Limes. Thus, the limit of Roman expansion was initially provisional and later determined as final. But there were also smaller local border shifts later.

The conquered area, to which the area of ​​the civitas Taunensium belonged, came to the province of Germania superior with the capital Mogontiacum. Early forts from the Flavian period are documented on the cathedral island in Frankfurt am Main , in Heddernheim, Okarben and Friedberg. The large fort in Kesselstadt was supposed to secure the Mainknie and the Kinzig estuary, but was probably abandoned after the Saturnine uprising in 89 AD.

Copy of the Dativius-Victor arch in Mainz.
Coin treasure from Ober-Florstadt (1136 denarii).

The borderland blossomed in the 2nd century AD.

A few years after the conquest, a civil administration was also established in the newly occupied territories. The founding of the civitas Taunensium is generally assumed around the year 100 AD, i.e. in the time of Emperor Trajan . He was previously governor in Upper Germany and remained in Germania until 99 after the death of his predecessor Nerva .

The area protected by the Limes experienced a long period of peace under the adoptive emperors in the course of the 2nd century . Troops from the hinterland were relocated directly to the Limes. Of the civil settlements that remained, Nida in particular experienced an upswing, and trade and culture flourished. The main town began to develop into a city, but without its legal status. Fortresses and manors were built in stone in the course of the 2nd century. Many other civilian settlements were formed under the protection and retinue of the troops stationed on the Limes. This suggests that the Limes system worked well during this time. The soldiers were also an important economic factor, as their pay guaranteed a regular flow of freshly minted coins and a constant high demand in the border region. Archaeobotanical studies have calculated an annual requirement of 3,034 t of grain (excluding seed production) and 10,371 t of hay for the Limes arch in the Wetterau alone .

Decline in the 3rd century

Difficulties appear to have hit the area towards the end of the 2nd century, possibly in connection with the Marcomann Wars . In some Roman villas there are traces of destruction from the period between 160 and 180, as well as in the main town of Nida . In the second half of the 2nd century, the Limes route in the Taunus was reinforced by the numerus fort in Holzhausen , Kleiner Feldberg and Kapersburg .

The Alemanni incursions in the second half of the third century ended the Roman presence and the existence of the Civitas Taunensium. The decisive factor for the decline of the border region was probably that the Limes no longer offered adequate protection against the numerous advances of the Germanic tribes. The previously built city ​​wall of Nida shows the people's will to assert themselves. In 250 the Civitas had the Friedberger Leugenstein erected, one of the latest stone monuments from the hinterland of the Limes. It proves that the administration was still partially functioning and that the roads were maintained. The Dativius-Victor-Bogen in Mainz is also regarded as a testimony to this difficult time, as it may indicate the escape of Civitas residents to the safe Mainz.

The stone monuments each only throw a spotlight on the fate of the residents during the abandonment of the area by the Romans around 260 as part of the imperial crisis of the 3rd century . The picture is supplemented by coin treasures and the laying of stone monuments in fountains, including skeleton finds from Nida-Heddernheim. Late Roman coin finds show that trade with the empire continued after the Romans withdrew. It is unclear whether this is a remaining Roman population or a Germanic peoples. The Germanic settlers avoided the Roman ruins for the most part. Settlement continuity is still assumed in a few places, for example the cathedral hill in Frankfurt or in the case of Friedberg's old town and the Reichsburg there , which was built on the area of ​​the Roman fort, due to topographical conditions. However, the evidence is disputed in detail due to the find situation.

colonization

Settlement structure

The main town of the Civitas Taunensium was the Vicus Nida . It was located between today's Frankfurt districts Heddernheim and Praunheim in the area of ​​the Römerstadt settlement . Nida did not achieve the status of a colony city or a municipality , but as a suburb of the surrounding rural area it had appropriate facilities (including a forum and thermal baths ) and was organized along the lines of a colony city. At its head was a council (ordo decurionum) , which elected two mayors (duoviri) annually . Dativius Victor is mentioned on the inscription on the Arch of Mainz as the Decurio of the civitas Taunensium . There is evidence of seven decuriones , one duumvir and one aedil from Heddernheim .

In the area of ​​the civitas , numerous other vici have been identified as marketplaces and the place of residence of the craftsmen, for example in Friedberg , in the area of Frankfurt's old town on the cathedral hill , in Hofheim , Höchst , in Frankfurt-Nied , Hanau-Salisberg and in Nidderau - Heldenbergen . In contrast to later village settlements, only a small part of them had an agricultural character. Crafts and trades dominated the villages, which is why they were often conveniently located at the intersection of several streets. Pottery shops are known from Nied and Heldenbergen. Due to the lack of planned excavations, it is not certain whether there was a settlement near the Roman thermal baths in Bad Vilbel . In addition to the purely civilian villages, there were small villages, so-called Kastellvici , in front of all the larger forts , but these were legally and economically dependent on the military.

Compared to the numerous villages of medieval origin that are located in the same area today, this list seems almost deserted. Settlement in single farms was predominant in Roman times, the entire Main Valley and above all the Wetterau were intensively farmed because of the fertile soils. The Civitas Taunensium therefore has a relatively high density of manors. About 350 such settlement sites are now known from the Wetterau, but only very few have been excavated.

These villae rusticae ensured the food supply for the units stationed on the Limes. They were mostly located near Roman roads or on a hillside above rivers, as they needed good transport connections to sell their goods and water for agriculture. So it happens that the sites of these villas are lined up like pearls on a chain by mapping, thus making the course of the Roman roads recognizable. They are particularly numerous along the smaller rivers, for example in the still heavily agricultural area along the Horloff , Usa and Wetter .

Grave inventory from the grave field of a villa rustica near Wölfersheim-Wohnbach in the Wetterau Museum Friedberg.

The burial ground of such a settlement was usually on the next street. B. be excavated at Wölfersheim-Wohnbach. If the settlement was a bit out of the way, it had its own driveway into the courtyard area, which was regularly walled, at least in the case of larger systems. In the Wetterau, in contrast to areas on the left bank of the Rhine, where facilities of up to 6 hectares are not uncommon, only small dimensions with 0.3 to 3.5 hectares of courtyard area are proven.

According to the current state of research, there is a relative lack of these settlement areas in the immediate vicinity of the Limes, which can probably be explained by the use of the area by the troops, possibly as pastureland for horses and pack animals.

population

Building inscription from the horreum of Fort Kapersburg with mention of a numerus Nidensium

The origin of the name of the civitas Taunensium is unclear. Numerous theories assume that either the mountains later called Taunus or the ridge on which Friedberg lies in the center of the Wetterau as namesake . However, population designations can also be considered, since the Roman civitates are not primarily to be understood as regional authorities , but as tribal areas. However, there is only very little evidence of continuous settlement since the Celtic times, for example at the Bad Nauheim saltworks. There were also three fortified Celtic places with the Glauberg , the Dünsberg and the Heidetränk-Oppidum above Oberursel , which, however, according to previous knowledge of archeology, were largely no longer populated at the time of the Roman occupation. Most of the oppida in Hesse with the exception of the Dünsberg were probably around 50 BC. Abandoned BC. Instead of a remaining Celtic population, an apparently immigrated Germanic population in the Wetterau is archaeologically tangible in the early Imperial Era. Tacitus mentions that people from Gaul settled in the sparsely populated agri decumates . Frontinus reports payments by the Romans to a tribal unit of the Kubians as compensation for the construction of forts in their area, which apparently has reduced their harvest yield.

In addition to the Germanic finds from the 1st century, there are indications of Germanic peoples in the area of ​​the civitas in significant numbers only in the late period of the 3rd century, especially in Nida-Heddernheim and in the vicus of the Zugmantel fort . The population consisted largely of more or less Romanized provincial residents with Celtic and Germanic roots.

After completing their military service, soldiers settled on the spot, but only a few inscriptions can be found. A veteran of the Ala Indiana appears as the donor in the inscription of a Jupiter column from Wölfersheim , which was found in a villa rustica near the Echzell fort . In an inscription in the Wiesbaden Museum today , Titus Flavius ​​Sanctinus , a soldier of the 22nd Legion , describes himself and his brothers as Taunenses . A numerus Nidensium is inscribed from Fort Kapersburg , an auxiliary force unit that was formed from citizens of the Civitas.

The Taunus Mountains did not get their name until the 19th century; it was previously simply called "die Höh '". The somewhat questionable retransmission of the Roman name comes across for the first time in a poem by Landgrave Friedrich V von Hessen-Homburg , which he wrote on the occasion of the inauguration of his Great Fir Forest . Later it was used consistently by Goethe's friend Johann Isaak von Gerning in writings related to his homeland. It only became established with the inauguration of the Taunus Railway in 1840. Ultimately, it remains unclear whether today's Taunus is identical to the mountains that were first named around 43/44 AD at Pomponius Mela .

Traffic routes

Leugenstein from the Civitas Taunensium from Friedberg in the Wetterau Museum. The stone gives the distance to Nida with 10 Leugen to (a Nida [l (eugas)] X) .
Two beneficiary inscriptions from the Mithraeum in Friedberg.

The most important connection was the so-called Elisabethenstrasse , which was laid out as a dead straight line . It established the connection from Mogontiacum / Mainz to the main town of Nida and to Friedberg Castle. The road construction was carried out under military direction, so the best-developed roads led to the Limes forts within the civitas. They primarily served the supply and communication of the troops stationed on the Limes and therefore often connected the forts on the Limes and the rear troops in a straight line. A street triangle in the northern Limes arc, which connected the forts Friedberg, Arnsburg and Echzell with one another, is striking .

With the civilian settlement of the country around 100 AD, further roads of lesser importance were formed that connected civilian settlement areas. The center of the road network thus became the suburb and market town of Nida, which was connected to other fort locations with road sections as straight as possible. The military and private roads, however, are unlikely to have been under the civil administration of the Civitas. An important Roman road led from Nida to the main town of the neighboring Civitas Dieburg and to the Roman civil settlement Groß-Gerau- "Auf Esch" . She used the Mainfurt am Domhügel .

Bridges over the Main have been reliably verified in the area of ​​the Hanau customs port and in the vicinity of the Limes near Großkrotzenburg . In older research, bridges were assumed to be at Offenbach-Bürgel , Frankfurt-Schwanheim and Frankfurt-Höchst , but these are considered unsecured , mainly due to the lack of dendrochronological investigations or the scarcely documented Roman routes. Pole shoes held in Roman style near Frankfurt Cathedral Hill have recently been dated to the year 1450. The Romans could have used fords as a substitute, but this can rarely be documented in a form that meets the standards of modern archaeological research.

Pre-Roman ancient roads such as B. the Hohe Straße were expanded by the Romans. Often these long-distance routes went across the Limes into free Germania. There were mostly forts at the crossings. This shows that the Limes was not an impenetrable barrier and trade was possible to some extent. Fortresses at such crossings include Kastell Saalburg ( Lindenweg ), Kastell Butzbach ( Weinstraße ), Kastell Marköbel ( Hohe Straße ) and the small fort Neuwirtshaus ( Birkenhainer Straße ). Safety on the streets was ensured by so-called beneficiarii .

There are finds of Roman milestones, so-called Leugensteinen , from the area of ​​the Civitas in Friedberg and Heddernheim. Also from Friedberg there is a stone for four-way goddesses from the Mithraeum area.

A not insignificant part of the transport of goods also took place via the rivers. Smaller rivers such as the Nidda and the Kinzig could also be navigated by towing or rafting. The reason for the profitability of river transport was probably also the slow and expensive transport of loads by land, which was mainly done with ox carts and primitive harnesses.

Larger watchtowers were excavated in some higher places, which probably served to transmit signals to the Mainz legionary site. Such towers have been found in Bad Nauheim ( Johannisberg ), Hofheim ( Kapellenberg ) and Wölfersheim-Wohnbach; there is also the Limesturm Wp 4/16 "Auf dem Gaulskopf" between Ockstadt and Pfaffenwiesbach.

business

So-called " Wetterauer Ware ", a terra sigillata imitation from the Rhine-Main area in the Archaeological Museum Frankfurt a. M.
Reconstruction of a Roman well near Niddatal-Kaichen.

The increase in productivity in agriculture was a prerequisite for an economy based on the division of labor and thus favored the urban structure and specialization of the skilled trades.

Smaller villages (vici) sometimes formed at crossroads , for example in Nidderau -Heldenbergen or on Salisberg near Hanau . There is often evidence of craft businesses here; several pottery kilns were uncovered in Heldenbergen. The main source of income was agriculture on the fertile soils of the Wetterau. It was favored by the presence of the troops on the Limes and the Mainz Legion, which, including their livestock, guaranteed a constant high demand.

Very soon with the establishment of the provincial administration around the year 100, a dense network of villae rusticae emerged in the Wetterau . On average every 1–2 km there is such a facility in the landscape, which suggests a survey (centuriation) , which, however, has not yet been proven. They were preferably located on the major military roads. Since horses could not be used to transport heavy loads at that time, at least heavy loads had to be transported by ox cart or, better, by ship.

The main local market was in Nida-Heddernheim. Goods could be transshipped via the port on the Nidda, so that the place got a connection to the river system of the Main.

In addition to the agricultural products, there is plenty of evidence of pottery in the region. Large brickworks of the Mainz legions, above all the 22nd legion from Mainz, have been identified in Frankfurt-Nied . They produced legionary bricks in the time of the construction of the Limes up to around 120/125 AD. Later their function was taken over by smaller brickworks, of which the brickworks of the Cohors IV Vindelicorum in Großkrotzenburg is the best known. In Nied and also in Heddernheim, clay lamps, varnish ware (especially drinking cups) and ceramics for the local market were produced by civil companies. In Heddernheim alone, 105 ovens were found, which, however, must also be extrapolated to the time in which the camp village and the civil town existed. A crockery depot from the 3rd century is known from the vicus of Fort Langenhain , which can be assigned to a local ceramic dealer.

A peculiarity of the region is the so-called Wetterauer Ware , a mostly thin-walled, red-painted product that was sold as an imitation of Terra Sigillata . It was probably made in Nied.

From Nida-Heddernheim, the professions of bricklayer, carpenter, blacksmith, locksmith, cabinet maker, bone carver, painter, bronze caster, bronze, gold and silversmith, stonemason, shoemaker, butcher, barber and doctor are mainly evidenced by tool finds. The finds reveal a focus on the non-ferrous metal processing professions.

The former Celtic salt pans of Bad Nauheim were also operated under the Romans.

Sites

(s) = visible, (n) = not visible, (m) = museum, exhibition on site

Civil settlements

Frankfurt am Main - Heddernhein

Villages ( vici , except fort villages )

Manors ( villae rusticae , selection)

  • Bad Homburg - Ober-Eschbach "Steingritz" (s)
  • Bad Homburg - Ober-Erlenbach "Im Holderstauden" (n)
  • Frankfurt "Ebelfeld" (n)
  • Frankfurt-Bornheim, am Güntersburgpark (n)
  • Frankfurt-Heddernheim "Philippseck" (n)
  • Friedberg "On the Pfingstweide" (n)
  • Friedrichsdorf-Seulberg "Hunburg" (m)
  • Hungen-Bellersheim "Markwald" (weak s)
  • Munzenberg-Gambach "Brückfeld" (n), two systems
  • Niddatal-Bönstadt "robbery castle" (weak s)
  • Niddatal-Kaichen "Auf dem Steinrutsch" (reconstructed well)
  • Wölfersheim-Wohnbach "Wahleburg" (n), "Hinterwald" (s), the stone house (s), and "On the stone slide" (n)

literature

  • Frank Martinäbüttel , Ulrich Krebs , Gregor Maier (eds.): The Romans in the Rhine-Main area. Theiss, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8062-2420-7 .
  • Dietwulf Baatz , Fritz-Rudolf Herrmann (ed.): The Romans in Hessen. 2nd, revised edition. Theiss, Stuttgart 1989, ISBN 3-8062-0599-X .
  • Ernst Fabricius and others (ed.): The Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes of the Roemerreich . Department: A. Volume 2, 2: The route 3–5. Petters, Berlin and others 1936.
  • Ingeborg Huld-Zetsche : Nida. A Roman city in Frankfurt am Main (= publications of the Limes Museum Aalen. No. 48, ZDB -ID 1119605-1 ). Society for Pre- and Protohistory and Others, Stuttgart 1994.
  • Jörg Lindenthal: The rural settlement of the northern Wetterau in Roman times (= materials on the prehistory and early history of Hesse. Volume 23). State Office for Monument Preservation Hessen, Wiesbaden 2007, ISBN 978-3-89822-423-9 (also: Freiburg (Breisgau), university, dissertation, 1997).
  • Vera Rupp : The Wetterau in Roman times. An introduction. In: Vera Rupp (Ed.): Archeology of the Wetterau. Aspects of research (= Wetterauer Geschichtsblätter. Vol. 40). Verlag der Bindernagelschen Buchhandlung, Friedberg 1991, ISBN 3-87076-064-8 , pp. 207-216.
  • Vera Rupp: Roman agriculture in the Wetterau. Aspects of research. In: Vera Rupp (Ed.): Archeology of the Wetterau. Aspects of research (= Wetterauer Geschichtsblätter. Volume 40). Verlag der Bindernagelschen Buchhandlung, Friedberg 1991, ISBN 3-87076-064-8 , pp. 249-258.
  • Egon Schallmayer and others (ed.): The Romans in the Taunus. Societäts-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2005, ISBN 3-7973-0955-4 .
  • Georg Wolff : The southern Wetterau in prehistoric and early historical times with an archaeological find map. Ravenstein, Frankfurt am Main 1913.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Tacitus, Germania 29, 3 .
  2. ↑ Egon Schallmayer : The Limes - History of a Border (= CH Beck Knowledge. Volume 2318). 3rd edition, Beck, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-406-48018-8 , pp. 35, 54.
  3. ^ Hans-Günther Simon : Frankfurt aM-Höchst. Early imperial military camp. In: D. Baatz, F.-R. Herrmann (ed.): The Romans in Hessen. 1989, pp. 302-304, here p. 302.
  4. ↑ a b Jörg Lindenthal, Vera Rupp, Anthony Birley : A new veteran inscription from the Wetterau. In: Svend Hansen , Volker Pingel (Hrsg.): Archeology in Hessen. New finds and findings. Festschrift for Fritz-Rudolf Herrmann on the occasion of his 65th birthday (= International Archeology. Studia honoraria. Vol. 13). Leidorf, Rahden / Westf. 2001, ISBN 3-89646-393-4 , pp. 199-208; AE 2001, 1544 ; Jörg Lindenthal: The Jupiter column from Wölfersheim-Melbach: an archaeological stroke of luck. In: Vera Rupp, Heide Birley (ed.): Country life in Roman Germany. Theiss, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8062-2573-0 , pp. 156-157; Epigraphic database Heidelberg .
  5. ↑ Hans Ulrich Nuber : The Roman forts near Hofheim am Taunus, Main-Taunus-Kreis (= Archaeological Monuments in Hesse. Vol. 29, ISSN  0936-1693 ). Department for Prehistory and Early History in the State Office for Monument Preservation Hessen , Wiesbaden 1983, p. 5; Hans Ulrich Nuber: Hofheim am Taunus. MTK. Military plants and civil branches. In: D. Baatz, F.-R. Herrmann (ed.): The Romans in Hessen. 1989, pp. 350-357, here: p. 351.
  6. ^ Frontinus, Strategemata 1, 3, 10 .
  7. ^ Wolfgang Czysz : Hanau-Kesselstadt. Rom. Kesselstadt and Salisberg castles. In: D. Baatz, F.-R. Herrmann (ed.): The Romans in Hessen. 1989, pp. 334-336.
  8. ↑ Dietwulf Baatz: Emperor Trajan and the first Civitates east of the Rhine. In: D. Baatz, F.-R. Herrmann (ed.): The Romans in Hessen. 1989, pp. 82-83; Peter Fasold : On the foundation of the Civitas capital Nida. In: Egon Schallmayer (Ed.): Traian in Germanien, Traian in the realm. Report of the Third Saalburg Colloquium (= Saalburg Writings. Vol. 5). Saalburgmuseum, Bad Homburg vd H. 1999, ISBN 3-931267-04-0 , pp. 235–246, here: p. 235.
  9. ↑ Dietwulf Baatz: Roman conquests under the Flavian emperors, construction of the Limes. In: D. Baatz, F.-R. Herrmann (ed.): The Romans in Hessen. 1989, p. 82.
  10. ↑ Dietwulf Baatz: Life in the border region of the Roman Empire. In: D. Baatz, F.-R. Herrmann (ed.): The Romans in Hessen. 1989, pp. 84–156, here p. 98.
  11. ↑ Angela Kreuz: Agriculture and its ecological basis in the centuries around the birth of Christ. On the status of scientific investigations in Hesse. In: Reports of the Commission for State Archaeological Research in Hesse. Vol. 3, 1994/1995, ISSN  0941-6013 , pp. 79-81.
  12. ↑ a b c CIL 13, 9123 .
  13. ↑ Karl Horst Stribrny: .. Romans of the Rhine to 260 AD mapping, structure analysis and synopsis late Roman series of coins between Koblenz and Regensburg. In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission . Vol. 70, 1989, pp. 351-505.
  14. ↑ For the settlement of late antiquity see in detail: Bernd Steidl: Die Wetterau from the 3rd to 5th century AD (= materials on the prehistory and early history of Hesse. Vol. 22). State Office for Monument Preservation Hessen, Wiesbaden 2000, ISBN 3-89822-422-8 (At the same time: Freiburg (Breisgau), university, dissertation, 1994).
  15. ↑ Ingeborg Huld-Zetsche: Nida. A Roman city in Frankfurt am Main. 1994, p. 17.
  16. ↑ After Vera Rupp: Rural settlements in the Taunus foreland. In: Egon Schallmayer (Ed.): Hundert Jahre Saalburg. From the Roman border post to the European museum. von Zabern, Mainz 1997, ISBN 3-8053-2350-6 , pp. 184–190, here p. 186. According to Jörg Lindenthal: Rural civil settlement of the Roman period in the Limes hinterland. Findings from the northern Wetterau. In: Monument Preservation & Cultural History. Vol. 3, 2005, ISSN  1436-168X , pp. 32–34, here p. 32, 450 such places could already be addressed as rural settlements.
  17. ↑ Vera Rupp: Roman agriculture in the Wetterau. In: Vera Rupp (Ed.): Archeology of the Wetterau. 1991, pp. 249-251.
  18. ↑ Vera Rupp: The rural settlement and agriculture in the Wetterau and in the Odenwald during the imperial period (up to and including the 3rd century). In: Helmut Bender, Hartmut Wolff (Hrsg.): Rural settlement and agriculture in the Rhine-Danube provinces of the Roman Empire (= Passauer Universitätsschriften zur Archäologie. Vol. 2). Volume: text. Leidorf, Espelkamp 1994, ISBN 3-924734-18-6 , pp. 237-253, p. 241.
  19. ↑ Vera Rupp: Roman agriculture in the Wetterau. In: Vera Rupp (Hrsg.): Archeology of the Wetterau. 1991, p. 250; Jörg Lindenthal: A civil-free zone on the Wetteraulimes. In: Egon Schallmayer (Ed.): Limes Imperii Romani. Contributions to the specialist colloquium "World Heritage Limes" November 2001 in Lich-Arnsburg (= Saalburg-Schriften. Vol. 6). Roman fort Saalburg Archaeological Park, Bad Homburg vdH 2004, ISBN 3-931267-05-9 , pp. 93–96.
  20. ↑ For the origin of the name see: Andreas Mengel: Gesucht: Der mons Taunus. In: Egon Schallmayer et al. (Ed.): The Romans in the Taunus. 2005, pp. 15-19.
  21. ↑ Hartmut Galsterer : Communities and cities in Gaul and on the Rhine. In: Gundolf Precht (Ed.): Genesis, structure and development of Roman cities in the 1st century AD in Lower and Upper Germany. Colloquium from February 17th to 19th, 1998 in the regional museum Xanten (= Xantener reports. 9). Von Zabern, Mainz 2001, ISBN 3-8053-2752-8 , p. 4.
  22. ↑ See also Albrecht Jockenhövel , in: Fritz-Rudolf Herrmann, Albrecht Jockenhövel: The Prehistory of Hessens. Theiss, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-8062-0458-6 , p. 295.
  23. ^ Albrecht Jockenhövel, in: Fritz-Rudolf Herrmann, Albrecht Jockenhövel: The Prehistory of Hesse. Theiss, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-8062-0458-6 , p. 295; Bernd Steidl: Early imperial Germanic settlement in the Wetterau. In: Vera Rupp (Ed.): Archeology of the Wetterau. Aspects of research (= Wetterauer Geschichtsblätter. Vol. 40). Verlag der Bindernagelschen Buchhandlung, Friedberg 1991, ISBN 3-87076-064-8 , pp. 217-233, especially pp. 228-229.
  24. ^ Frontinus, Strategemata 2, 11, 7 .
  25. ↑ Ingeborg Huld-Zetsche: Nida. A Roman city in Frankfurt am Main. 1994, p. 27; Peter Fasold: excavations in the German Pompeii. Archaeological research in Frankfurt's north-west city. Museum of Prehistory and Early History, Frankfurt am Main 1997, ISBN 3-88270-333-4 , pp. 41–42.
  26. ^ Rafael von Uslar : The Germanic ceramics in the castles Zugmantel and Saalburg. In: Saalburg yearbook. Vol. 8, 1934, ISSN  0080-5157 , pp. 61-96; Dörte Walter: "Germanic Quarter" on the Limes? Location relationships between Germanic settlements and Roman forts and fort vici. In: Egon Schallmayer (Ed.): Limes Imperii Romani. Contributions to the specialist colloquium "World Heritage Limes" November 2001 in Lich-Arnsburg (= Saalburg-Schriften. Vol. 6). Roman fort Saalburg Archaeological Park, Bad Homburg vdH 2004, ISBN 3-931267-05-9 , pp. 127-134; for the vicus see: C. Sebastian Sommer : Fort vicus and fort. In: Find reports from Baden-Württemberg. Vol. 13, 1988, ISSN  0071-9897 , pp. 457-707.
  27. ↑ CIL 13, 7335 .
  28. ↑ CIL 13, 07441 (4, p 125) .
  29. ↑ Pomponius Mela, De chorographia 3, 30 . See: Andreas Mengel: Wanted: The mons Taunus. In: Egon Schallmayer et al. (Ed.): The Romans in the Taunus. 2005, pp. 15-19.
  30. ↑ Dietwulf Baatz: Life in the border region of the Roman Empire. In: D. Baatz, F.-R. Herrmann (ed.): The Romans in Hessen. 1989, pp. 84-156, here p. 111.
  31. ↑ Jörg Lindenthal: The rural settlement of the northern Wetterau in Roman times. 2007, p. 8 calls for a distinction between road and path in this context. Paths have not yet been archaeologically proven in the northern Wetterau.
  32. ↑ a b Ingeborg Huld-Zetsche: The Roman Age. In: Guide to archaeological monuments in Germany. Volume 19: Frankfurt am Main and the surrounding area. Theiss, Stuttgart 1989, ISBN 3-8062-0585-X , p. 89.
  33. ^ Alfred Kurt: On the history of roads and traffic between Rhine and Main. Part 2: The military roads of the Romans. Dissertation, University of Frankfurt am Main 1957, pp. 52–53.
  34. ^ Inscribed on several altars, each as beneficiarius consularis from Friedberg CIL 13, 7399 CIL 13, 7400 , Großkrotzenburg AE 1978, 550 and AE 1978, 551 and an inscription from Heddernheim CIL 13, 7338 .
  35. ↑ CIL 13, 7398 .
  36. ↑ Martin Eckoldt: Shipping on small rivers in Central Europe in Roman times and the Middle Ages (= writings of the German Maritime Museum. Vol. 14). Stalling, Oldenburg et al. 1980, ISBN 3-7979-1535-7 , p. 89; I. Huld-Zetsche: Nida. A Roman city in Frankfurt am Main. 1994, p. 33; Jörg Lindenthal: The rural settlement of the northern Wetterau in Roman times. 2007, p. 7.
  37. ↑ Martin Eckoldt: Shipping on small rivers in Central Europe in Roman times and the Middle Ages (= writings of the German Maritime Museum. Vol. 14). Stalling, Oldenburg et al. 1980, ISBN 3-7979-1535-7 , pp. 84-86.
  38. ↑ Dietwulf Baatz: Life in the border region of the Roman Empire. In: D. Baatz, F.-R. Herrmann (ed.): The Romans in Hessen. 1989, pp. 84-156, here pp. 113-114.
  39. ↑ Dietwulf Baatz: Life in the border region of the Roman Empire. In: D. Baatz, F.-R. Herrmann (ed.): The Romans in Hessen. 1989, pp. 84–156, here p. 97.
  40. ↑ Dietwulf Baatz: Life in the border region of the Roman Empire. In: D. Baatz, F.-R. Herrmann (ed.): The Romans in Hessen. 1989, pp. 84-156, here p. 96.
  41. ↑ Susanne Biegert: Roman pottery in the Wetterau (= writings of the Frankfurt Museum for Pre- and Early History. Vol. 15). Museum of Prehistory and Early History, Frankfurt am Main 1999, ISBN 3-88270-334-2 (also: Freiburg (Breisgau), University, dissertation, 1996).
  42. ↑ Dietwulf Baatz: Frankfurt aM-Höchst. Legion brick and pottery. In: D. Baatz, F.-R. Herrmann (ed.): The Romans in Hessen. 1989, pp. 302-304; Andrea Hampel: The Roman military brick in Frankfurt-Nied. In: Archaeological and Palaeontological Monument Preservation of the State Office for Monument Preservation Hesse (Ed.): Hessen-Archäologie 2001. Theiss, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-8062-1749-1 , pp. 93f.
  43. ↑ Ingeborg Huld-Zetsche: Nida. A Roman city in Frankfurt am Main. 1994, p. 29.
  44. ↑ Hans G. Simon, Heinz J. Köhler et al .: A crockery depot of the 3rd century. Excavations in the camp village of Fort Langenhain (= materials for Roman-Germanic ceramics. 11). Roman-Germanic Commission of the German Archaeological Institute in Frankfurt a. M., Habelt, Bonn 1992, ISBN 3-7749-2556-9 .
  45. ↑ Vera Rupp: Wetterauer Ware - a Roman pottery in the Rhine-Main area (= writings of the Frankfurt Museum for Pre- and Early History. Vol. 10). Habelt, Bonn 1988, ISBN 3-7749-2317-5 , pp. 23-36.
  46. ↑ Ingeborg Huld-Zetsche: Nida. A Roman city in Frankfurt am Main. 1994, p. 30.
  47. ↑ Vera Rupp, Nicole Boenke, M. Schmid: The Roman estate "Im Brückfeld" in Munzenberg-Gambach, Wetteraukreis. Excavations and research from 1994–1998. Wiesbaden 1998 (=  Archaeological Monuments in Hesse 145 ); Villa Rustica Munzenberg-Gambach