Ferdinand Lassalle

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Ferdinand Lassalle (1860), detail from a photograph by Philipp Graff БСЭ1. Автограф. Автографы. 1.svg

Ferdinand Lassalle (born on April 11, 1825 in Breslau as Ferdinand Johann Gottlieb Lassal ; died on August 31, 1864 in Carouge ) was a writer , socialist politician in the German Confederation and one of the leaders of the early German labor movement .

As the main initiator and president of the first social democratic party organization in the German-speaking area, the General German Workers 'Association (ADAV) founded in 1863, he is one of the founding fathers of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), which emerged from the Socialist Workers' Party (SAP) 26 years after his death . For its part, the SAP emerged from the merger of the ADAV and the Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP).

Lassalle's idea of ​​socialism was oriented towards a cooperative and Prussian nation -state. He came into conflict with the teaching dominated by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels , which was revolutionary and internationalist . While Lassalle was still alive, this conflict led to rifts within the ADAV and, a few years after his death, to the division of German social democracy into two directions and parties . The division into "Lassalleaner" (ADAV or LADAV ) and " Eisenacher " (SDAP) was overcome at least organizationally at the joint party congress in Gotha in 1875 through the merger to form the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (SAPD).

Life

Youth and school years

Ferdinand Lassalle was the son of the wealthy Jewish silk merchant Heyman Lassal (also called " Loslauer ", 1791–1862). His mother was Rosalie Lassal, née Heizfeld (* May 8, 1797, † February 13, 1870). His brother Rochus died of consumption at the age of three . His sister Friederike married the merchant Ferdinand Friedland.

Lassalle's basic combative attitude can be seen in the actions of the childish and adolescent Ferdinand: As a 12-year-old, he asked for a rival for the favor of a 14-year-old girl in writing for a duel ; the same behavior resulted in his death 27 years later. At the age of 15 he described Germany in his diary as a “big dungeon with people whose rights are trampled underfoot by tyrants ”.

He attended the Maria-Magdalenen-Gymnasium in Breslau from 1835 to 1840 . Both Lassalle's classmates there (including August Meitzen ) and those at the business school in Leipzig , which he attended in 1840 and 1841, described him as a person with a strong sense of self-worth, who knew how to assert himself and offer others contractions.

Academic years

Ferdinand Lassalle left business school prematurely because it was not enough for him to devote his life solely to trading. He wants to do more intellectual things and study them. With this motivation, he decided on August 26, 1840 to become a writer and to stand up for the freedom and rights of people and peoples. In 1843 he passed the final examination in Breslau . He returned to his parents' house against the will of his father (unusual for the spirit of the time) and hid in a small attic with the cover of his mother and sister. There he studied the texts that he needed to pass the exam so that he could enroll at the University of Breslau and later in Berlin at the Friedrich Wilhelms University for the subjects of history , archeology , philosophy and philology . He passed this exam and now presented the result to his father. He then, albeit reluctantly, gave his consent to university studies. He was concerned that his son would not be able to support himself with these studies. At the beginning of his studies Lassalle joined the Raczek fraternity in Breslau in 1843 .

Turning to philosophy

Ferdinand Lassalle,
lithograph by an unknown hand in the Stadtmuseum Düsseldorf

Ferdinand Lassalle was fascinated by Hegel's ideas from an early age . He took over Hegel's idea that the state is a "unity of individuals in a moral whole, a unity which increases the strength of all individuals a million times over". Lassalle later transferred these ideas to German social democracy .

In his years as a student he devoted himself intensively to dealing with texts and developing his own ideas. For his studies, he sometimes neglected everyday things like food. One of his biographers, Arno Schirokauer, sums up this time: “He works immensely. He throws himself wildly into reading Hegel and finds it difficult to stop in the evening. [He sometimes leaves work] to act out himself in a crazy way. He stuffs bundles of bills into the drawers of his desk, witnesses of exaggerated elegance, witnesses of a luxury that wants to be fed with Medoc , Chateau Larose , champagne and parade rides. "

During his college days from 1843 to 1846, Ferdinand Lassalle studied texts by Hegel, Heine , Goethe , Fichtes and several other German poets. He was particularly interested in the ancient pre-Socratic philosopher Heraclitus . In order to gain recognition in intellectual circles, and above all because he was speculating on an appointment as a university professor , Lassalle wrote the philosophical book The Philosophy of Herakleitos of the Darkness of Ephesus .

Under the influence of the writings of Ludwig Börne , Heinrich Heine, the Young Hegelians and utopian socialism , he turned to democratic and socialist ideas. Against this theoretical background, he welcomed one of the first proletarian uprisings in the German Confederation , the Silesian weavers uprising of June 1844.

Lassalle viewed the historical epochs as stages of development of the idea of ​​freedom, the classes as carriers of different principles in which the self-determination of the idea is embodied. He did not attribute any revolutionary force to the popular masses. For him they were only the object of leaders who came to realize the idea. He saw the state as the embodiment of general human morality .

Commitment to Sophie Countess von Hatzfeldt

Memorial plaque in the former house of the Countess von Hatzfeldt at Friedrichstrasse 53 in Düsseldorf

At the age of 20 he met Sophie Countess von Hatzfeldt, who was twice her age, in Berlin. She looked for ways to separate from her husband, with whom she had been forcibly married in 1822, because he, a dissolute bon vivant, humiliated her constantly. Lassalle took on them and, after in-depth studies in the field of law , represented them for nine years (from 1846 to 1854) before 36 courts. Lassalle gained notoriety and a considerable fortune through the process, which was spectacular at the time, in the German-speaking area. Sophie von Hatzfeldt gave Lassalle a pension out of gratitude. In the years 1856 and 1857 he lived in the Countess's house in Düsseldorf .

It is not known whether Ferdinand Lassalle entered into a relationship with the Countess. In any case, she supported him in his thoughts and ideas for years. In February 1848, while the Hatzfeldt trials were still in progress, Lassalle was imprisoned for six months because he was accused of facilitating the theft of a cassette with important documents ("cassette trial"). Deeply impressed by his eloquence, the jury acquitted Lassalle in August 1848.

Lassalle's activity during the revolutionary period

Heads of the early German labor movement: August Bebel , Wilhelm Liebknecht (above), Karl Marx (middle), Carl Wilhelm Tölcke , Ferdinand Lassalle (below)

In the meantime, the liberal March Revolution had begun in the states of the German Confederation , primarily with the aim of unification of the German Empire and democratic reforms. After his acquittal, Lassalle got involved again in the democratic people's club. He came into personal contact with Marx and Engels and counted himself among their comrades-in-arms. He read the Communist Manifesto and carefully followed the Neue Rheinische Zeitung published by Karl Marx in Cologne , for which he also wrote several articles. Since 1847 he has been writing his surname in French based on the French revolutionary general La Salle.

When the National Assembly was expelled from Frankfurt am Main and the state of siege was imposed in Berlin, Lassalle, together with revolutionary forces from the Düsseldorf vigilante, called in November 1848 to refuse taxes and to arm the citizens. He wrote in the Bauernführer : “[...] provides ammunition. The fight will soon start in Düsseldorf ”. Ferdinand Lassalle was arrested again one day after the text was published. Although the jury acquitted him, he was not allowed to go because he was brought before the correctional tribunal, which sentenced him to another six months in prison in July 1849. Later, the prison stays turned out to be a happy coincidence for Lassalle, because after the failed and suppressed revolution of 1848/1849 he could not get involved in the communist trial of 1852.

In contrast to other socialists and communists , he was one of the few leading participants in the revolution who could not go into exile and remain in Germany without further persecution. Because of this, he sometimes referred to himself as the " last of the Mohicans ". After his imprisonment, Lassalle was in close contact with the working class . He was monitored by the police in Düsseldorf and classified as extremely dangerous by the state authorities.

Philosophically he remained connected to Hegelianism . He did not acquire a materialistic worldview. He worked with the Communist League . However, the Cologne central authority refused to accept him as a member because of his involvement in the Hatzfeldt trial.

In 1851 Lassalle founded an illegal circle of revolutionary workers in Düsseldorf and propagated socialist ideas. In 1851/1852 he supported the defendants in the Cologne communist trial .

Since he was from the Countess v. Hatzfeldt, whose lawsuits he had ultimately won because of the plaintiff's abandonment, he had the opportunity to develop fully as a privateer independent of material constraints.

Berlin years

Towards the end of 1858, Lassalle succeeded in obtaining permanent residence rights in Berlin , where he had been around for a long time in cultural and intellectual circles. in the house of his publisher Franz Duncker or in the salon of the Kladderadatsch editor-in-chief Ernst Dohm . He studied again his favorite philosopher Heraklit and wrote some of his most important works, including the 1858 drama Franz von Sickingen . In 1859 he published the text The Italian War and the Task of Prussia , in which he pleaded for a strengthening of Prussia's position in Germany, which is why he was heavily criticized by Marx and Engels from London , but also by other companions.

During his time in Berlin, Ferdinand Lassalle lived and worked from 1859 to 1863 at Bellevuestrasse 13. In 1861, Karl Marx was Lassalle's guest for eleven days in this residence. During this time, they held in-depth discussions and took the opportunity to exchange common interests and projects personally and not just through the long correspondence.

In April 1862 Ferdinand Lassalle published his elaborated speeches on the special connection between the current historical period and the idea of ​​the working class (workers' program) and on the constitution . The workers program was aimed at the resurgent German workers movement . It was an introduction to Lassalle's ideals and notions of socialism. He stressed the role of workers in historical progress. Lassalle found favor with the workforce. Lassalle turned away from the liberal bourgeoisie. He was of the opinion that Bismarck completely controlled the bourgeoisie.

In the summer of 1862 he visited Marx in London and tried in vain to win him over to a joint workers' agitation in Germany. Then contact between Lassalle and Marx broke off.

In February 1863, Otto Dammer , Julius Vahlteich and Friedrich Wilhelm Fritzsche summoned Lassalle to the committee of the Leipzig Workers' Center. He should contribute his ideas and formulate a revolutionary program for the workers' movement. Lassalle's open reply dated March 1, 1863. According to Lassalle, the workers would have to unite to form a party of their own, pool their interests and found cooperatives in order to be able to satisfy their “legitimate interests”. Lassalle wrote to a friend that "the effects of writing will be amazing". In fact, the open reply gave the impetus to found the General German Workers' Association (ADAV) - the first predecessor organization of the SPD .

Lassalle took the right to freedom of speech literally, he wrote and spoke without reserve. However, this also earned him prison terms. From April 20, 1863, Lassalle was imprisoned again for a month because, in his defense speech on the indictment of the workers' program, he spoke unfavorably about the son of the philosopher Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling . He was sentenced to an additional four months on the labor program charge . Lassalle also accused Bismarck of breaching the constitution and gave two impressive speeches.

Foundation of the General German Workers' Association

On May 23, 1863, the General German Workers' Association (ADAV) was founded in the Leipzig Pantheon . Ferdinand Lassalle was elected President for five years. His main demands were:

  • universal, equal and direct suffrage
  • Establishment of productive cooperatives with preferential state loans

He awakened the confidence that with the help of the existing state he would be able to grow peacefully into socialism. In the ADAV, an opposition to Lassalle was formed around Julius Vahlteich and Wilhelm Liebknecht . Lassalle was particularly resented for advocating unification of Germany under the leadership of the Prussian state.

The high treason trial against Ferdinand Lassalle

Lassalle came into contact with Bismarck several times since May 1863 in order to persuade him to introduce universal suffrage . In return, he wanted to support Bismarck. He directed his attacks more and more one-sidedly against the liberal bourgeoisie and not against the Prussian state with its Junkers and gave the impression that the Hohenzollern monarchy could be transformed into a people's kingdom. Bismarck made him concrete promises, which he kept after the war against Austria (already after Lassalle's death) under the ADAV presidency of Johann Baptist von Schweitzer .

In March 1864 Lassalle was charged with high treason for attempting to overthrow the constitution. In his speech to the State Court of Justice, Lassalle said that not only did he intend to do this, but that it would very soon be the point where the constitution would have been overthrown - and without bloodshed. He did not mention Bismarck's help in his speech. Lassalle intended to campaign for the annexation of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein by Prussia in September 1864 , but he never got around to it.

Lassalle gave his last public speech on May 22nd, 1864 in the small town of Ronsdorf (today a district of Wuppertal ), at that time a stronghold of the labor movement . The so-called Ronsdorf speech , which was given in front of an audience of around 2,000 (with a population of around 8,200 at the time) is considered by many political scientists (main opinion) to be one of his most important speeches. A plaque commemorates this last speech in Ronsdorf, and a street was named after Ferdinand Lassalle.

Death after duel

Lassalle's death mask

Lassalle fell in love with a young woman named Helene von Dönniges while on a spa stay . He wanted to marry her, but her parents were against it. In order to successfully sue her father, the Bavarian diplomat Wilhelm von Dönniges , for sequestering his daughter, he tried on August 16 or 17, 1864 to get the Bavarian King Ludwig II on his side. This should be done through the mediation of a friend, the conductor Hans von Bülow , who in turn should influence Richard Wagner . However, Wagner's request went too far.

Lassalle then decided to travel on to Switzerland and to duel with Wilhelm von Dönniges: As a member of the Breslau fraternity , Lassalle demanded satisfaction from Helene's father, a member of the Corps Rhenania Bonn . The 50-year-old father commissioned his desired fiancé, the Romanian boyar Janko von Racowitza (Iancu Racoviţă), a member of the Corps Neoborussia-Berlin , to take over the duel.

The duel took place on the morning of August 28, 1864 in the Geneva suburb of Carouge . The Sekundant of Lassalle was Wilhelm Rüstow . At 7:30 a.m., the opponents faced each other with pistols. Racowitza was the first to fire and hit Lassalle in the abdomen. Three days later, on August 31, 1864, Ferdinand Lassalle died in Carouge at the age of 39.

A few weeks before his death, Lassalle had already taken stock:

“I've made the inventory of my life. It was big, good, brave, brave and shiny enough. A future time will know how to do justice to me. "

Afterlife

Obituaries

Friends, acquaintances and supporters dedicated many memorable words in honor of his death. Jacob Audorf rewrote the German Workers 'Marseillaise , probably the most popular workers' song of the 19th century, for Lassalle's funeral .

When Friedrich Engels heard of Lassalle's death, he wrote in a letter to Marx:

“Otherwise Lassalle may have been who he was personally, literarily, scientifically, but politically he was certainly one of the most important guys in Germany. He was a very insecure friend for us at the moment, a fairly sure enemy in the future, but it doesn't matter, it hits you hard when you see how Germany destroys all reasonably capable people of the extreme party. What jubilation will reign among the manufacturers and among the progressive hogs; Lassalle was the only guy in Germany they were afraid of. "

Karl Marx, who was not always weighed down by Lassalle, judged in a letter to Johann Baptist von Schweitzer in 1868 :

"After fifteen years of slumber, Lassalle called - and this remains his immortal merit - the labor movement in Germany again."

A grave as a political issue

Lassalle's body was embalmed and was to be transported to Berlin with a stopover in Cologne and other cities so that his followers could say goodbye to him. However, there was disagreement about this plan between the family, his successor Bernhard Becker and the Countess von Hatzfeld, which in the end led to the coffin in Cologne being confiscated by the Prussian police. Lassalle was buried on September 15, 1864 in the Old Jewish Cemetery in Breslau, the exact date was kept secret because the police feared demonstrations. A memorial stone bore the following inscription: "Here rests what is mortal, of Ferdinand Lassalle, the thinker and fighter".

The Berlin sculptor Melchior zur Strasse modeled a portrait relief of Lassalle in 1867, which was intended for his tomb. However, it is uncertain whether it ever adorned the grave, as images of people are not common in Jewish cemeteries.

Gravestone in Wroclaw, 2003

In 1945 the front ran straight through the Jewish cemetery in Wroclaw, and Lassalle's grave was badly damaged. The Polish Socialist Party PPS erected a new memorial stone for him in 1947 on the occasion of its last congress before the unification of the PVAP. In the years that followed, Lassalle's grave, now on Polish territory, was a rather uncomfortable political issue for the People's Republic. After the expulsion of the German population, the cemetery fell into disrepair, and there were plans to level it and turn it into a park.

The Federal Republic of Germany therefore tried in 1974, at the instigation of the SPD government, to relocate Lassalle to its national territory, which, however, was again unacceptable for the GDR government. In addition, international Jewish organizations protested against reburial for religious reasons - a grave is considered inviolable in Judaism . The disputes led to the fact that on May 24, 1975 the Lassalle grave was recorded in the Wroclaw Monument Register, the reburial was stopped.

On the 120th anniversary of Lassalle's death in 1984, the grave was redeveloped by Polish experts; on the day of his death, wreaths and flower arrangements from both the SPD and the SED lay next to each other on the grave - the representatives of both parties, however, laid them down with a delay to avoid a meeting. The grave has been under the supervision of the Wroclaw City Museum since 1997.

estate

The letters from Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to Lassalle, which were in the Prussian Secret State Archives until 1945, ended up in Moscow as looted art . They were or will be published in the MEGA . He bequeathed some correspondence to his partner Sophie von Hatzfeldt ; they were later discovered in her estate at Schloss Sommerberg , which can now be found at Schloss Schönstein . Further letters are in the International Institute for Social History . Part of his library is located in the Institute for the World Economy , Kiel.

Monuments and memorials

New memorial plaque in Berlin-Mitte

In 1928 the city administration of Berlin put a memorial plaque on the house in Berlin where Lassalle had lived from 1859 to 1863 , but it was forcibly removed by the National Socialists in 1933 . The house itself had to give way in 1938 to the plans for the “ World Capital Germania ”. On April 11, 2005, a memorial plaque was unveiled in the sidewalk at the former location of the residential building, in which the old, original plaque is quoted and Lassalle himself is honored.

Postage stamp of the German Federal Post Office (1964)

Other reception

Lassalle's political ideas

In The Italian War and the Surrender of Prussia (1859), Lassalle spoke out very clearly for the first time in favor of Prussia's leading role in Germany. Not only Marx and Engels responded with protest. Lassalle's state-supporting and Prussian-friendly attitude later earned him criticism from other socialist and social democratic organizations, which hindered the unity of the German social democratic movement up to the establishment of the German Empire and beyond.

The most important difference to Marx was in the assessment of the role of the state in the emancipation of the fourth estate. While the latter saw the state as an instrument of oppression of the ruling class, Lassalle saw in it the positive organizational form of society. In contrast to Marx's and Engels' revolutionary socialism, Lassalle advocated a state-friendly social-democratic reformism. Lassalle criticized the concept of the state of the classical liberalism of his time, which wanted to restrict the state to establishing security and order, in a speech in Berlin in 1862 as a " night watchman state ".

Lassalle 's iron wage law stated that wages in a capitalist enterprise must always be limited “to the necessities of life that are customary in a people to maintain existence and to reproduce”. This dilemma would only be resolved if the workers themselves founded production co-operatives, thereby abolishing the distinction between wages and employer's profits, and thus receiving the full benefits of their labor themselves. To this end, the state must promote and develop the workforce and support them with loans, among other things.

Works

Total expenditure

"The total editions are neither complete nor reliable".

  • Ferdinand Lassalle. Speeches and writings. New complete edition. With a biographical introduction . Ed. By Ed. Bernstein, Volumes 1-3. Expedition of the forward Berliner Volksblatt, Berlin 1892–1893. (Digitized version)
  • Ferdinand Lassalle's complete works. Only issue. Edited by Erich Blum . Five volumes. Leipzig / Berlin 1899–1902.
  • Collected speeches and writings. (Ed .: Eduard Bernstein ). Cassierer, Berlin 1919/20; twelve volumes plus a supplementary volume.

Single issues

  • My defense speech against the charge of inducement to steal cassettes: delivered on August 11, 1848 in front of the Royal Assissenhof in Cologne and the jury . Wilhelm Greven, Cologne 1848. ub.uni-duesseldorf.de
  • The philosophy of Herakleitos the Dark of Ephesus . Franz Duncker, Berlin 1858.
  • The Italian war and the abandonment of Prussia . Franz Duncker, Berlin 1859. 2nd edition. 1859 rsl.ru .
  • Franz von Sickingen . A historical tragedy . Franz Duncker, Berlin 1859. (Digitale-sammlungen.de)
  • The system of acquired rights. 1861.
  • Fichte 's philosophy and the importance of the German national spirit. Ceremonial speech given at the spruce celebration organized by the Philosophical Society and the Scientific Art Association on May 19, 1862 in the Arnimschen Saale . G. Jansen, Berlin 1862. (Digitale-sammlungen.de)
  • The indirect tax and the position of the working classes . Zurich 1863. ( digitized and full text in the German text archive )
  • Workers program. About the special connection between the present historical period and the idea of ​​the working class . Meyer & Zeller, Zurich 1863. fes.de (PDF)
  • Power and law. Open letter . Meyer & Zeller, Zurich 1863. (Digitale-sammlungen.de)
  • About constitutionalism. Speech on April 16, 1862 in Berlin. ( Memento of March 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) European Publishing House, Hamburg 1993, ISBN 3-434-50108-8 .
  • What now? Second lecture on constitution. Meyer & Zeller, Zurich 1863. (Digitale-sammlungen.de)
  • The festivals, the press and the Frankfurt Congress of Representatives. Three symptoms of the public spirit. A speech was given at the meeting of the General German Workers' Association in Barmen, Solingen and Düsseldorf . Schaub, Düsseldorf 1863. (fes.de) (PDF)
  • Science and workers. A defense speech before the Berlin Criminal Court against the indictment of having publicly incited the dispossessed classes to hatred and contempt for the haves . Meyer & Zeller, Zurich 1863. (Digitale-sammlungen.de)
  • Open reply to the Central Committee on the appointment of a General German Workers' Congress in Leipzig . Meyer & Zeller, Zurich 1863. (Digitale-sammlungen.de)
  • On the workers question . Speech of April 16, 1863.
  • Worker reading book. Speech of May 17-19, 1863
  • To the workers of Berlin. A speech on behalf of the workers of the General German Workers' Association . Reinhold Schlingmann, Berlin 1863
  • Mr. Bastiat-Schulze von Delitzsch, the economic Julian or Capital and work . Reinhold Schlingmann, Berlin 1864. (Digitale-sammlungen.de)
  • The agitation of the general German workers' association and the promise of the King of Prussia. A speech given at the foundation festival of the General German Workers' Association in Ronsdorf on May 22, 1864 . Reinhold Schlingmann, Berlin 1864. (rsl.ru)
  • The high treason trial against Ferdinand Lassalle before the State Court of Berlin on March 12, 1864: According to the stenographic report . Reinhold Schlingmann, Berlin 1864, (Digitale-sammlungen.de)

Letter issues

  • Heinrich Heine's complete works. Volume 21, letters. Third part. Hoffmann and Campe, Hamburg 1866.
  • A love episode from the life of Ferdinand Lassalle. Diary correspondence confessions. Brockhaus, Leipzig 1878.
  • Letters from Ferdinand Lassalle to Carl Rodbertus - Jagetzow . With an introduction by Adolph Wagner . Puttkammer & Mühlbrecht, Berlin 1878.
  • Albin Kutschbach: Sophie Soluchteff - F. Lassalle. A love episode from the life of Ferdinand Lassalle. Diary correspondence confessions; a critical study . Chemnitz 1881.
  • Letters to Hans von Bülow from Ferdinand Lassalle. 2nd Edition. Dresden / Leipzig 1885.
  • Bernhard Becker : Revelations about the tragic end of Ferdinand Lassalle's life: presented on the basis of authentic evidence. Schleiz 1868. (2nd edition. Nuremberg, 1892)
  • Adolph Kohut : Ferdinand Lassalle. His life and work. based on the best and most reliable sources. With unprinted letters and reports from Ferdinand Lassalle's, Georg Klapka 's, Johann Philipp Becker 's and Countess Sophie Hatzfeldt , Otto Wigand , Leipzig 1889.
  • Adolph Kohut : Ferdinand Lassalle's will and heirs. With unprinted letters from Countess Sophie Hatzfeldt, Wilhelm Rustow , Aurel Holthoff and others. A memorial sheet for the 25th anniversary of Lassalle's death on August 31, 1889. Baumert & Ronge, Großenhain / Leipzig 1889.
  • Ludwig Büchner : My meeting with Ferdinand Lassalle. A contribution to the history of the social democratic movement in Germany. With 5 letters from Lassalle . Hertz and Süßenguth, Berlin 1894.
  • Ferdinand Lassalle's letters to Georg Herwegh . Along with letters from Countess Sophie Hatzfeldt to Mrs. Emma Herwegh, ed. by Marcel Herwegh . Müller, Zurich 1896.
  • Franz Mehring : Letters from Ferdinand Lassalle to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels . 1849-1862. Dietz, Stuttgart 1902. (From the literary estate of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels and Ferdinand Lassalle. 4th vol.) Rsl.ru
  • Intimate letters from Ferdinand Lassalle to parents and sister, ed. by Eduard Bernstein . Vorwärts bookstore, Berlin 1905
  • Postponed letters and writings. Edited by Gustav Mayer . 6 volumes. Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, Berlin 1921–1925.
  • Gustav Mayer: Bismarck and Lassalle. Their correspondence and their conversations. Dietz, Berlin 1928
  • "To honest and decent opposition ..." Ferdinand Lassalle and the F.-A.-Brockhaus-Verlag in letters and comments ed. by Erhard Hexelschneider and Gerhild Schwendler. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2000.

Secondary literature

In the order of appearance:

  • Telling of a highly comical story, which is supposed to have happened, according to the reports we received, in 1849, in which a well-known Countess Hatzfeldt lets herself be embarrassed about and everywhere by her factotum, called Lassalle, for a few shabby thalers of money. Rothmann, Cologne 1849.
  • Heinrich Graichen: Ferdinand Lassalle in his efforts to raise work and human dignity. Dedicated to all German workers. Leipzig 1865.
  • Helene v. Racowitza born v. Dönniges: My relationship with Ferdinand Lassalle. Schottlaender, Breslau 1879.
  • Albin Kutschbach : Lassalle's death. Following on from the memoirs of Helene von Racowitza “My Relationships with Ferdinand Lassalle”. To complement the same. Schmeitzner, Chemnitz 1880.
  • George Meredith : The Tragic Comedians. A well-known story in a new light . Translation by Irma Wehrli, epilogue by Hanjo Kesting . Manesse, Zurich 2007, ISBN 978-3-7175-2132-7 ( The Tragic Comedians , 1880)
  • Paul Lindau : Ferdinand Lassalle's last speech. A personal memory. Schottlaender, Breslau 1882.
  • Heinrich von Poschinger : Lassalles suffering. Henning, Berlin 1887.
  • Georg Brandes : Ferdinand Lassalle. A literary character image. From the Danish. 2nd edition with previously unpublished letters and a portrait of Lassalle. H. Barsdorf, Leipzig 1889. 3rd edition. 1894 digitized .
  • Adolph Kohut : Ferdinand Lassalle's will and heirs. With unprinted letters from Countess Sophie Hatzfeldt, Wilhelm Rustow, Aurel Holthoff and others. A memorial sheet for the 25th anniversary of Lassalle's death on August 31, 1889 . Baumert and Ronge, Grossenhain 1889.
  • Adolph Kohut: Ferdinand Lassalle. His life and work. With unprinted letters and reports from Ferdinand Lassalle, Georg Klapka's, Johann Philipp Becker and Countess Sophie Hatzfeldt . Wigand, Leipzig 1889.
  • Max Kegel : Ferdinand Lassalle. Commemorative publication on the 25th anniversary of his death. With a portrait. Lassalle's. JHW Dietz, Stuttgart 1889.
  • Ernst von Plener :  Lassalle, Ferdinand . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 17, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1883, pp. 740-780.
  • Wendelin Weißheimer : Experiences with Richard Wagner, Franz Liszt and many other contemporaries. Stuttgart 1898, pp. 289-311.
  • Wilhelm Jockusch: About Lassalle's iron wage law. Phil. Diss. Heidelberg (printed by E. Siedhoff), Bielefeld 1892.
  • Gustav Mayer : Lassalle as a social economist. University of Basel Phil. Diss. (Printed Mayer & Müller, Berlin 1894).
  • Adolph Kohut: Ferdinand Lassalle . Hugo Schildberger, Berlin 1902. (= Important men from the past and present. 6)
  • Politician: Marx or Lassalle? A decision of fundamental importance for today's workers' policy . Dülfer, Görlitz 1903
  • Politician: Bismarck or Lassalle? R. Dülfer, Görlitz 1904
  • Eduard Bernstein : Ferdinand Lassalle and his significance for the working class: on the fortieth anniversary of his death. Berlin 1904
  • Hermann Oncken : Lassalle . Frommann, Stuttgart 1904. (5th extended edition. 1928)
  • Tatiana Grigorovici : The theory of values ​​in Marx and Lassalle. Contribution to the history of a scientific misunderstanding . Bern Phil. Diss. 1907–1908 (initially self-published, Vienna 1908)
  • Eduard Rosenbaum : Ferdinand Lassalle. Studies on the historical and systematic connection of his teaching . Fischer, Jena 1911
  • Friedrich Coenen: Lassalle's iron wage law and its critics . University of Tübingen political science dissertation 1911 (printed by Pick, Cöln-Merheim 1911)
  • Alfred Schirokauer : Lassalle. A life for freedom and love . Rich. Bong, Berlin 1912 fiction
  • Stefan Großmann : Ferdinand Lassalle. Berlin, Ullstein 1919. (People in personal testimonies and contemporary reports). With a portrait of Lassalle. 260 pp.
  • Bernhard Harms : Ferdinand Lassalle and its importance for German social democracy. [Copy from 1909], Verlag Gustav Fischer, Jena 1919.
  • Karl Vorländer : Marx, Engels and Lassalle as philosophers . JHW Dietz Nachf., Berlin 1920.
  • Konrad Haenisch : Lassalle. Man and politician . Schneider, Berlin 1923.
  • Paul Kampffmeyer : Lassalle. An awakening worker culture movement. Publishing house J. H. W. Dietz, Berlin 1925.
  • Arno Schirokauer: Lassalle. The power of illusion, the illusion of power. Paul List Verlag, Leipzig 1928. Fiction
  • Hans Ebeling : The fight of the Frankfurter Zeitung against Ferdinand Lassalle and the establishment of an independent workers' party. Hirschfeld, Leipzig 1931 ( Archives for the History of Socialism and the Labor Movement , Supplements Volume 4).
  • David Footman : Ferdinand Lassalle. Romantic revolutionary . Yale Univ. Press, New Haven 1947.
  • Paul Wentzcke: Ferdinand Lassalle's apprenticeship years on the Lower Rhine (1846–1857). In: Düsseldorfer Jahrbuch. No. 45, 1951, pp. 241-262.
  • Ferdinand Lassalle. In: Werner Blumenberg : Fighters for Freedom . After. JHW Dietz, Berlin and Hanover 1959, pp. 46–53.
  • Shlomo Na'aman : Ferdinand Lassalle. German and Jew. A socio-historical study. Self-published Lower Saxony State Center for Political Education, Hanover 1968.
  • Friedrich Jenaczek (Ed.): Ferdinand Lassalle. Speeches and writings. With a Lassalle chronicle . DTV, Munich 1970. (dtv 676)
  • Shlomo Na'aman: Ferdinand Lassalle . Publishing house for literature and current affairs, Hanover 1970.
  • Walter Hinnderer (Ed.): Sickingen Debate. A contribution to materialistic literary theory . Hermann Luchterhand, Darmstadt and Neuwied, 1974, ISBN 3-472-61141-3 . (= Luchterhand Collection 141)
  • Gösta von Uexküll : Ferdinand Lassalle in self-testimonies and photo documents. Reinbek near Hamburg 1974 (rm 212), ISBN 3-499-50212-7 .
  • Ferdinand Lassalle on charges of high treason and other political offenses. In: Walther Skaupy: Great processes in world history. Magnus Verlag, Essen 1981, DNB 820251895 , p. 145 ff.
  • Bert Andréas : Ferdinand Lassalle - General German Workers' Association. Bibliography of their writings and the literature about them. 1840-1975 . Bonn 1981
  • Hans Peter Bleuel : Ferdinand Lassalle or the fight against the damned needlessness. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1982, ISBN 3-596-25107-9 . Fiction
  • Iring Fetscher :  Lassalle, Ferdinand. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 13, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1982, ISBN 3-428-00194-X , pp. 661-669 ( digitized version ).
  • Hans Jürgen Friederici : Ferdinand Lassalle. A political biography . Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1985 (History series)
  • Shlomo Na'aman: Ferdinand Lassalle (1825-1864), lawyer and lawyer , In: Kritische Justiz (Hrsg.): Streitbare Juristen. Another tradition. Nomos, Baden-Baden 1988, ISBN 3-7890-1580-6 ., P. 69 ff.
  • Konrad Fuchs:  Lassalle, Ferdinand. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 14, Bautz, Herzberg 1998, ISBN 3-88309-073-5 , Sp. 1176-1181.  ( Article / beginning of article in Internet archive )
  • Stefan Heym : Lassalle. Novel. 1st edition. the 2nd version provided by the author. Verlag Neues Leben, Berlin 1974. 379 pp. (Later also as a paperback: Btb bei Goldmann, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-442-72352-3 ) Fiction
  • Helge Dvorak: Biographical Lexicon of the German Burschenschaft. Volume I: Politicians. Volume 3: I-L. Winter, Heidelberg 1999, ISBN 3-8253-0865-0 , pp. 243-245.
  • Susanne Miller , Heinrich Potthoff: Brief history of the SPD 1848–2002. Dietz Verlag, Bonn 2002, ISBN 3-8012-0320-4 , pp. 33-34.
  • Thilo Ramm: Ferdinand Lassalle: The revolutionary and the law. Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-8305-0637-6 (Contemporary legal history: Section 4, Life and Work - Biographies and Work Analyzes, Volume 8)
  • Daniela Fuchs: “A cemetery in Breslau. One dead in the grave. The one who gave us swords slumbers there. ”- Ferdinand Lassalle on the 150th anniversary of his death. In: Yearbook for research on the history of the labor movement . Issue II / 2014.
  • Now we follow the bold path, who led us Lassalle , text book of a funeral for Ferdinand Lassalle, text selection: Dr. Burchard Bösche , Ernst Christian Schütt, publisher Kunststiftung Heinrich Stegemann , Norderstedt 2016, ISBN 978-3-7412-4636-4 .

Web links

Commons : Ferdinand Lassalle  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikiquote: Ferdinand Lassalle  - Quotes
Wikisource: Ferdinand Lassalle  - Sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Arno Schirokauer: Lassalle. The power of illusion, the illusion of power. Paul List Verlag, Leipzig 1928.
  2. ↑ Stadtmuseum Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf: Lithography Ferdinand Lassalle
  3. ↑ For its classification and reception see Hartmut Henicke: Workers' Movement and Reformation Reception from Vormärz to World War I - Knowledge and Limits. In: Work - Movement - History . Book II / 2017, pp. 86-106.
  4. ↑ See e.g. B. "Lassalle is considered a bridge builder" on the site of the SPD local association Ronsdorf (accessed on August 16, 2008)
  5. ^ Martin Gregor-Dellin : Richard Wagner. His life. His work. His century. Piper, Munich / Zurich 1980, pp. 532-533.
  6. ^ Friedrich Engels: "Engels to Marx in London, September 4, 1864. In: Marx Engels Works , Volume 30. Dietz Verlag Berlin, 1964, p. 429.
  7. ↑ On the following see Daniela Fuchs: “A cemetery in Breslau. One dead in the grave. One of the swords slumbers there and gave. ”- Ferdinand Lassalle on the 150th anniversary of his death. In: Yearbook for research on the history of the labor movement . Issue II / 2014.
  8. ↑ Illustrirte Zeitung , No. 1279 of January 4, 1868, p. 15.
  9. ↑ Daniela Fuchs: “A cemetery in Breslau. One dead in the grave. One of the swords slumbers there and gave. ”- Ferdinand Lassalle on the 150th anniversary of his death. In: Yearbook for research on the history of the labor movement . Book II / 2014, p. 207.
  10. ↑ See ibid.
  11. ↑ Klaus-Dieter Lehmann, Ingo Kolasa: The trophy commissions of the Red Army. A collection of documents for the removal of books from German libraries . V. Klostermann, Frankfurt am Main 1996.
  12. ↑ Ferdinand Lassalle: Leftover letters and writings: Correspondence with Countess Sophie von Hatzfeldt , Biblio Verlag, 1967, p. 15.
  13. ^ Heinrich Cunow: Ferdinand Lassalle and Heinrich Heine . In: The New Time . Wochenschrift der deutschen Sozialdemokratie , 39.1920–1921, Volume 2 (1921), Issue 10, pp. 221–229.
  14. ↑ Thorsten Fromberg: Extensive book find from the Lassalle estate in the German Central Library for Economics. In: Gutenberg yearbook 2005. pp. 179–183.
  15. ↑ Ferdinand Lassalle. In: dasrotewien.at - Web dictionary of the Viennese social democracy. SPÖ Vienna (Ed.)
  16. ↑ Lassalle-Hof residential complex. Wiener Wohnen , accessed on August 14, 2014 .
  17. ^ Ferdinand Lassalle Hof . Open House Vienna; accessed August 14, 2014.
  18. ^ Heinrich Potthoff, Susanne Miller: Brief history of the SPD 1848–2002. Dietz Verlag, Bonn 2002.
  19. ^ Friedrich Jenaczek, p. 523.
  20. ^ Letters from Lasalle
  21. ↑ Second edition as the third volume of the series "Marx Studies" edited by Rudolf Hilferding and Max Adler , Vienna 1910 (Reprint Glashütten im Taunus 1971).
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on July 9, 2005 .
personal data
SURNAME Lassalle, Ferdinand
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Lassal, Ferdinand Johann Gottlieb (maiden name)
SHORT DESCRIPTION German writer and politician
DATE OF BIRTH April 11, 1825
PLACE OF BIRTH Wroclaw
DATE OF DEATH August 31, 1864
Place of death Carouge , Switzerland