List of Popes

Francis , Acting Pope (2014)

The list of popes includes all the bishops of Rome . These have been bearing the honorary title of papa since the 5th century, following the example of their brothers in office from Alexandria .

introduction

The question of the Monepiscopate

It is not documented whether - according to the question of the formation of the monepiscopate - the congregation in Rome in the first 200 years was led by a single bishop or by a council of presbyters (Greek πρεσβύτεροι, council of elders), but this is traditionally the Catholic side taught. It is stated that Clemens I (probably around 88 to 97) showed that a single bishop could hold special leadership functions. In addition, to secure the apostolic succession , it is sufficient to simply record one's name (Irenaeus). The specific, historically uncertain source situation must therefore be taken into account with regard to potential bishops for at least the first 200 years.

An early testimony comes from Eusebius of Caesarea (around 260 - around 340). He describes Hippolytus as bishop, but without specifying the place. At the same time he calls him a contemporary of Zephyrin († 217), which is why he is listed here as an antipope. Apollinaris of Laodicea (around 315 - around 390), however, also confirms the title of bishop, but Hippolytus also expressly calls it “Bishop of Rome”, which indicates several Christian communities in the city.

The origin of the title "Pope"

The Roman title Papa , which was officially used later in the Middle Ages, is borrowed from the Greek Πάππα (childlike address of the father). In the Greek culture, this familiar, familiar form of address for older dignitaries (presbyters) was also used in the established Christian communities of the first centuries. (To this day, παπάς is the name for the simple pastor of a Greek community, while παππού corresponds to the German form of address Grandpa .) Patriarch Heraclas (r. 232–248) is the first bishop to have this honorary title (Πάππας). His successors, the Popes of the Egyptian Church (currently Tawadros II since November 2012 ) still bear this title today. It was not until 70 years after Heraclas that a Roman official was given this title for the first time. Marcellinus , who died in 304, is the first Roman bishop for whom the designation Papa is attested by a contemporary inscription ; Siricius , Pope from 384 to 399, the first to use it as a personal name. Since Leo the Great from 440 to 461 it has established itself as a common name for the Bishop of Rome. Only since Gregory VII from 1073 to 1085 did the Roman Church claim the title as the exclusive privilege of the Roman bishop. The German term Papst , derived from this, appears in different spellings from the late Middle Ages. Nonetheless, the early bishops of Rome are traditionally referred to as popes in German historical literature today.

Christianity as an institution of public law

In the Milan Agreement , in 313, Emperor Constantine and Licinius , co-emperor in the Greek East, granted equality between Christianity and the western religions in the empire. In 324 Constantine assumed sole rule and one year later moved his main imperial residence to Greek Byzantium. With some financial outlay, he organized a first Ecumenical Synod in nearby Nicaea . His invitation was sent to the Επίσκοποι (bishops) of all Christian communities and covered all travel expenses for about 2000 guests. At the synod he obtained a resignation of the internal Christian directional struggles and a common creed . In Nicaea, Constantine proclaimed his claim to preside over the Church as “Bishop of Bishops” and not just as Augustus . Since at that time all bishops had equal rights as representatives of their communities, Constantine thus excluded an independent church hierarchy within the jurisdiction of the Roman Empire.

Legitimacy of the Bishop of Rome

The question of the legality of individual Roman bishops (see antipopes), which has been much discussed since the Middle Ages, only became significant long after the “nationalization” of the Roman episcopate. Today's Roman Catholic Church instead leads New Year's Eve I as the legitimate Pope under Constantine, whose episcopate is said to have lasted unusually long at 22 years old, the longest in history until the 19th century. Little is known about his work. Famous are the historical forgeries of the 6th and 10th centuries, which in retrospect propagated the papal claim “Bishop of all bishops”. In all of these cases the forgeries were initiated by Ostrogothic and East Franconian kings.

Until the Council of Constance from 1414 to 1418 there were repeated disputes about who was the rightful Pope and who was not (so-called antipopes ). The respective situation has not always been clarified to this day and can often no longer be clarified. Angelo Roncalli , for example, did not call himself John  XXIV (compare Pope's name ) because he answered the question of the legitimacy of the antipope John XXIII - which had been open since the Council of Constance .  - with secular name Baldassare Cossa, died 1419 - did not want to decide in favor of the antipope afterwards by counting his name. That too should be taken into account when looking at this list.

Remarks

Table of the Popes buried in St. Peter's Basilica

• In the following, counter-popes are highlighted in light gray and written in italics.
• Canonized or beatified Popes are marked with (St.) or (Bl.) .
• The so-called Popess Johanna (Johannes Anglicus) is not included, as her existence is not historically proven and she is considered a legendary figure.
• There were no popes named Martin II or Martin III. , because Marinus I and Marinus II were erroneously listed under these names in the late Middle Ages . Likewise, there is no John XX. that was mistakenly skipped.
• There is no legitimate Pope by the name of John XVI. , but probably an antipope. Similarly, no legitimate exist Benedict X. Even Alexander V. , Anacletus II. , Felix V. , Constantine II. , Pascal III. , New Year III. and New Year's Eve IV so far only appear as antipopes.
• There were two popes with the name Stephan II: see Stephan (II.) And Stephan II. The first of the two only had a four-day term of office and is now regarded as illegitimate and not counted due to the lack of episcopal ordination. There are also two counter-popes named Viktor IV.
• Extraordinarily long Sedis vacancies are marked with (Sedis vacancies) and have a purple background.
• Problematic are the pontificate of the two Popes Alexander V and John XXIII, elected at Pisa by a fraction of the Roman College of Cardinals . who have only been regarded as anti-popes by the Catholic Church since the 20th century.
• The only antipope venerated as a saint is Hippolytus of Rome , presumed author of the Traditio Apostolica .

statistics

• To date there have been a total of 307 church-historically relevant popes, regardless of legitimacy.
• Of these, 31 were anti-popes in Rome, two in Pisa and five in Avignon .
• With four popes, legitimacy is unclear.
• Of the remaining 266 popes, 259 officiated in Rome and 7 in Avignon, but from there they remained bishops of Rome.
• Three popes ( Stephen II , Celestine IV and Hadrian V ) died before the ceremonial inauguration into their papal office. Celestine IV was after all cardinal bishop (of Sabina), Stephan was only a priest (without episcopal ordination), Hadrian was even only a deacon (he had received neither priestly nor episcopal ordination).
• Two popes ( Celestine V and Benedict XVI ) resigned from their office of their own free will because they no longer felt up to their tasks. Other popes (including Pontianus , Silverius and Gregory XII ) resigned their office under external pressure.
• 82 popes and an antipope are venerated as saints. Nine popes were beatified, and a beatification process was opened for three popes.
• The most frequently chosen name is with 25 times Johannes to Pope Johannes XXIII., Whereby Johannes VIII. And XXIII. were awarded for the rightful and an antipope, XVI. only for an antipope, XX. was not awarded and the name after Pope John XXIII. also occurs twice in the double name Johannes Paul.
• Two popes received the title of Doctor of the Church : Gregory I and Leo the Great .
• There are 1,980 years between the year 33, the beginning of the pontificate of Peter, and the year 2013, the end of the pontificate of Benedict XVI. The Pontifical Yearbook recognized 265 popes during this period. All seven longer Sedis vacancies lasted about 16.5 years together. This results in an average pontificate duration of 7 years and 5 months: (1,980 - 16.5) / 265 = 7.41 .
• The pope with the longest tenure was Pius IX. (1846–1878) at 31 years and 8 months. This is followed by John Paul II (1978–2005) at the age of 26 years and 5 months and Leo XIII. (1878–1903) at the age of 25 years and 5 months.
• The Pope with the shortest term of office was Stephan (II.) With 4 days. This is followed by Urban VII with 12 days and Bonifatius VI. with 15 days.

Bishops of Rome and Popes

(hl.) = canonized • (blessed) = canonized • Graphic representation of the terms of office

image	Pope	worldly name	origin	Term of office	Term of office	Remarks
	Peter (St.)	Simon Petrus (Aramaic Keifa, כיפא)	Roman Empire , Galilee	0033 (?) - 67 (?)		Disciple of Jesus and apostle , according to ancient church tradition, was the first bishop of Rome .
	Linus (St.)		Roman Empire, Tuscia	0067 (?) - 79 (?)		Its historicity is not certain.
	Anaklet (hl.)		Roman Empire, Rome	0079 (?) - 88 (?)		Its historicity is not certain, allegedly he introduced the ordination provisions for episcopal and priestly ordinations .
	Clemens I (St.)		Roman Empire, Rome	0088 (?) - 97 (?)		He is historically tangible, as is his stay in Rome, where he was born. Whether he was bishop of Rome is uncertain. He is the author of at least one letter .
	Evaristus (hl.)		Roman Empire; probably of Greek and Jewish origin	0097 (?) - 105 (?)		Data not backed up
	Alexander I. (hl.)		Roman Empire, Rome	0105 (?) - 115 (?)		Data not backed up
	Xistus I. , (hl.) (Lat.) Sixtus I.		Roman Empire, probably of Greek origin	0115 (?) - 125 (?)		Biographical data not handed down. Its Latin name in use today points to a later name as the 6th Pope after Peter.
	Telesphorus (St.)		Roman Empire; Greek origin	0125 (?) - 136 (?)		Data insecure. He is said to have introduced important traditions such as Passion Time , Christmas Mass at midnight and the celebration of Easter on a Sunday.
	Hyginus (hl.)		Roman Empire, possibly from Athens ; Greek origin	0138–140 (?)		Biographical data not saved
	Pius I (St.)		Roman Empire, Aquileia	0140 (?) - 155 (?)		The biographical data about him are not secured. There is evidence that he was the first Episkopos (bishop) to be uniformly elected by the presbyters of the Roman community (s). He fought the Gnostics .
	Anicetus (hl.)		Roman Empire, Syria , Homs	0155 (?) - 166 (?)		The surviving biographical data about him are z. T. implausible. He condemned Montanism as heresy and fought against Gnosticism and Marcionism . The rule that priests are not allowed to wear long hair is attributed to him.
	Soterus (hl.)		Roman Empire, Fondi	0166 (?) - 175 (?)		Biographical data not secured. T. implausible. He determined that marriages without a priestly blessing were not valid.
	Eleutherus (St.)		Roman Empire, Nicopolis ; Greek origin	0175 (?) - 189 (?)		Biographical data not secured. T. implausible
	Viktor I. (hl.)		Roman Empire, probably from Africa	0189 (?) - 199 (?)		He tried in vain to push back its Greek origins within the Roman episcopate. Viktor excommunicated entire communities in Asia Minor, which celebrated Easter as usual on Nisan 14 ( Passover ) of the Jewish calendar, while in distant Rome it was celebrated on the Sunday after. In order to avoid the danger of a schism , however, he withdrew this again. He also fought against monarchianism and excluded its leading members from the church.
	Zephyrinus (St.)		Roman Empire, Rome	0199 (?) - 217 (?)		The first dogmatic declaration that has been handed down literally comes from him: “I know one God, Jesus Christ, and besides him no other who was born and suffered.” Otherwise little is known about him.
	Natalis			0200		Evidenced by Eusebius of Caesarea .
	Calixt I (hl.)		Roman Empire, Rome	0217 (?) - 222 (?)		The contemporary Hippolytus, who detested him because of the indulgence introduced during his episcopate , reports that Calixt was a slave and was arrested several times for criminal financial transactions and even used as a miner. He pursued modalist monarchianism and excommunicated its leader Sabellius .
	Hippolytus (St.)		Roman Empire, presumably from the eastern part of the Roman Empire	0217 (?) - 235 (?)		He wrote numerous sacred works such as the Traditio Apostolica , Refutatio omnium haeresium , a pamphlet against heretics, a world chronicle and aids for calculating the Easter date . Whether he was an antipope has not been clearly proven, nor has the schism that it should have triggered. If so, he would be the first and only holy antipope .
	Urban I. (hl.)		Roman Empire, Rome	0222 (?) - 230 (?)		Some unproven deeds like the decree to make vasa sacra only out of silver and the fake decree in pseudoisidor are the only notable things about him.
	Pontianus (St.)		Roman Empire, Rome	0230 (?) - 235		After Maximinus Thrax sent him to Sardinia as a miner, he became the first Roman bishop to resign from his office. Due to his death in the mines, he is considered the first Pope whose martyrdom can be historically proven.
	Anterus (hl.)		Roman Empire, Rome; Greek origin	0235-236	1 month 13 days	He is the first historically clearly established bishop of Rome. However, there is no information about his short term of office.
	Fabianus (St.)		Roman Empire, Rome	0236-250	14 years 10 days	Very likely, but not clearly proven, is his reorganization of the church and its expansion into today's France. He kept in close contact with his contemporary Origen and divided Rome into seven diaconal districts.
	Cornelius (St.)		Roman Empire, Civitavecchia	0251-253		He advocated the resumption of apostate believers, which triggered the first schism in church history. He worked closely with his contemporary Cyprian of Carthage , but was exiled to Centumcellae by Emperor Trebonianus Gallus in 253 , where he died.
	Novatian		Roman Empire; Origin uncertain	0251-258		He is the first historically tangible antipope . In contrast to his opponent Cornelius, he took the view that apostate Christians and serious sinners should never return to the church. The reasoned through him sect of Novatians was still partly to the 5th century.
	Lucius I. (hl.)		Roman Empire, Rome	0253-254	8 months 8 days	He continued the mild practice of Cornelius and, like him , was banished by Trebonianus Gallus , but was able to return after his death.
	Stephan I. (hl.)		Roman Empire, Rome; Greek origin	0254-257		He too was in conflict with Novatian during his comparatively peaceful pontificate, but also fell out in the heresy dispute with theologians from North Africa. He also campaigned for the indissolubility of marriage and invented the engagement ring .
	Sixtus II. (St.)		Roman Empire; Greek origin	0257-258	11 months 7 days	He settled the heretic controversy and was killed on the orders of Emperor Valerian . He was the first Roman bishop to bear a name that one of his predecessors had already borne.
	Dionysius (St.)		Roman Empire, Magna Graecia	0260-268		He rearranged the church and made a peace with Emperor Gallienus . He condemned Subordinatianism and Sabellianism . He also corresponded with Dionysius of Alexandria .
	Felix I. (hl.)		Roman Empire, Rome	0269-274	5 years 11 months 25 days	He is said to have passed the law for the consecration of churches and allowed masses to be held at the graves of the deceased.
	Eutychianus (St.)		Roman Empire, Dalmatia , Salona	0275-283	8 years 11 months 3 days	Possible data about him are unsecured, not even the length of his term of office is unquestioned.
	Cajus (hl.)		Roman Empire, Dalmatia	0283-296	12 years 4 months 5 days	Despite persecution, Christianity experienced a quiet period under his episcopate in which numerous new churches could be built. He decreed that a future bishop must have previously been a lecturer , exorcist , acolyte , subdeacon , deacon and priest .
	Marcellinus (St.)		Roman Empire, Rome	0296-304		During his tenure, the persecution of Christians began under Diocletian . He was the first bishop of Rome to use the title papa , but not as a self-designation.
	( Sedis vacancy , 4 years)			0304–308 (?)		During these four years, the Diocletian persecution of Christians reached its peak.
	Marcellus I (hl.)		Roman Empire; Origin disputed	0308 (?) - 309 (?)		He reorganized the Church after the persecution, advocating the punishment of apostate Christians during the persecution . Due to the resulting violence within the community, he was banished from Rome by Emperor Maxentius , who did not approve of the unrest.
	Eusebius (hl.)		Roman Empire; Greek origin	0309 (?)		During his episcopate, the bloody arguments continued. In contrast to his predecessor, he pleaded for the return of Christians who had fallen away out of fear for their lives, but was also banished. Some sources date his term of office and his death to the year 310, which would eliminate the following vacancy.
	Heraclius		Roman Empire; Greek origin	0309 or 310		Antipope; was probably also exiled to Sicily by Maxentius . Otherwise almost nothing is known about him.
	( Sedis vacancy , 1 year)			0309 (?) - 310 (?)
	Miltiades (St.)		Roman Empire, Rome; alleged origin from Africa unconfirmed	0310-314		The battle of the Milvian Bridge , the end of the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire under Constantine I in the form of the Edict of Tolerance of Galerius and the Milan Agreement and the acquisition of the Lateran fall during his term of office . He fought montanism and donatism .
	New Year's Eve I. (hl.)		Roman Empire; Origin disputed	0314-335	21 years 10 months 29 days	The implementation of the Constantinian Turnaround , Emperor Constantine's claim of Christianity through his self-designation "Bishop of Bishops" as well as the First Council of Nicaea, convened under his leadership in 325 as the first ecumenical council , at which he enforced a uniform creed and did not appear on New Year's Eve, are to be named as important events of its episcopate. The Constantinian donation allegedly received by him turned out to be a historical forgery of the Franks right after Charles' coronation as emperor in 800.
	Marcus (St.)		Roman Empire, Rome	0336	8 months 19 days	He had to face a violent dispute with Arianism ( Arian controversy ) resulting from the Council of Nicaea , in which the emperor also intervened.
	Julius I (hl.)		Roman Empire, Rome	0337-352	15 years 2 months 6 days	He took up position for the bishop of Alexandria Athanasius, banished by the Arians, and granted him exile in Rome.
	Liberius		Roman Empire, Rome	0352-366	14 years 4 months 7 days	Originally took the position of his predecessor, but was forced to make concessions by Emperor Constantius II after he had banned him in the meantime. He is the first legitimate Pope not canonized.
	Felix II		Roman Empire, Rome, Portus Romae	0355-365		As an Arian he was raised to the rank of Roman bishop by Constantius II after Liberius was driven out. After his return from exile he had to give way to him because of his unpopularity with the people.
	Damasus I (St.)		Roman Empire, Idanha-a-Velha, now part of Portugal	0366-384	18 years 2 months 10 days	Although he had to assert himself against the minority rival Ursinius, he successfully expanded his supremacy as the successor of Peter by exercising ecclesiastical jurisdiction in the West. He called for legal celibacy and commissioned the Latin Vulgate translation of the Bible. The settlement of the Arian dispute took place in 381 at the Council of Constantinople .
	Ursinus		Roman Empire, Rome	0366-367		He was elected Roman bishop by minorities and tried to enforce his election by force and diplomacy, but failed and was expelled from the city. He and his followers continued to claim the bishopric until his death.
	Siricius (St.)		Roman Empire, Rome	0384-399	14 years ? Months ? Days	He used the title papa for the first time as a self-designation and issued decrees as letters of order. In addition, he stipulated that in future bishops could only be ordained by several colleagues and with papal consent. Penalties were softened, celibacy tightened and Christianity was declared de facto the state religion of the Roman Empire by Theodosius I.
	Anastasius I (hl.)		Roman Empire, Rome	0399-401	3 years 22 days	The only documents he has received are three letters in which he condemns the theologian Origen (185-254) in the Origenistic dispute that has broken out .
	Innocent I (hl.)		Roman Empire, Rome	0401-417	14 years 2 months 20 days	The loss of power of the Western Roman Empire became evident during his tenure through the sack of Rome (410) by the Visigoths . He continued to demand his supremacy as Pope and successor to Peter. Maybe he was his predecessor's son.
	Zosimus (St.)		Roman Empire, Mesoraca ; Greek origin	0417-418	1 year 9 months 8 days	Tried to expand his power to Gaul by establishing an archbishopric in Arles and was at odds with the North African Church over the handling of the teachings of Pelagius and Caelestius .
	Boniface I (hl.)		Roman Empire, Rome	0418-422	3 years 8 months 7 days	Was not elected as presbyter by the deacons, but was able to prevail with the help of Emperor Honorius . Was still in conflict with the North African Church and Pelagianism .
	Eulalius		Roman Empire, Rome	0418-419	3 months 7 days	Was elected antipope by a minority of the Roman clergy and had to leave Rome a little later.
	Celestine I. (St.)		Roman Empire, Rome	0422-432	9 years 10 months 17 days	Council of Ephesus , 431
	Sixtus III. (St.)		Roman Empire, Rome	0432-440	8 years 1 month 19 days
	Leo I. (hl.)		Roman Empire, Rome (after the Liber Pontificalis ) or Tuscien	0440-461	21 years 1 month 12 days	Council of Chalcedon , 451. Elevated to Doctor of the Church in 1754
	Hilary (hl.)		Roman Empire, Sardinia	0461-468	6 years 3 months 10 days
	Simplicius (St.)		Roman Empire, Lazio, Tivoli	0468-483	15 years 7 days
	Felix II. (III.) (Hl.)		Roman Empire, Rome	0483-492	8 years 11 months 17 days
	Gelasius I. (hl.)		Roman Empire ( Vandal Empire ), Sardinia	0492-496	4 years 8 months 20 days
	Anastasius II		Roman Empire ( Ostrogoth Empire ), Rome	0496-498	1 year 11 months 26 days
	Symmachus (hl.)		Roman Empire ( Vandal Empire )	0498-514	15 years 7 months 27 days
	Laurentius			0498-506		Antipope
	Hormisdas (hl.)		Roman Empire ( Ostrogoth Empire ), Latium, Frosinone	0514-523	9 years 17 days
	John I (hl.)		Roman Empire ( Ostrogoth Empire ), Tuscia	0523-526	2 years 9 months 5 days
	Felix III. (IV.) (Hl.)		Roman Empire ( Ostrogoth Empire ), Benevento / Samnium	0526-530	4 years 2 months 10 days
	Dioscure		Roman Empire, Alexandria	0530	22 days	Legitimacy unclear, more like an antipope
	Boniface II		Roman Empire ( Ostrogoth Empire ), Rome	0530-532	2 years 24 days	First Germanic Pope ( Ostrogoth ).
	John II	Mercury	Roman Empire ( Ostrogoth Empire ), Rome	0533-535	2 years 4 months 5 days	First Pope to take on a new name after his election.
	Agapitus I. (hl.)		Roman Empire ( Ostrogoth Empire ), Rome	0535-536	11 months 9 days
	Silverius (hl.)		Roman Empire ( Ostrogoth Empire ), Latium, Frusino	0536-537	1 year 5 months 3 days	Son of Hormisdas
	Vigilius			0537	10 months	Antipope, later legitimate Pope
	Vigilius		Roman Empire ( Ostrogoth Empire ), Rome	0537-555	18 years 2 months 9 days	First, Second Council of Constantinople , 553
	Pelagius I.		Roman Empire, Rome	0556-561	4 years 10 months 15 days
	John III	Catelinus	Roman Empire, Rome	0561-574	12 years 11 months 26 days
	Benedict I.		Roman Empire, Rome	0575-579	4 years 1 month 28 days
	Pelagius II		Roman Empire, Rome; Gothic descent	0579-590	10 years 2 months 12 days
	Gregory I (hl.)		Roman Empire ( Patrimonium Petri ), Rome	0590-604	13 years 6 months 9 days	Elevated to Doctor of the Church in 1298
	Sabinianus		Roman Empire ( Patrimonium Petri ), Blera	0604-606	1 year 2 months 9 days
	Boniface III		Roman Empire ( Patrimonium Petri ), Rome	0607	8 months 24 days
	Boniface IV (hl.)		Longobard Empire, Valenia ( Abruzzo )	0608-615	6 years 8 months 13 days
	Adeodatus I (hl.)		Roman Empire ( Patrimonium Petri ), Rome	0615-618	3 years 20 days
	Boniface V.		Roman Empire, Naples	0619-625	5 years 10 months 2 days
	Honorius I.		Roman Empire ( Lombard ?), Campania	0625-638	12 years 11 months 15 days	At the 3rd Ecumenical Council in Constantinople 680–681, 43 years after his death, his letters to Constantinople were condemned as heresy for monotheletism .
	Severinus		Roman Empire	0638-640	2 months 5 days
	John IV		Roman Empire, Dalmatia, Solin	0640-642	1 year 3 months 18 days
	Theodor I.		Roman Empire, Jerusalem , of Greek origin	0642-649	6 years 5 months 20 days
	Martin I. (hl.)		Roman Empire ( Patrimonium Petri ), Umbria, near Todi	0649-653
	Eugene I. (St.)		Roman Empire ( Patrimonium Petri ), Rome	0654-657	2 years 3 months 23 days
	Vitalian (St.)		Roman Empire ( Patrimonium Petri ), Latium, Segni	0657-672	14 years 5 months 28 days
	Adeodatus II.		Byzantine Empire ( Patrimonium Petri ), Rome	0672-676	4 years 2 months 6 days
	Donus		Byzantine Empire ( Patrimonium Petri ), Rome	0676-678	1 year 5 months 9 days
	Agatho (St.)		Byzantine Empire, Sicily	0678-681	2 years 6 months 14 days	Third Council of Constantinople , 680–681
	Leo II (hl.)		Byzantine Empire, Sicily; Greek origin	0682-683	10 months 16 days
	Benedict II (hl.)		Byzantine Empire ( Patrimonium Petri ), Rome	0684-685	1 year 9 months 16 days
	John V.		Byzantine Empire, Syria , possibly Antioch	0685-686	1 year 10 days
	Konon		Byzantine Empire, Sicily	0686-687	11 months
	Sergius I (hl.)		Byzantine Empire, Sicily, Palermo ; of Syrian descent	0687-701	13 years 8 months 24 days
	Theodore II			0687		Antipope
	Paschal I.			0687-692		Antipope
	John VI		Byzantine Empire, Ephesus	0701-705	3 years 2 months 12 days
	John VII		Byzantine Empire, Calabria, Rossano ; Greek origin	0705-707	2 years 7 months 17 days
	Sisinnius		Caliphate , Syria	0708	20 days
	Constantine I.		Caliphate , Syria	0708-715	7 years 14 days
	Gregory II (hl.)		Byzantine Empire ( Patrimonium Petri ), Rome	0715-731	15 years 8 months 23 days
	Gregory III. (St.)		Caliphate , Syria	0731-741	10 years 8 months 10 days
	Zacharias (St.)		Byzantine Empire, Calabria, Santa Severina ; Greek origin	0741-752	10 years 3 months 12 days	Coronation of the Carolingian Pippin as king of the Franks (751)
	Stephan (II.)			0752	4 days	Died before consecration and is therefore often not counted, shortest pontificate in history (4 days).
	Stephan II. (III.)		Byzantine Empire ( Patrimonium Petri )	0752-757	5 years 1 month
	Paul I (hl.)		Papal States, Rome	0757-767	10 years 30 days
	Constantine II		Papal States , Latium, Nepi	0767-768		Antipope
	Philip			0768		Antipope
	Stephan III. (IV.)		Byzantine Empire, Sicily	0768-772	3 years 5 months 17 days
	Hadrian I.		Papal States, Rome	0772-795	23 years 10 months 24 days	Second Council of Nicaea (787), fifth longest pontificate in history (8729 days)
	Leo III. (St.)		Papal States , Rome	0795-816	20 years 5 months 17 days	Imperial coronation of Charlemagne (800), eleventh longest pontificate in history (7474 days)
	Stephan IV. (V.)		Papal States, Rome	0816-817	7 months 2 days
	Paschal I (hl.)		Papal States, Rome	0817-824	7 years 3 months 20 days
	Eugene II.			0824-827	3 years 22 days
	Valentine		Papal States, Rome	0827
	Gregory IV.		Papal States, Rome	0827-844
	John VIII			0844		Antipope
	Sergius II		Papal States, Rome	0844-847
	Leo IV (hl.)		Papal States, Rome	0847-855	8 years 3 months 7 days
	Benedict III		Papal States, Rome	0855-858	2 years 6 months 19 days
	Anastasius III.			0855	2 days	Antipope
	Nicholas I (hl.)		Papal States, Rome	0858-867	9 years 6 months 20 days
	Hadrian II		Papal States, Rome	0867-872		Fourth Council of Constantinople , 869–870
	John VIII		Papal States, Rome	0872-882	10 years 2 days	First Pope to be violently killed since the persecution of Christians
	Marinus I.		Papal States , Gallese	0882-884	1 year 4 months 29 days	falsely Martin II.
	Hadrian III. (St.)		Papal States, Rome	0884-885	1 year 4 months
	Stephan V. (VI.)		Papal States, Rome	0885-891
	Formosus		Papal States, Ostia	0891-896	4 years 5 months 29 days	From Stephan VI. Condemned posthumously as a heretic at the synod of corpses in 897, buried again in St. Peter's Basilica after desecration, 904 by Sergius III. exhumed a second time, buried again after desecration in St. Peter's Basilica.
	Boniface VI.		Papal States, Rome	0896	15 days
	Stephan VI. (VII.)			0896-897		Synod of the funerals in Rome
	Romanus		Papal States, Gallese	0897
	Theodore II		Papal States, Rome	0897	20 days
	John IX		Papal States, Tivoli	0898-900
	Sergius III.			0898		Antipope, later (904–911) regular Pope
	Benedict IV		Papal States, Rome	0900-903	3 years 6 months
	Leo V.			0903	2 months	Was overthrown by Christophorus .
	Christophorus			0903-904	5 months	Legitimacy unclear, more like an antipope
	Sergius III.		Papal States, Rome	0904-911	7 years 2 months 16 days
	Anastasius III.		Papal States, Rome	0911-913	2 years 2 months
	Lando		Papal States, Sabina	0913-914
	John X.		Papal States , Tossignano near Imola	0914-928	14 years 2 months
	Leo VI		Papal States, Rome	0928	7 month
	Stephen VII (VIII.)		Papal States, Rome	0928-931	2 years 2 months
	John XI.		Papal States, Rome	0931-935		Probably the son of Sergius III.
	Leo VII		Papal States, Rome	0936-939	3 years 6 months 10 days
	Stephen VIII (IX)		Papal States, Rome	0939-942	3 years 3 months
	Marinus II.		Papal States, Rome	0942-946	3 years 7 months	Incorrectly Martin III.
	Agapitus II.		Papal States, Rome	0946-955	9 years 7 months
	John XII.	Octavian of Spoleto	Papal States, Rome	0955-963	8 years 4 months 28 days	The only minor pope. During a conflict within Italy, he was put under pressure to call Otto I from East Franconia for help. He forced the minor to be crowned emperor of the Roman Empire without first obtaining legitimation from the Roman emperor in Constantinople. Johannes complied, but turned against him after his departure. Otto entered Rome militarily, set up a synod and forced it to depose the bishop for the first time in Roman history.
	Leo VIII		Papal States, Rome	0963-964	2 months	Under military pressure from Otto I, Leo was elected Pope as a layperson, contrary to canon law, by a synod. Immediately after Otto's departure, the same synod demonstrated its independence, deposed Leo as illegitimate and confirmed the legitimacy of his predecessor John XII. as Bishop of Rome.
	John XII.	Octavian of Spoleto	Papal States, Rome	0964	4 months	In January 964 he was confirmed as the legitimate bishop of Rome. Just four months later, John XII died.
	Benedict V.		Papal States, Rome	0964	1 month 1 day
	John XIII		Papal States, Rome	0965-972	6 years 11 months 5 days
	Benedict VI.		Papal States, Rome	0973-974
	Boniface VII	Franco Ferruci	Papal States, Rome	0974		Antipope
	Benedict VII		Papal States, Rome	0974-983
	John XIV.	Petrus Canepanova	Holy Roman Empire , Italy , Pavia	0983-984
	Boniface VII	Franco Ferruci	Papal States, Rome	0984-985		Was already an antipope before
	John XV		Papal States, Rome	0985-996
	Gregory V.	Bruno of Carinthia	Holy Roman Empire, Stainach im Ennstal	0996	4 months	At the age of only 24, he was the first German-speaking Pope from today's Austria . First bishop not elected by the local clergy and people, instead illegally by his cousin, 14-year-old Otto III. , used. He was then crowned emperor by the Pope. Gregory was deposed by the Romans immediately after Otto's departure and their former Greek chancellor of Italy was elected bishop.
	John XVI	John Philagathos	Byzantine Empire , Rossano ; Greek origin	0996-998	1 year 5 months	Antipope. To this day the last Greek bishop of Rome. A skilled theologian legitimately elected bishop by the Romans. Under Otto II he was Chancellor of Italy, Archbishop, Abbot and teacher of Otto III. and his cousin Bruno ( Gregory V. ). He was mutilated by his opponents and removed from office in an official act.
	Gregory V.	Bruno of Carinthia	Holy Roman Empire, Stainach im Ennstal	0998-999	1 year 1 month	From Otto III. first German-speaking Pope appointed again without election of a bishop.
	New Years Eve II.	Tanner of Aurillac	Western France , Aquitaine , Belliac	0999-1003	4 years 1 month 10 days
	John XVII	Giovanni Sicco	Papal States, Rome	1003
	John XVIII	Johannes Fasanus	Papal States , Rapagnano	1004-1009
	Sergius IV	Pietro da Albano	Papal States, Rome	1009-1012	2 years 10 months 12 days
	Benedict VIII	Theophylact II of Tusculum	Papal States, Rome ( Tusculum )	1012-1024	11 years 11 months
	Gregory VI.		Papal States, Rome	1012		Antipope
	John XIX.	Romanus of Tusculum	Papal States, Rome (Tusculum)	1024-1032
	Benedict IX	Theophylact III. from Tusculum	Papal States, Rome (Tusculum)	1032-1044		1st pontificate
	New Years Eve III.	Giovani di Sabina	Papal States, Rome	1045	1 month (?)	Legitimacy unclear
	Benedict IX	Theophylact III. from Tusculum	Papal States, Rome (Tusculum)	1045		2nd pontificate
	Gregory VI.	Johannes Gratianus Pierleoni	Papal States, Rome	1045-1046	1 year 7 months 19 days
	Clement II	Suitger, Count of Morsleben and Hornburg	Holy Roman Empire, Saxony , Hornburg	1046-1047	9 months 15 days	Second “German” Pope
	Benedict IX	Theophylact III. from Tusculum	Papal States, Rome (Tusculum)	1047-1048		3. Pontificate, legitimacy unclear
	Damasus ii	Poppo from Brixen	Holy Roman Empire, Duchy of Bavaria, Pildenau	1048	24 days	Third “German” Pope
	Leo IX (St.)	Bruno Count of Egisheim-Dagsburg	Holy Roman Empire, Duchy of Swabia , Eguisheim	1049-1054	5 years 2 months 7 days	Fourth “German” Pope, initiated the schism of 1054 with his ban on the Ecumenical Patriarch , referred to as the Oriental Schism in the Roman Church .
	Viktor II	Gebhard von Eichstätt	Holy Roman Empire, Duchy of Bavaria	1055-1057	2 years 3 months 15 days	Fifth “German” Pope
	Stephan IX. (X.)	Frederick of Lorraine	Holy Roman Empire, Lorraine	1057-1058	7 months 26 days	Sixth “German Pope” from today's Lorraine , also known as the “French Pope” in France.
	Nicholas II	Gerhard of Burgundy	Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Burgundy , Savoy	1058-1061	2 years 7 months 21 days
	Benedict X.	Giovanni Mincio from Tusculum	Papal States, Rome (Tusculum)	1058-1060		Antipope
	Alexander II	Anselmo da Baggio	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Milan	1061-1073	12 years 6 months 20 days
	Honorius II.	Pietro Cadalus of Parma	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Verona	1061-1064		Antipope
	Gregory VII (hl.)	Hildebrand of Sovana	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Sovana	1073-1085	12 years 1 month 3 days	Banished King Heinrich IV from the church ( walk to Canossa ); Canonization 1606
	Clement III.	Wibert of Ravenna	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Parma	1084-1100		was appointed antipope at the synod in Brixen in 1080
	Viktor III (sel.)	Dauferius	Principality of Benevento , Benevento	1086-1087	1 year 3 months 23 days	Confirmed as Seliger in 1887
	Urban II. (Sel.)	Odo de Chatillon	France	1088-1099	11 years 4 months 17 days	Called for the first crusade ; confirmed as Seliger in 1881
	Paschal II.	Raniero di Bieda	Papal States , Bleda di Santa Sofia	1099-1118	18 years 4 months 8 days
	Theodoricus	Theodoric		1100		Antipope
	Albertus	Albert of Sabina		1102		Antipope
	New Year IV.	Maginulf		1105-1111		Antipope
	Gelasius II	Johannes Coniulo	Principality of Capua , Gaeta	1118-1119
	Gregory VIII	Mauritius Burdinus		1118-1121		Antipope
	Calixt II.	Guido Count of Burgundy	Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Burgundy, Quingey	1119-1124	5 years 10 months 11 days	First Lateran Council , 1123
	Honorius II.	Lamberto	Papal States, Bologna	1124-1130	5 years 1 month 29 days
	Celestine II.	Tebaldo Buccapecus	Papal States, Rome	1124	1 day	Pope elect
	Innocent II	Gregorio Papareschi	Papal States, Rome	1130-1143	13 years 7 months 10 days	Second Lateran Council , 1139
	Anaclet II	Pietro Pierleoni	Papal States, Rome	1130-1138	7 years 11 months 11 days	Antipope
	Viktor IV	Gregorio Conti by Ceccano		1138		Antipope
	Celestine II.	Guido de Castello	Papal States, Città di Castello	1143-1144	5 months 13 days
	Lucius II	Gerardo Caccianemici dal Orso	Papal States, Bologna	1144-1145	11 months 3 days
	Eugene III. (sel.)	Bernhard	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Pisa	1145-1153	8 years 4 months 23 days	Confirmed as Seliger in 1872
	Anastasius IV	Corrado Demetri della Suburra	Papal States, Rome	1153-1154	1 year 4 months 21 days
	Hadrian IV	Nikolas Breakspear	Kingdom of England , Abbots Langley	1154-1159	4 years 8 months 28 days	First English Pope
	Alexander III	Rolando Bandinelli	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Siena	1159-1181	21 years 11 months 23 days	Third Lateran Council , 1179, seventh longest pontificate in history (8029 days).
	Viktor IV	Octaviano de Montecello	Papal States, Rome	1159-1164	4 years 8 months 13 days	Antipope
	Paschal III.	Guido from Crema	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Crema	1164-1168	4 years 4 months 29 days	Antipope
	Calixt III.	John of Struma	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Arezzo	1168-1178	9 years 9 months 9 days	Antipope
	Innocent III.	Lando from Sezze	Papal States, Sezze	1179-1180	4 months (?)	Antipope
	Lucius III.	Ubaldo	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Lucca	1181-1185	4 years 2 months 24 days
	Urban III.	Humbert Crivelli	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Milan	1185-1187	1 year 10 months 25 days
	Gregory VIII	Albertus de Morra	Principality of Benevento	1187	1 month 26 days
	Clement III.	Paolo Scolari	Papal States, Rome	1187-1191	3 years 3 months 11 days
	Celestine III.	Giacinto Bobone Orsini	Papal States, Rome	1191-1198	6 years 9 months 9 days
	Innocent III.	Lothar Conti di Segni	Papal States, Gavignano Castle	1198-1216	18 years 6 months 8 days	Fourth Lateran Council , 1215
	Honorius III.	Cencio	Papal States, Rome	1216-1227	10 years 8 months	confirmed the rules of the order of the Dominicans , Franciscans and Carmelites
	Gregory IX.	Ugolino Conti di Segni	Papal States , Anagni	1227-1241	14 years 5 months 3 days	Nephew of Pope Innocent III.
	Celestine IV.	Goffredo Castiglione	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Milan	1241	17 days	Fourth shortest pontificate in history (17 days), died before consecration
	( Sedis vacancy , 2 years)			1241-1243
	Innocent IV.	Sinibald Fieschi	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Genoa	1243-1254	11 years 5 months 12 days	First Council of Lyon , 1245
	Alexander IV	Rainald Count Segni	Papal States , Anagni	1254-1261	6 years 5 months 13 days	Nephew of Pope Gregory IX.
	Urban IV.	Jacques Pantaléon	France , Troyes	1261-1264	3 years 1 month 3 days
	Clement IV	Gui Foucois	France , Saint-Gilles (Gard)	1265-1268	3 years 9 months 24 days
	( Sedis vacancy , 3 years)			1268-1271
	Gregor X. (blessed)	Tebaldo Visconti	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Piacenza	1271-1276	4 years 4 months 9 days	Second Council of Lyons , 1274; confirmed as Seliger in 1713
	Innocent V (blessed)	Pierre de Tarentaise	Holy Roman Empire, Savoy	1276	5 months 1 day	Beatification 1898
	Hadrian V.	Ottobono Fieschi	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Genoa	1276	38 days	Died before consecration
	John XXI.	Petrus Juliani	Portugal	1276-1277	8 months 12 days
	Nicholas III	Giovanni Gaetano Orsini	Papal States, Rome	1277-1280	2 years 8 months 28 days
	Martin IV.	Simon de Brion	France	1281-1285	4 years 1 month 6 days
	Honorius IV.	Giacomo Savelli	Papal States, Rome	1285-1287	2 years 1 day	Great-nephew of Honorius III.
	Nicholas IV	Girolamo Masci	Papal States, Lisciano	1288-1292	4 years 1 month 13 days
	( Sedis vacancy , 2 years)			1292-1294
	Celestine V. (St.)	Pietro del Murrone	Kingdom of Sicily , Sant'Angelo Limosano	1294	5 months 5 days	Resigned from office, overwhelmed, first hermit as Pope; Canonization 1313
	Boniface VIII	Benedetto Caetani	Papal States, Rome	1294-1303	8 years 9 months 17 days	Nephew of Pope Alexander IV
	Benedict XI. (sel.)	Niccolo di Boccasio	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Treviso	1303-1304	8 months 15 days	Confirmed as Seliger in 1736
	Clemens V.	Bertrand de Got	France	1305-1314	8 years 10 months 15 days	Since 1309 in Avignon , Council of Vienne , 1311–1312
	( Sedis vacancy , 2½ years)			1314-1316
	John XXII.	Jacques Duèze	France	1316-1334	18 years 3 months 29 days	In Avignon
	Nicholas V.	Pietro Rainalducci	Papal States , Corvaro	1328-1330	2 years 3 months 13 days	Antipope in Avignon and Rome
	Benedict XII.	Jacques Fournier	France	1334-1342	7 years 4 months 5 days	In Avignon
	Clement VI.	Pierre Roger	France	1342-1352	10 years 6 months 29 days	In Avignon
	Innocent VI.	Étienne Aubert	France	1352-1362	9 years 8 months 25 days	In Avignon
	Urban V. (sel.)	Guillaume de Grimoald	France	1362-1370	8 years 2 months 21 days	In Avignon ; confirmed as Seliger in 1870
	Gregory XI.	Pierre Roger de Beaufort	France	1370-1378	7 years 2 months 27 days	In Avignon , returned to Rome in 1377
	Urban VI.	Bartolomeo Prignano	Kingdom of Naples	1378-1389	11 years 6 months 8 days	Last Pope who did not belong to the College of Cardinals , beginning of the Western Schism
	Clement VII	Robert Count of Geneva	Holy Roman Empire	1378-1394	15 years 11 months 27 days	Antipope in Avignon
	Boniface IX	Pietro Tomacelli	Kingdom of Naples	1389-1404	14 years 10 months 29 days	Battle of Nicopolis (considered the last crusade )
	Benedict XIII.	Pedro Marinez de Luna y Gotor	Aragon	1394-1423	22 years 9 months 28 days	Antipope in Avignon
	Innocent VII	Cosimo dei Migliorati	Papal States, Rome	1404-1406	2 years 19 days
	Gregory XII.	Angelo Correr	Republic of Venice	1406-1415	10 years 11 months 18 days	Council of Constance (1414-1418)
	Alexander V.	Pietro Philargi	Republic of Venice, Crete	1409-1410	10 months 7 days	Counted as an antipope since the 20th century, Pisa
	John XXIII	Baldassare Cossa	Kingdom of Naples	1410-1415	5 years 12 days	Counted as an antipope since the 20th century, Pisa
	( Sedis vacancy , 2 years)			1415-1417
	Martin V.	Oddo di Colonna	Papal States , Genazzano	1417-1431	13 years 3 months 9 days	His election ended the Western Schism
	Clement VIII	Gil Sánchez Muñoz y Carbón	Aragon	1423-1429	6 years 1 month 16 days	Antipope in Avignon
	Benedict XIV.	Bernard Garnier	France	1425-1430		Antipope in Avignon
	Eugene IV.	Gabriele Condulmer	Republic of Venice	1431-1447	15 years 11 months 20 days	Council of Basel / Ferrara / Florence , 1431–1449
	Felix V.	Amadeus VIII Duke of Savoy	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Savoy	1439-1449	9 years 5 months 2 days	Last antipope
	Nicholas V.	Tommaso Parentucelli	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Sarzana	1447-1455	8 years 19 days	Founded the Vatican Library
	Calixt III.	Alfonso Borgia	Aragon	1455-1458	3 years 3 months 29 days
	Pius ii	Enea Silvio Piccolomini	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Pienza	1458-1464	5 years 11 months 27 days
	Paul II	Pietro Barbo	Republic of Venice	1464-1471	6 years 10 months 26 days	Nephew of Pope Eugene IV.
	Sixtus IV.	Francesco della Rovere	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Liguria	1471-1484	13 years 3 days	Had the Sistine Chapel named after him built
	Innocent VIII.	Giovanni Battista Cibo	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Republic of Genoa	1484-1492	7 years 10 months 26 days
	Alexander VI.	Rodrigo Borgia	Aragon	1492-1503	11 years 8 days	Nephew of Calixt III. ; excommunicated the alleged prophet Girolamo Savonarola
	Pius III	Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, City Republic of Siena	1503	27 days	Nephew of Pope Pius II.
	Julius II	Giuliano della Rovere	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Republic of Genoa	1503-1513	9 years 3 months 19 days	Nephew of Pope Sixtus IV , Fifth Lateran Council , 1512–1517; he founded the papal bodyguard Swiss Guard in 1506. On April 18, 1506, he began building St. Peter's Basilica .
	Leo X.	Giovanni de 'Medici	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Republic of Florence	1513-1521	8 years 8 months 20 days	Died heavily in debt, excommunicated Martin Luther
	Hadrian VI.	Adriaan Florisz Boeyens	Holy Roman Empire, Burgundy Netherlands , Utrecht	1522-1523	1 year 8 months 5 days	Seventh “German” Pope; for 455 years until the election of John Paul II. the last non-Italian Pope
	Clement VII	Giulio de 'Medici	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Republic of Florence	1523-1534	10 years 10 months 6 days	Cousin of Pope Leo X , 1527 "Sacco di Roma"
	Paul III	Alessandro Farnese	Papal States , Canino	1534-1549	15 years 28 days	Beginning of the Tridentinum , 1st session (1545–1547)
	Julius III.	Giovan Maria Giocci	Papal States, Rome	1550-1555	5 years 1 month 18 days	Tridentinum , 2nd session (1551–1552)
	Marcellus II.	Marcello Cervini	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Duchy of Urbino	1555	22 days	Last Pope to rule under his birth name.
	Paul IV	Gian Pietro Carafa	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Duchy of Savoy	1555-1559	4 years 2 months 26 days
	Pius IV	Giovanni Angelo Medici	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Duchy of Milan	1559-1565	5 years 11 months 13 days	End of Tridentinum , 3rd session (1561–1563)
	Pius V (St.)	Antonio Michele Ghislieri	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Duchy of Savoy	1566-1572	6 years 3 months 28 days	Canonization 1712
	Gregory XIII.	Ugo Buoncompagni	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, reign of Bologna	1572-1585	12 years 10 months 28 days	Led in 1582 to the Gregorian calendar , a
	Sixtus V.	Felice Peretti di Montalto	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Duchy of Urbino	1585-1590	5 years 4 months 3 days	Drastic reforms: high penalties for adultery and various offenses, resulting in high income, in the end one of the richest rulers in Europe
	Urban VII.	Giovanni Battista Castagna	Papal States	1590	12 days	Died of malaria before the coronation
	Gregory XIV.	Niccolò Sfondrati	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Duchy of Milan	1590-1591	10 months 11 days
	Innocent IX.	Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti	Papal States	1591	2 months 1 day
	Clement VIII	Ippolito Aldobrandini	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Duchy of Urbino	1592-1605	13 years 1 month 5 days	In 1600 Giordano Bruno was executed
	Leo XI.	Alessandro Ottaviano de 'Medici	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Republic of Florence	1605	26 days
	Paul V.	Camillo Borghese	Papal States	1605-1621	15 years 8 months 12 days
	Gregory XV.	Alessandro Ludovisi	Papal States	1621-1623	2 years 4 months 29 days
	Urban VIII.	Maffeo Barberini	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Republic of Florence	1623-1644	20 years 11 months 23 days	Galileo Galilei is convicted.
	Innocent X.	Giovanni Battista Pamphilj	Papal States	1644-1655	10 years 3 months 23 days	Peace of Westphalia 1648
	Alexander VII	Fabio Chigi	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Duchy of Tuscany	1655-1667	12 years 1 month 15 days
	Clement IX	Giulio Rospigliosi	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Duchy of Tuscany	1667-1669	2 years 5 months 19 days
	Clement X.	Emilio Altieri	Papal States	1670-1676	6 years 2 months 23 days
	Innocent XI. (sel.)	Benedetto Odescalchi	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Duchy of Milan	1676-1689	12 years 10 months 22 days	Beatification 1956
	Alexander VIII	Pietro Ottoboni	Republic of Venice	1689-1691	1 year 3 months 26 days
	Innocent XII.	Antonio Pignatelli	Kingdom of Naples	1691-1700	9 years 2 months 15 days
	Clement XI.	Giovanni Francesco Albani	Papal States	1700-1721	20 years 3 months 24 days	First Pope of Albanian descent
	Innocent XIII.	Michelangelo dei Conti	Papal States	1721-1724	2 years 9 months 25 days
	Benedict XIII.	Pietro Francesco Orsini	Kingdom of Naples	1724-1730	5 years 8 months 23 days	Beatification proceedings opened, venerable servant of God since 1931
	Clement XII.	Lorenzo Corsini	Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Duchy of Tuscany	1730-1740	9 years 6 months 24 days
	Benedict XIV.	Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini	Papal States	1740-1758	17 years 8 months 16 days	first Pope to publish an encyclical
	Clement XIII.	Carlo della Torre Rezzonico	Republic of Venice	1758-1769	10 years 6 months 27 days
	Clement XIV.	Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Ganganelli	Papal States	1769-1774	5 years 4 months 3 days	Prohibition of the Jesuit order 1773
	Pius VI	Giovanni Angelo Count Braschi	Papal States	1775-1799	24 years 6 months 14 days	Exiled by the French occupiers in 1796 , then deported to France. Fourth longest pontificate in history (8962 days).
	Pius VII	Luigi Barnaba Niccolò Maria Count Chiaramonti	Papal States	1800-1823	23 years 5 months 6 days	Concordat of 1801 ; was held by Napoleon Bonaparte from 1808 to 1814 . Restoration of the Jesuit order in 1814. Sixth longest pontificate in history (8560 days).
	Leo XII.	Annibale Sermattei della Genga	Papal States	1823-1829	5 years 4 months 13 days
	Pius VIII	Francesco Saverio Castiglioni	Papal States	1829-1830	1 year 7 months 30 days
	Gregory XVI.	Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari	Republic of Venice	1831-1846	15 years 3 months 30 days	Last non-bishop elected Pope
	Pius IX (sel.)	Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti	Papal States	1846-1878	31 years 7 months 25 days	Longest verifiable pontificate in history (11560 days), First Vatican Council , 1869–1870; Beatification 2000
	Leo XIII.	Vincenzo Gioacchino Pecci	France, Rome Department , Carpineto Romano	1878-1903	25 years 5 months	Third longest pontificate in history (9281 days).
	Pius X. (St.)	Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto	Empire Austria , Lombardo-Veneto	1903-1914	11 years 16 days	Canonization 1954
	Benedict XV	Giacomo della Chiesa	Kingdom of Sardinia	1914-1922	7 years 4 months 19 days
	Pius XI.	Achille Ambrogio Damiano Ratti	Empire Austria, Lombardo-Veneto	1922-1939	17 years 4 days	Lateran Treaties 1929
	Pius XII.	Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli	Italy	1939-1958	19 years 7 months 7 days	Beatification process opened in 1965, Venerable Servant of God since 2009 .
	John XXIII (St.)	Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli	Italy	1958-1963	4 years 7 months 6 days	Beginning of the Second Vatican Council in 1962; Beatification 2000. The canonization took place on April 27, 2014.
	Paul VI (St.)	Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini	Italy	1963-1978	15 years 1 month 21 days	End of the Second Vatican Council in 1965; Beatification 2014. The canonization took place on October 14, 2018.
	John Paul I.	Albino Luciani	Italy	1978	33 days	Died 33 days after the election; first pope with a double name and the only one to include the ordinal number “I.” in his name; Beatification proceedings opened in 2003.
	John Paul II (St.)	Karol Józef Wojtyła	Poland	1978-2005	26 years 5 months 17 days	first Polish Pope, first non-Italian Pope since 1523; Beatification May 1, 2011. The canonization took place on April 27, 2014. Second longest pontificate in history (9666 days).
	Benedict XVI.	Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger	Germany	2005-2013	7 years 10 months 9 days	Eighth German Pope; resigned from office on February 28, 2013.
	Francis	Jorge Mario Bergoglio	Argentina	since 2013	7 years and 166 days (continues)	First Latin American Pope; first pope who belongs to the order of the Jesuits .

See also

Liber Pontificalis Timeline of the Popes (terms of office graphically) List of historical antipopes List of Popes who have resigned from office

List of the Popes' tombs List of deans of the College of Cardinals List of the blessed and saints List of the German Popes

List of the Patriarchs of Constantinople List of Patriarchs of Alexandria List of the Patriarchs of Antioch List of Patriarchs of Jerusalem

literature

• Adolf von Harnack : About the origin of the 48 (47) first popes (1904). archive.org
• Horst Fuhrmann : The Popes. Beck, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-406-51097-3 .
• Josef Gelmi: The Popes - in life pictures. Augsburg 2003, ISBN 3-8289-0547-1 .
• Theodor Klauser : The beginnings of the Roman list of bishops. in: ders .: Collected works on liturgy history, church history and Christian archeology. Aschendorff, Münster 1974, pp. 121-138, ISBN 3-402-07053-7 .
• Michael Matheus, Lutz Klinkhammer (ed.): Self-image in conflict. Crisis situations in the papacy between Gregory VII and Benedict XV. WBG, Darmstadt 2009, ISBN 978-3-534-20936-1 .
• P. G. Maxwell-Stuart: Chronicle of the Popes. From St. Peter to Benedict XVI. Koehler & Amelang, Leipzig 2006, ISBN 978-3-7338-0342-1 .
• Roberto Monge : The great book of the Popes. Kösel, 2007, ISBN 3-466-36760-3 .
• Ludwig Pastor: History of the Popes since the end of the Middle Ages. 16 volumes. 1886–1933, reprinted Freiburg 1955–1961.
• Bernhard Schimmelpfennig : The Papacy. From antiquity to the renaissance. 6th, bibliographical updated edition. Darmstadt 2009, ISBN 978-3-534-23022-8 .

Individual evidence

1. ^ Eusebius of Caesarea: Historia Ecclesiastica , VI 20: in: Sources Chrétiennes 41, Paris 1955; P. 119 f.
2. ^ A. May: Scriptorum veterum nova collectio e vaticanis codicibus editio , Vol. I, 2; Rome 1825; P. 173.
3. ↑ The honorary title, later the job title παπάς , was traditionally integrated as a prefix in the surname of the pastor and his children. Compare, for example, Παπανδρέου (Papandreou) or Παπαδήμος (Papademos).
4. ↑ Επίσκοποι (bishops) were trained theologians in the early Christian communities, similar to today's pastors / priests. They were democratically elected by the community for mostly a short time as their representative (demos, δήμος = community). Later they were selected (professionally) by colleagues from the surrounding episcopates and then proposed to the community concerned for election.
5. ^ Symmachian forgeries and Donations of Constantine
6. ↑ Eusebius of Caesarea : Church History , V. 28, II.
7. ↑ Miltiades. www.imperiumromanum.com, accessed August 20, 2010 . 
8. ↑ Creed of Nicaea in the original Greek and in German translation: "Πιστεύω ... Εις μίαν, αγίαν, καθολικήν και άποστολικήν Εκκλησίαν ... I believe ... in the one, holy, catholic, and apostolic (= all sent) Church. "
9. ↑ The papal ban on the Patriarch of Constantinople ushers in the Oriental Schism

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