List of states by year in which women's suffrage was introduced

The list of states according to the year in which women's suffrage was introduced indicates the year of the legal basis in which women were granted the right to vote for the first time in national elections in accordance with the same criteria as for men for the entire national territory.

In the literature there are often contradicting statements about the year in which women's suffrage was introduced . These are partly explained by the fact that they are based on different criteria without being named.

criteria

Banner reading Votes for Women at an event to mark the 100th anniversary of the Great Pilgrimage 1913

This list is based on the following criteria:

• In a few states, women's passive right to vote (the eligibility of women) was achieved before women's active right to vote (the right to vote in elections). Information on the right to be elected has therefore been included in a separate column in these cases.
• Women's suffrage is considered to have been achieved when women are allowed to vote on the same basis as men (ie according to the same criteria), even if not all women in a state are then entitled to vote. If, for example, only whites were allowed in government in a state, the introduction of women's suffrage for white women is seen as the introduction of women's suffrage, although other women (and men) are excluded. Other criteria for a limited women's right to vote were marital status, skin color / ethnicity, education, income, financial situation or paying taxes. If women’s right to vote would only be considered given when all adult women in a state were allowed to vote, then B. achieved in Canada only in 1960, when the last restrictions on the indigenous population (men and women) were lifted.
• Formal equality does not always mean real (e.g. Sudan : in 1953, education was the admission criterion for voting, not gender, but so few women had access to education that, according to Adams, this cannot be seen as admitting women to election.)
• The introduction at national level is decisive for the information in the column Introduction of active women's suffrage . Differing relationships at local or regional level are listed in the Comments column .
  • Women's suffrage acquired during the colonial period also leads to an entry in the column Introduction of active women's suffrage .
  • For states that, like Bangladesh , were regions of another nation before their independence and already gave women the right to vote at that time, this early date is entered in the column Introduction of active women's suffrage ; the development after independence is included in the Comments column . For the states of the former USSR , the year is entered in which they first introduced women's suffrage, i.e. when they were still part of the USSR.
  • Only in the Comments column is taken into account if only one region or state received women's suffrage at any given time (in the US , for example, the states introduced women's suffrage at very different times).
• Women's suffrage is only considered to have been introduced when the relevant law has been passed. If the date on which the law came into force is different, the situation will be explained in the remarks . In Sweden, for example, women were granted the right to vote in 1919, but for procedural reasons the legislative process did not end until 1921.
• It was not uncommon for there to be a gap of several years between the acquisition of women's suffrage and the first participation of women in an election (e.g. Uruguay : women's suffrage 1932, first election with women participating in 1938). Data on first choice involving women can be found in the Comments column .
• The first-time introduction of women's suffrage is decisive. In Spain , for example, women were given the right to vote in 1931; under Franco it was taken away from them and only reintroduced in the 1978 constitution after the end of the dictatorship.
• States with little worldwide recognition (e.g. Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus , Niue ) and historical states (e.g. South Vietnam ) were not included.
• The first woman elected to the national parliament gives either the name or the number of women elected. More details and other names can be found in: Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, 2000. In some countries women were called to parliament before the first woman was elected and thus received a seat without being elected. Known information can be found in the Comments column .

list

Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

country	Active	Passive	Remarks
	Women's suffrage at national level on the same terms as men
Afghanistan	1963		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South Asia In 1923, Amanullah Khan proposed a new constitution that included voting rights for women. Nader Shah and Zaher Shah removed women-friendly measures and women were denied the right to vote. The 1963 Constitution, which came into force in 1964, gave women the right to vote and stand for election. But it was limited to women who could read and write. This restriction was later removed. First election of a woman to the National Parliament of Afghanistan : July 1965.
Egypt	1979	1956	→ Main article : Women's suffrage in North Africa and the Middle East In 1956 women were given the right to vote. Voting was compulsory for men, not for women. Men who had the right to vote were automatically registered, women had to file a special application in order to exercise their political rights, and even in 1972 only 12 percent of women were registered. It was not until 1979 that this disadvantage for women was abolished. In 1956 women were given the right to stand as a candidate. In 1979 parliament reserved 30 of the 392 seats for women. First election of a woman to the national parliament: two women out of 360 MPs, 1957
Albania	1920		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in southern Europe Active women's suffrage was introduced on January 21, 1920. Passive women's suffrage: January 21, 1920 First election of a woman to the national parliament: December 1945.
Algeria	1958		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in North Africa and the Middle East In 1944, Christian and Jewish women with French citizenship (Européennes) who lived in Algeria, which was part of France, were given the right to vote; Muslimas were excluded. In July 1958, Charles de Gaulle put the loi-cadre Defferre , which also gave Muslims the right to vote, into force for Algeria. With the proclamation of independence on July 5, 1962, this right was confirmed. The active and passive right to vote for women in the new state of Algeria was thus established on July 5, 1962. First election of a woman to the national parliament: September 1964.
Andorra	1970	1973	→ Main article : Women's suffrage in southern Europe Active women's suffrage: Active women's suffrage was introduced on April 14, 1970. Passive women's suffrage: September 5, 1973 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Before recognition of the sovereignty of Andorra: 1985; after recognition of sovereignty: December 1994
Angola	1975		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa During the colonial period, there was a limited right to vote in the Portuguese Parliament and the various colonial legislative assemblies. Locals were mostly exempt from voting. In 1961, all citizens received Portuguese citizenship and had the right to vote in local elections. However, Europeans still had more civil rights than the black African population. With independence, universal suffrage for all adults was introduced on November 11, 1975. Passive women's suffrage: November 11, 1975. First election of a woman to the national parliament: November 1980
Antigua and Barbuda	1951		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South America, Central America and Mexico Universal suffrage since the House of Representatives elections in 1951. Passive women's suffrage: December 1, 1951 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Bridget Harris (House of Representatives), March 1994; prior to that, two women had been appointed to the Senate, April 1984
Equatorial Guinea	1963		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa Political developments with regard to active women's suffrage: The Spanish colony was made part of the Republic of Spain in 1959. Representatives were elected to the Spanish Parliament in accordance with Spanish suffrage, which at the time gave women only limited suffrage. With the Basic Law of December 15, 1963, the area under the name Equatorial Guinea was granted limited internal autonomy and self-government, and the right to vote for women was introduced. Equatorial Guinea became independent on October 12, 1968, and women's suffrage was confirmed. Passive women's suffrage: December 15, 1963 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Two women, elected in September 1968.
Argentina	1947		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South America, Central America and Mexico In the House of Commons, a law was passed on September 17, 1932 that gave women over 18 the right to vote regardless of whether they were illiterate or not. The conservative upper house (Senate) rejected the law. When Juan Perón was elected president in February 1946, he enacted a law that would give women the right to vote. Some conservatives tried to block the law and repeatedly delayed voting on it. When Eva Perón returned from a trip to Europe and understood the situation, she went with many supporters to the congress building and made it clear that she would stay until the law was passed. The law was passed and Argentine women were given the right to vote on September 27, 1947. In some provinces, women had been given the right to vote and stand as a candidate before. Passive women's suffrage: September 29, 1947 First election of a woman to the national parliament: 24 women, November 1951. They were all personally chosen by Eva Perón to be on the list of the Partido Peronista .
Armenia	1919		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Central Asia In 1918, when Armenia first gained independence, women over 25 were given the right to vote. Under the Soviet administration, from February 2, 1921, women had the right to vote and to stand as a candidate. These rights were confirmed upon independence in 1991. Passive women's suffrage and first election of a woman to the national parliament in June 1919: Perchouhi Partizpanjan-Barseghjan , Warwara Sahakjan and Katarine Salian-Manoukian
Azerbaijan	1918		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Central Asia In 1918, when Azerbaijan first gained independence as the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic , women were given the right to vote and stand for election. This was maintained under Soviet administration and confirmed when it regained independence in 1991. Divergent sources name 1921, but this probably refers to the successor state of Azerbaijan, the Soviet Socialist Republic First election of a woman to the national parliament: Maryam Hassanova , November 1991, Before that, Azerbaijani women were elected to the Azerbaijani Supreme Soviet and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR . Another source cites September 1990 as the date of a woman's first election to parliament and is probably referring to these bodies.
Ethiopia	1955		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa The Constitution of November 4, 1955 guaranteed universal active and passive suffrage for adults. First election of a woman to the national parliament: Senedu Gebru , October 1957
Australia	1902		→ Main articles : Women's suffrage in Australia  and Women's suffrage in Australia and Oceania Women were allowed to vote in Australia since June 12, 1902. Although Australia was the second state after New Zealand to give women the right to vote, it was limited to white women. The Commonwealth Electoral Act of 1902 excluded Aborigines, even if this was not immediately apparent from the letter of the law. A regulation stipulated: "No Aborigine [...] may put his name on the electoral roll." The Aborigines were only granted the right to vote by the national government in 1962. Women's suffrage in Australia was introduced in two of the six later states when they were still independent colonies: Since 1894, women in South Australia have been allowed to vote and be elected under the same conditions as men, regardless of race. This made the parliament of the state of South Australia the first in the world for which women were allowed to stand. Passive women's suffrage: June 12, 1902 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Dorothy Margaret Tangney , House of Representatives, elected August 21, 1943, first session September 23, 1943.
Bahamas	1961		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South America, Central America and Mexico In 1959, male suffrage was introduced under British administration. Those who met certain property requirements received a second vote. Women were given the right to vote on February 18, 1961, and all property restrictions were lifted in 1964. With independence in 1973 the right to vote was confirmed. Passive women's suffrage: February 18, 1961 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Janet Bostwick , House of Assembly, June 1982. As early as 1977 she had become a member of the upper house (Senate) by appointment.
Bahrain	2001		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in North Africa and the Middle East In 2001, women also voted in the referendum on the new constitution. This confirmed the rights of women and came into force in 2002. On October 23, 2002 women in Bahrain went to the parliamentary elections for the first time. Passive women’s right to vote: In 1999 women were given the right to stand up to vote at the local level. In 2002, after a referendum, a new constitution came into force under which women can be elected. Although women were in the majority in the electorate, no candidate was elected and a pre-election poll found that 60 percent of women were against women's suffrage. In 2006 a woman was elected to the House of Commons for the first time.
Bangladesh	1972		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South Asia Development of active and passive women's suffrage In 1937, the Government of India Act , which had been passed in 1935, went into effect and included the right to vote for literate women who had an income and paid taxes. When Pakistan became an independent rulership in 1947, this right was confirmed and also applied to Bangladesh, then East Pakistan . In 1956, when Bangladesh was still part of Pakistan, women were given universal suffrage. In 1971, as a result of the separation of East Pakistan from Pakistan, Bangladesh gained independence. On November 4, 1972, a new constitution was passed and put into effect in December 1972, which guaranteed universal suffrage for all citizens aged 18 and over. In the national parliament, 300 seats are allocated by election, 50 more ( only 45 before the Fifteenth Amendment Act , which was passed by parliament on June 30, 2011) are reserved for women. They are allocated to the parties in accordance with the proportion of votes obtained in the elections; the candidates they have selected are confirmed by parliament (as of 2016). First election of a woman to the national parliament: March 1973.
Barbados	1950		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South America, Central America and Mexico Active and passive women's suffrage was introduced on October 23, 1950. The principles of universal, equal, secret and direct suffrage had been in effect since the 1951 House of Assembly elections . In 1966 Barbados became independent. First election of a woman to parliament in the colonial era: Edna Bourne December 18, 1951. In 1966 a woman was appointed (appointed) to the national parliament without an election. First election of a woman to the national parliament: Gertrude Eastmond , September 1971.
Belgium	1948		→ Main articles : Women's suffrage in Belgium  and women's suffrage in Western Europe In 1920 women were given municipal voting rights. Active women's suffrage was introduced on March 27, 1948. In 1949, for the first time, all adult women could participate in a national election. In April 1920, all women over the age of 21 were granted passive municipal voting rights, with the exception of prostitutes and adulterers . This can be seen as a step towards the right to vote for all women, or as a measure to partially compensate women for their reduced right to vote at national level. Married women, however, needed the consent of their husbands to run. Thus in Belgium women were given a restricted right to stand as a candidate over the general active vote. On March 27, 1948, universal passive women's suffrage was introduced at the national level. First election of a woman to the national parliament: Lucie De Jardin May 26, 1948 On December 27, 1921 a woman was appointed parliamentarian without election.
Belize	1954		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South America, Central America and Mexico Under British administration, women were given the right to vote on March 25, 1954, which was confirmed upon independence in 1981. Passive women's suffrage: March 25, 1954. First election of a woman to the colonial parliament: Gwendolyn Margurite Lizarraga 1965; in the national parliament: 1984
Benin , formerly Dahomey	1946		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa According to the Loi Lamine Guèye of 1946, all citizens had the right to vote in elections to the French parliament and also in local elections. The right to stand as a candidate was not specifically mentioned in the law, but it was not excluded either. In French West Africa , to which Dahomey belonged, there was no two-tier suffrage as in other French colonies in the elections to the Paris parliament, but there was for all local elections. In 1956 the loi-cadre Defferre was introduced, which guaranteed universal suffrage in Article 10. This legal situation was confirmed when the country gained independence in 1960. Passive women's suffrage: 1946; general: 1956 First election of a woman to the national parliament: November 1979
Bhutan	2007	1953	→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South Asia In 1953 women were given limited voting rights at the national level: there was only one vote per household. Only new legal regulations ( Royal Decree of June 30, 2007, Election Act of the Kingdom of Bhutan 2008, Public Election Fund Act of the Kingdom of Bhutan 2008, a new constitution that was adopted by Parliament on July 21, 2008) guaranteed Universal suffrage. At the local level, only one vote per family is allowed (as of 2007), which means that in practice women are often excluded from voting. Passive women's suffrage: 1953 First election of a woman to the national parliament: 1975
Bolivia	1952		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South America, Central America and Mexico In 1938 women who could read and write and those with a certain income were given the right to vote and stand for election. On July 21, 1952, it was extended to all adult women. First election of a woman to the national parliament: According to Martin 1956, a woman by regular election and one by substitute election, according to two different sources not until 1966.
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1946		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in southern Europe Full legal, economic and social equality between the sexes and thus active and passive women's suffrage were first guaranteed in the 1946 constitution (according to a different source for active and passive women's suffrage: January 31, 1949). In March 1992 the country became independent. The first parliament was the Assembly of the Federal Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina . First election of a woman to the national parliament: December 1990
Botswana , formerly Bechuanaland	1965		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa The country was a British colony. The first elections were held in 1961. At that time, Botswana's Europeans elected 10 members to the legislative assemblies. The black population, including women, was granted ten indirectly elected members, plus two nominees from each ethnic group and ten colonial officials. Universal suffrage for all adults was guaranteed in a pre-independence constitution on March 1, 1965, and this was confirmed in 1966 when Botswana gained independence. The 1965 constitution did not come into force until independence in 1966. Passive women's suffrage: March 1, 1965 First election of a woman to the national parliament: October 1979
Brazil	1932		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South America, Central America and Mexico In Brazil, the 1930 suffrage reform provided voting rights only for single women and property widows, and for married women with the consent of their husbands. Feminists then went on the offensive. The decree of February 24, 1932 provided for secret proportional representation and gave women the same political rights as men. However, as in many other countries, anyone who could not read and write was excluded, regardless of gender. This clause restricted the electorate to 5% of the population. The first elections involving women were held in 1933. It is estimated that women made up about 20 percent of the electorate. The women's rights activist Bertha Lutz managed to get a seat in Congress in 1936. But the liberal political climate favored right-wing extremism. The establishment of the Estado Novo by Getúlio Vargas in a coup d'état against his own government in 1937 ended the political participation of elected women in political events until after the Second World War. Passive women's suffrage: 1932 First women elected to the national parliament: Carlota Pereira de Queiroz , Bertha Lutz May 3, 1933.
Brunei	Neither women nor men have the right to vote.		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Southeast Asia In 1983 Brunei became independent. Of the 33 current members (2017) of the Legislative Council, 20 were appointed by the Sultan; the other 13 are ex officio members, namely Sultan, Crown Prince and 11 ministers. Of the 33 councilors, three (9.09%) are women.
Bulgaria	1944		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Eastern Europe On January 18, 1937, a law was passed giving women the right to vote at the local level. But women and men were not treated equally: women were allowed to vote if they were legally married and mothers, and while voting was compulsory for men, voting for women was voluntary. In 1937 married, widowed and divorced women were given the right to vote for members of the National Assembly. So her right to vote was dependent on her status over a man. The women could exercise this right to vote the following year. Unrestricted women's suffrage was introduced on October 16, 1944. Universal suffrage for men had already been introduced in 1879. Passive women's suffrage: October 16, 1944. First election of a woman to the national parliament: November 16, 1945. It was the first election under the new state order, the election to the Ordinary National Assembly. Of the 276 elected, 14 were women.
Burkina Faso , formerly Upper Volta	1946		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa According to the Loi Lamine Guèye of 1946, all citizens had the right to vote in elections to the French parliament and also in local elections. The right to stand as a candidate was not specifically mentioned in the law, but it was not excluded either. In the elections to the Paris parliament, there was no two-tier suffrage in French West Africa , to which the Upper Volta belonged at that time, as in other French colonies, but there was for all local elections. Before independence, under French administration, women were given universal suffrage on June 23, 1956, with the introduction of the loi-cadre Defferre . This right was confirmed in the Constitution of September 28, 1958. In 1960 the country became independent. Passive women's suffrage: 1946; general: September 28, 1958. First election of a woman to the national parliament: Nignan Lamoussa April 1978.
Burundi	1961		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa Women received universal suffrage for the first time in the 1960 local elections. Even before independence, the Legislative Decree of Rwanda - Urundi (LDRU) N ° 02/269, issued by the Belgian administration of the UN Trust Territory on August 17, 1961, guaranteed women universal suffrage, also at national level. It was confirmed at independence in 1962. Passive women's suffrage: August 17, 1961 First election of a woman to the national parliament: October 1982.
Chile	1948	1949	→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South America, Central America and Mexico Women over 21 who could read and write were given the right to vote in town and city council elections in the early 1930s. One source mentions May 30, 1931, another 1934. Unrestricted voting rights were enshrined in the law of December 15, 1948 Passive women's suffrage: in local elections in 1931, in full in 1949 First woman in national parliament: 1951 in a by-election (the regular election was 1949).
People's Republic of China	1949		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in China Shortly after the Xinhai Revolution of 1911, many women began calling for the right to vote. That same year, the Guangdong Provincial Assembly granted them this right. Ten women were elected to this congregation in 1912. These were the first women to be elected to public office in Asia. In 1930 there were attempts to introduce women's suffrage in parliament. The House of Commons agreed to give women the right to vote at least at the local and prefectural levels, but the House of Lords rejected the bill in 1929 and 1931. Finally, the government proposed a women's suffrage law that would give women over 25 their political rights (men already had them by the age of 20), but this attempt failed either. Active and passive women's suffrage was introduced on October 1, 1949. First election of a woman to the national parliament: April 1954.
Cook Islands	1893		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Australia and Oceania The Cook Islands are the first state in which women voted. Although universal suffrage was not officially guaranteed until three days after the New Zealand Election Act , the women of Rarotonga voted before the New Zealanders on October 14, 1893, when the Cook Islands were still a British protectorate. First election of a woman to the national parliament: Marguerite (Margaret) Nora Kitimira Brown Story , before August 4, 1965 (still in colonial times)
Costa Rica	1949		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South America, Central America and Mexico Throughout the 19th century, there was a right to vote limited by possession and educational qualifications. Women were implicitly excluded from the right to vote until 1847 and since then have been explicitly excluded. The constitution of 1949 first established universal suffrage for all men and women over the age of 20. On June 20, 1949, a law was introduced that defined citizenship as a set of duties and political rights that applied to all citizens over the age of 18 regardless of gender. This law was passed with a vote of 33 to 8. Women's suffrage was introduced on November 17, 1949. Passive women's suffrage: November 17, 1949 First women in national parliament (appointed): Three women, 1953
Denmark	1915		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Northern Europe With the reform of 1908, all women and men over 25 received the active and passive right to vote in municipal and city council elections for the place where they had lived and paid taxes in the election year and the previous year. This clause was inserted by Conservatives to prevent migrant workers from voting. In the first local election of 1909 under the new law, only about 1% of the elected were women. As the fifth country in the world after New Zealand , Australia , Finland and Norway , Denmark and Iceland included women's suffrage in the constitution in 1915 . The introduction of universal suffrage at the national level was decided on June 5, 1915, but only came into force after the First World War in 1918. First election of a woman to the national parliament: four women, elected to the Folketing on April 22, 1918 .
Germany	1918		→ Main article : Women's suffrage movement in Germany  and the right to vote in the Weimar Republic # Women's suffrage The active and passive right to vote for women was introduced on November 12, 1918 and exercised for the first time in 1919. Universal male suffrage had existed since 1871. First election of a woman to the national parliament: January 19, 1919.
Dominica	1951		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South America, Central America and Mexico Under British administration, women were given the right to vote and stand for election in July 1951. This was confirmed at independence in 1978. First election of a woman to the national parliament: 1980
Dominican Republic	1942		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South America, Central America and Mexico Active and passive women's suffrage was introduced in 1942. First election of a woman to the national parliament: Two women, 1942
Djibouti	1946		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa Under French administration, Djibouti was converted from a colony to an overseas territory in 1946 . According to the Loi Lamine Guèye Law of 1946, all citizens of the Overseas Territories had the right to vote in elections to the French Parliament. However, two classes (collèges) were chosen. Only the loi-cadre Defferre of 1956 guaranteed universal suffrage; In 1977 the country became independent and universal suffrage, regardless of gender, was confirmed. First election of a woman to the national parliament: 2003
Ecuador	1967	1929	→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South America, Central America and Mexico In the constitutions from 1830 to 1906 (exception: 1884) women were not expressly excluded from the right to vote. In the 1929 Constitution, women were declared citizens, which gave them the right to vote. Ecuador was the first Latin American country to grant women limited voting rights, but it wasn't until 1946 that all women were allowed to vote. Between March 3, 1929 and 1967, however, it was compulsory for men to vote, and for women to vote was voluntary; from 1967 all voting was compulsory and the conditions were the same for both sexes for the first time. For both genders it was a requirement that one had to be able to read and write in order to exercise the right to vote. In 1925, an Ecuadorian woman voted for the first time, making her the continent's first female voter, Matilde Hidalgo . Passive women's suffrage: March 3, 1929. First election of a woman to the national parliament: Fue Nela Martinez , 1956. As she was a substitute, she only attended the sessions occasionally.
El Salvador	1959	1961	→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South America, Central America and Mexico In 1939 the active right to vote for women over 25 years (if married) or over 30 years (if single) was introduced. The ballot was voluntary for women, but compulsory for men. From 1959, all Salvadorans over the age of 18 had the right to vote, regardless of gender. Passive women's suffrage: 1961 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Two women, elected on December 29, 1961.
Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)	1946		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa According to the Loi Lamine Guèye of 1946, all citizens had the right to vote in elections to the French parliament and also in local elections. The right to stand as a candidate was not specifically mentioned in the law, but it was not excluded either. In the elections to the Paris parliament, French West Africa , which included Côte d'Ivoire, did not have two-tier suffrage as in other French colonies, but there was for all local elections. In 1952, women's suffrage was introduced for the first time under French administration. On June 23, 1956, still under French administration, the loi-cadre Defferre was introduced, which confirmed universal suffrage. This was confirmed again when independence in 1960. First election of a woman to the national parliament: three women, November 7, 1965
Eritrea	1955		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa Eritrea was originally an Italian colony and became part of Ethiopia in 1952. In the Ethiopian elections of 1957 Eritreans took part on the basis of a universal suffrage in Ethiopia from November 4, 1955. In 1993 Eritrea became independent. The 1997 constitution provided universal suffrage for both the National Assembly and the presidential election. Passive women's suffrage: November 4, 1955 First election of a woman to the national parliament: 22 women, February 1994.
Estonia	1918		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Northern Europe When Estonia gained independence in 1918, women and men were granted universal suffrage in the constituent assembly's electoral law of November 24, 1918. The Constitution of 1920 confirmed this right. Women also had the right to vote under Soviet administration. With the renewed independence the universal suffrage was confirmed. Universal suffrage for men was introduced at the same time as that for women. Passive women's suffrage: November 24, 1918. First election of a woman to the national parliament: seven women, elected in April 1919 (before that, when independence was achieved, two women were members of the constituent assembly). During the period of Soviet administration, Estonian women were also elected to the Estonian Supreme Soviet , which was the first legislative body after the country's independence was restored on August 20, 1991.
Fiji	1963		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Australia and Oceania On April 17, 1963, while still under British administration, women were given the right to vote and stand for election. In 1970 Fiji became independent and women were granted the right to vote. First election of a woman to the national parliament: Two women, 1970. Before independence, Adi Losalini Dovi was elected to the legislative body of the colonial government in 1966 .
Finland	1906		→ Main articles : Women's suffrage in Finland  and Women's suffrage in Northern Europe Passive women's suffrage: July 20, 1906 First election of a woman to the national parliament: 19 women, elected on March 15-16, 1907, first session on May 23, 1907.
France	1944		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Western Europe The universal active right to vote for men had already existed since 1848. Only about a hundred years later, on April 21, 1944, was the universal active women's right to vote introduced by ordinance. Passive women's suffrage: April 21, 1944. First election of a woman to the national parliament: 33 women, elected, October 1945.
Gabon	1956		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa The loi-cadre Defferre was introduced in 1956 under French administration and thus universal suffrage for adults. This was confirmed upon independence in 1960. Passive women's suffrage: 1956 First woman in the national parliament: a woman, February 12, 1961, by election.
Gambia	1960		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa Universal suffrage was guaranteed in 1960, and this was confirmed upon independence in 1965. Passive women's suffrage: 1960 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Three women, May 1982.
Georgia	1918		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Central Asia Article 1 of the Act of November 22, 1918 on Elections to Legislative Bodies, which guaranteed women the right to vote, was adopted by the National Council and the Council of Ministers. The Constitution of February 21, 1921 confirmed this right in Article 4. This also applied under Soviet administration and was confirmed upon independence in 1991. The Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Georgia became the first legislative body in Georgia after independence in April 1991. Before that, Georgian women were elected to the Georgian Supreme Soviet and the Parliament of the USSR. Passive women's suffrage: November 22, 1918 First election of a woman to the national parliament: 17 women, October 1990. The Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Georgia became the first legislative body in Georgia.
Ghana (formerly Gold Coast)	1954		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa Under British administration, women were given the right to vote and stand for election in 1954. This was confirmed with independence in 1957. Passive women's suffrage: 1954. In practice, the complicated electoral regulations hampered the achievement of the right of limited self-government (except in the north) in 1951 and only Mabel Dove Danquah was elected to the colonial legislative body in 1954. First election of a woman to the national parliament: Two women, elected in August 1969.
Grenada	1951		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South America, Central America and Mexico Before independence, women were granted the right to vote under British administration on August 1, 1951. This was confirmed with independence. Passive women's suffrage: August 1, 1951 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Three women, February 1972.
Greece	1952		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in southern Europe In 1930 a council of states formulated that women should have an active and passive right to vote at local and municipal level. In April 1949 a law was passed that implemented this. The new constitution of January 1, 1952 explicitly emphasized the right of women to vote and be elected at the national level. Law number 2159, which guaranteed these rights, was passed by Parliament in May 1952. In the November 1952 elections, however, women were not allowed to vote despite having received the right to vote shortly before: the Liberal government argued that it was difficult to get more than a million female voters on the electoral roll and that either all women or none would vote should. A clause was inserted into the electoral law that blocked women's suffrage until the end of 1952. Universal male suffrage had been in place since 1864. Passive women's suffrage: January 1, 1952. Law number 959 of April 1949 gave women the right to be elected in local and municipal elections. First election of a woman to the national parliament: Eleni Scourti , 1953 (additional election date after the regular election date 1952).
Guatemala	1985	1965	→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South America, Central America and Mexico The constitution of 1879 established direct suffrage. It applied to all male alphabets over the age of 21 or to those men who had an office, a pension or other income. [...] With the constitution of 1945 and the electoral law of 1946, women's suffrage was introduced; However, a distinction was made between different levels of the right to vote: Male alphabets over the age of 18 were required to vote, whereas the secret right to vote for female alphabets was optional; for illiterate males the election was secret but public. In 1956, secret voting was introduced with compulsory voting for men and women who were able to read and write; there was no compulsory voting for illiterate males; illiterate women were not allowed to vote. A restricted passive right to vote for women, excluding women who could not read and write, was introduced in 1946. Even after the legal changes in 1956, illiterate women were not allowed to be elected. The 1965 constitution extended the right to stand for election to all citizens, but voting was still not compulsory for women who could not read or write. It was not until the 1985 constitution established complete equality between women and men in terms of the right to vote. First election of a woman to the national parliament: Alma Rosa Castañeda de Mora , 1956
Guinea	1946		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa According to the Loi Lamine Guèye of 1946, all citizens had the right to vote in elections to the French parliament and also in local elections. The right to stand as a candidate was not specifically mentioned in the law, but it was not excluded either. In the elections to the Paris parliament, there was no two-tier suffrage in French West Africa , which included Guinea, as in other French colonies, but there was for all local elections. In 1956, still under French administration, the loi-cadre Defferre was introduced, which guaranteed universal suffrage. On October 2, 1958, the country gained independence and the settlement was confirmed. Passive women's suffrage: 1946; general passive women's suffrage: 1956 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Fourteen women, September 1963.
Guinea-Bissau	1977		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa Locals were excluded from voting until 1961. In 1961 all received Portuguese citizenship and were able to vote in local elections. Before independence in 1974, women had the right to vote in areas controlled by the PAIGC liberation movement. Women took an active part in the liberation struggles. In 1977 the universal active right to vote for women was introduced. Passive women's suffrage: 1977 First election of a woman to the national parliament: 22 women, March 31, 1984. In 1972, Portugal had appointed MPs before independence and thus created a parliament. This body became the country's first legislative body after independence. Although there was a woman on this body, she was not elected but appointed on October 14, 1973.
Guyana	1928	1945	→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South America, Central America and Mexico The development of the right to vote is linked to the colonial history of the area : the ownership of these areas changed several times between the colonial powers Netherlands, Great Britain and France until 1815 . In 1812, according to Frank A. Narain, women were granted the right to vote if they owned slaves or were able to pay income tax on at least 10,000 guilders; The source does not provide any information on whether equality was achieved between women and men. After the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte , the three colonies were transferred to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 . In 1831 the colony of British Guiana was founded from this . From 1849 only male British citizens were allowed to vote; their right to vote was still restricted by demands on their assets. After Frank A. Narain, women were given the right to vote back in 1928; the right to vote continued to be linked to certain assets. Another source cites 1945 as the year for women to be active in the legislative body of British Guiana . On April 16, 1953, under British administration, women and men aged 20 and over were given universal suffrage. The principles of universal, equal, secret and direct suffrage had been formally in effect since the 1953 National Assembly elections . They were confirmed when the country became independent on May 26, 1966. However, election results have been falsified by the PNC government since the 1968 elections. Passive women's suffrage: From 1945 women could be elected to the legislative body, the property requirements were reduced but remained in force. On April 16, 1953 universal suffrage was passed into law. First election of a woman to the national parliament: after Martin three women in April 1953, after Pintat, the first woman elected did not come to parliament until December 1968.
Haiti	1950		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South America, Central America and Mexico Until 1950, Haiti had a census suffrage, which made certain income and property limits necessary in order to gain the right to vote. In addition, until 1950 women were excluded from the right to vote or stand as a candidate. The 1985 constitution extended the right to vote to all citizens. Passive women's suffrage: November 25, 1950. After the elections of December 6, 1950, women 's passive right to vote was guaranteed and was confirmed in Article 16 of the 1957 Constitution. First election of a woman to the national parliament: Three women, May 12, 1961.
Honduras	1955		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South America, Central America and Mexico With the constitution of 1894 the universal, equal and secret (1906: public) male suffrage was introduced; it was not until 1954 that women were given the right to vote. While this was optional for women, it was compulsory for men to vote. The minimum age required for voting rights varied between 18 and 21 years. Passive women's suffrage: January 25, 1955. First election of a woman to the national parliament: Three women, 1957.
India	1950		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South Asia According to reports from 1900, the participation of women in local elections in Bombay was made possible with an amendment to the Bombay Municipal Act (1888): Homeowners could then vote regardless of gender. There are indications, however, that some women voted in the Bombay city council elections many years in advance. In 1918 the Indian National Congress supported the introduction of active women's suffrage, and the constitutional reforms of 1919 allowed the legislative assemblies in the provinces to decide on the introduction. Madras Province, in which the Anti-Rahman Party had a majority, was the first to give women the right to vote in 1921; other provinces followed. Women who had the right to vote at the provincial level were also allowed to vote in the elections to the Central Legislative Assembly. In 1926 women were also given the right to stand as a candidate. In 1926, Sarojini Naidu became the first female Congress President. In 1935, the Government of India Act , which came into effect in 1937, further extended the right to vote for both sexes. It stipulated that women could vote if they met one of several conditions: real estate, a certain level of education that included reading and writing, or the status of a wife if the man was eligible to vote. The amendment of another provision indicated an important shift in understanding what was meant by civil rights: some seats in the legislative assemblies of the provinces were reserved for women; Men could not take on these mandates. These rules guaranteed that women were actually elected. The rule also meant that women applied for mandates beyond this quota, and ensured that capable women could demonstrate their skills as members of parliament and ministers. In 1937 the first elections took place under these new rules. Of the 36 million eligible voters, six million were women. By the end of 1939, all provinces had given women the right to vote. Although this was a fundamental step forward, the right to vote was tied to land ownership. Since many Indians had no land, relatively few men and even fewer women were given the right to vote as a result of the reforms of 1919. India gained independence in 1947. Until then, there had been no universal suffrage for either women or men. In 1949 the Constituent Assembly drafted a new constitution. Female MPs who had themselves benefited from the quota system spoke out against the continuation of this practice. The new constitution, which came into force on January 26, 1950, provided universal suffrage for all adults. But in the parts of the country that became Pakistan when it was partitioned, women had to wait years for universal suffrage. Passive women's suffrage: January 26, 1950 First election of a woman to the national parliament after independence: April 1952
Indonesia	1945		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Southeast Asia Indonesia is the most populous country with an Islamic majority. What is striking is how little this fact has had an impact on the events surrounding the introduction of women's suffrage. There were secular and Muslim women's groups. These merged into the Federation of Indonesian Women's Association , which put women's suffrage as the main topic on the agenda of their meeting in 1938. As often happened in times of struggle against colonial powers, women's emancipation in Indonesia became a part and symbol of national liberation. Until the invasion by Japan in 1942, the country was run by a Dutch colonial government. In 1935 a European woman, not an Indonesian woman, was appointed to the People's Council. After Blackburn, the colonial government gave some (namely European) women the right to vote in 1938 and to vote in 1941. Deviating from this, Adams takes from a source the introduction of women's suffrage only for Dutch women in 1941 as a proposal by the colonial government, which was dropped from the population after protests. According to another source, the colonial rulers' plan was only implemented at the local level. As in the Netherlands, passive voting preceded active voting rights. Four women were elected to councilors in 1938, according to this source, and thereafter when this became possible. After the defeat by Japan, the nationalist leader Sukarno declared independence on August 17, 1945. In a constitution from the same year, women and men were given the right to vote, but this happened in a politically complex situation with unclear power relations. The Dutch resisted and an armed conflict ensued, in which women supported the guerrillas and organized the provision of medical aid and food to the population. Despite formal independence, Indonesia was unable to form an independent government until the Dutch withdrew in 1948. In 1955 elections were held for the first time. Few women sat in the new parliament after 1955: 18 of 257 members of parliament were women. There were no women in the government. In the period that followed, there was little progress. Although elections were held between 1955 and 1999, this was not a sign of the exercise of civil rights as the governments were dictatorial. In 1999 free and fair elections were made possible again. As in 1955, there were relatively few female candidates in 1999, and the proportion of women in parliament of just eight percent represented a dramatic decrease compared to the previous term.
Iraq	1958		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in North Africa and the Middle East Women were given the right to vote and stand for election through a constitutional amendment of March 26, 1958, which was passed by the Parliament of the Kingdom of Iraq. However, the regime in power at the time was overthrown in the summer of 1958 before elections with women could take place. Women's suffrage, which resulted in actual voting, was only introduced in February 1980. First election of a woman to the national parliament: 16 women, June 1980.
Iran	1963		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in North Africa and the Middle East Active and passive women's suffrage: September 1963 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Six women, September 1963 see also: Women's rights in Iran
Ireland	1922		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Northern Europe On June 2, 1918, women over 33 were given the right to vote, men were allowed to vote from the age of 21. After the Irish War of Independence , women between the ages of 21 and 30 were given the right to vote in the Republic of Ireland on an equal footing with men in recognition of their service to the war in 1922. This allowed women and men to vote using the same criteria. In Northern Ireland, however, as in the rest of Great Britain, equality between men and women in terms of the right to vote was not established until July 2, 1928. Passive women's suffrage: 1922 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Tras Honan , August 1977
Iceland	1920		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Northern Europe In 1882 women had limited voting rights when they participated in local elections. In 1882, the king agreed to change the restrictions so that widows and other unmarried women who headed a farm household or otherwise ran an independent household were given the right to vote and stand for election in local elections. In 1908 women were given equality with men in local elections, and in 1913 the Icelandic parliament passed an order that women should be given the right to vote in all elections. However, as relations with Denmark deteriorated, the law was not ratified until June 19, 1915. Only then were women given the right to vote. However, the right to vote only applied to women aged 40 and over; every year the age limit should be reduced by one year. In 1920 universal suffrage for people aged 25 and over was introduced. Passive women's suffrage: June 19, 1915, limited to women over 40 who did not receive poor benefit that had to be paid back. First election of a woman to the national parliament: Ingibjörg H. Bjarnason , July 8, 1922.
Isle of Man	1919		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Northern Europe The Isle of Man is an autonomous crown possession ( English crown dependency ) directly subordinate to the British crown , but neither part of the United Kingdom nor British overseas territory . The Isle of Man was the first place in the world where women could vote on a national level, but not all women: In 1881 the Isle of Man adopted universal suffrage for women and men in the Isle of Man's lower house , but the necessary royal consent was given Granted only for voting rights for single women and for widows who own real estate. In 1892 the right to vote was extended to women who had leased land, and in 1918 to women with graduates over 30. In 1919 the general active and passive right to vote for women was introduced. Political representation of women: As of the 2016 House of Keys elections and the 2018 Legislative Council elections, Parliament had a total of only 12 women MPs.
Israel	1944		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in North Africa and the Middle East In 1920 the yishuv created an assembly of representatives. This did not have any legal legitimation, since the power lay with the British mandate power ; but this was encouraged to work with Jewish representatives. Ultra-Orthodox men successfully blocked women's suffrage in the yishuv in the beginning. As a compromise solution, women were given the right to vote for a limited time in April 1920. The ultra-Orthodox men were compensated by receiving two votes: one for themselves and one for their wife. Women were given permanent voting rights in the 1925 elections to the second legislative assembly. However, the one vote per person principle was not applied until the election of the fourth legislative assembly in August 1944. The rules governing this election formed the basis for the constitution of the State of Israel, which became independent on May 15, 1948. After the declaration of independence, a constituent assembly was supposed to draw up a constitution within five months, but this was not possible because of the war. In January 1949, Knesset elections were held according to the system that had applied to the Assembly of Representatives (see above). On February 16, 1949, a few basic laws were passed by the Constituent Assembly. The rule that gender shouldn't matter was part of these basic laws. First election of a woman to the national parliament: 11 women, January 1949
Italy	1946		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in southern Europe General active suffrage for men had been in effect since 1919. In the spirit of feminist reforms, the House of Commons ( Camera dei deputati ) also voted 174 to 55 in 1919 for active suffrage for women, but the Senate ( Senato del Regno ) refused to endorse the measure . On May 15, 1925, Mussolini appeared in person in Parliament to support a bill that would give women local suffrage. In the same year, however, he abolished all local elections. In 1945 the Christian Democrats and Communists introduced a bill to introduce universal suffrage. All other parties supported it and it became law on February 1, 1945. The following year was elected. According to Article 3 of Decree 23 of January 30, 1945, visible sex workers (i.e. those who carried out their trade outside of licensed brothels) were excluded from the right to vote, so that the right to vote for women was restricted. Passive women's suffrage: February 1, 1945, see above for restrictions. Article 7 of Decree 74 of March 10, 1946 confirms the eligibility of citizens who are 25 years old on election day, i.e. without restrictions. First woman elected to national parliament: 21 women, June 1946 (Constituent Assembly); afterwards: 1948, in both chambers.
Jamaica	1944		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South America, Central America and Mexico Jamaica is one of the few countries where women's suffrage became law during World War II. General suffrage already applied to the first election on November 20, 1944. With independence on August 6, 1962, universal suffrage was confirmed. Passive women's suffrage: November 20, 1944 First woman elected to the national parliament: Two women, elected February 1967 (first parliament after independence.) First woman elected to the colonial legislative body: Iris Collins-Williams , December 14, 1944.
Japan	1947		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Japan Only after the defeat of Japan and the occupation by the Americans in 1945 were earlier political restrictions on women lifted and women's suffrage was introduced: on December 12, 1945 for the lower house, on February 24, 1947 for the upper house. Thus universal suffrage was part of the democratic constitution that dates back to the occupation. 67 percent of women voted on April 10, 1946 and 39 women were elected. By 1952, the legal foundations for equality between women in political, social and economic terms were in place, but little progress has been made in challenging male prerogatives in government. Passive women's suffrage: December 12, 1945 (lower house), February 24, 1947 (upper house) First election of a woman to the national parliament: 39 women, April 1946.
Yemen	1970		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in North Africa and the Middle East Before unification, women in what was then the Democratic Republic of Yemen in 1967, and in North Yemen in 1970, were given the right to vote and to stand as candidates. At the unification in 1990 the rights were confirmed. In the elections since 1990, women made up at least a third of the electorate, and their share rose to 42% in the 2003 general election. However, the number of women candidates for parliamentary seats decreased over the same period. The number of women parliamentarians also fell from 11 women in the parliament of the former People's Republic of Yemen before 1990 to one woman in parliament in 2003. Although women were courted by the parties as voters, they were less welcome in the active role as candidates. Passive women's suffrage: former part of the Democratic Republic of Yemen 1967, North Yemen 1970 First election of a woman to the national parliament: In 2001 two women were appointed by the president to the advisory chamber of Majlis asch-Shura with 111 members.
Jordan	1974		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in North Africa and the Middle East In 1974 women were given the right to vote at the national level. At the local level, women were given the right to vote in 1982. Passive women's suffrage: 1974 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Toujan Faisal , House of Commons, November 29, 1993. In 1989 the first woman sat in the Jordanian parliament, but had been appointed.
Cape Verde	1975		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa Until 1961, when everyone got Portuguese citizenship and was eligible to vote in local elections, all locals (men and women) were excluded from the right to vote. Under Portuguese administration, women voted for the first time on April 15, 1975. When the country became independent in 1975, universal suffrage was introduced on July 5, 1975. In July 1989 universal suffrage was extended to the local level. Passive women's suffrage: July 5, 1975 at the national level, 1989 at the local level. First election of a woman to the national parliament: Carmen Pereira , July 1975.
Cambodia	1955		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Southeast Asia Active and passive voting rights for women were introduced on September 25, 1955. Passive women's suffrage: September 25, 1955 First woman in national parliament: March 1958 No woman was elected to the House of Commons before the 1976 unicameral system was introduced.
Cameroon	1946		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa The former German colony was divided into a British and a French administrative area after the First World War. The French territory followed the pattern of other French colonies in West Africa: with the establishment of the French Union and the Fourth Republic, women were given the right to vote on October 27, 1946. The right to stand as a candidate was not specifically mentioned in the law, but it was not excluded either. According to the Loi Lamine Guèye , all citizens had the right to vote in elections to the French parliament and also in local elections, but voting was in two classes, which gave the population of French descent an advantage. This two-class suffrage was only abolished on June 23, 1956 by the loi-cadre Defferre and confirmed upon independence. The British territory was administered by Nigeria until 1954. In 1954 the House of Assembly of South Cameroon was created, which in 1959 guaranteed unrestricted universal suffrage. In 1961 the southern part of the British territory joined the newly independent Federal Republic of Cameroon, the northern part of the predominantly Muslim northern part of Nigeria. As a result, women did not get the right to vote there until 1976. Passive women's suffrage: October 1946 First election of a woman to the national parliament: April 1960.
Canada	1918	1919	→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Canada The states introduced women's suffrage successively from 1916 onwards, and in some cases earlier than was the case at the federal level. Taillight was Quebec : The law, which gave also Indians and Indians the right to vote was introduced into Parliament only on 9 April 1949 and entered into force April 25, 1949. In 1917, against the background of the war, the Wartime Elections Act granted certain groups of women the right to vote at the national level, the exact composition of which can be found in the literature: nurses who served in the war; Euro-American women who worked in the army or had close relatives there (father, husband or son) or whose fathers, men or sons were killed or wounded in the war; Women whose husbands, sons or fathers were killed or wounded in war; Another source also mentions the requirement that the women admitted be electorally equal to men at the state level. On May 24, 1918, active national suffrage was extended to all women of British and French descent over the age of 21, with the same criteria for women and men. Indians were excluded. In 1920 the property restrictions were lifted. In 1950 and 1951, amendments to the Indian Act and Canada Elections Act extended national active suffrage to Indian veterans and their wives, as well as Indians who normally lived outside the Reservations, if they waived the tax exemptions that the Indian Act granted them. In 1950 the Inuit had the right to vote, in 1951 all residents of the Northwest Territories . Ballot boxes for the Inuit were not erected in the Eastern Arctic until 1962. It was not until August 1960 that the Act to Amend the Canada Elections Act extended the right to vote to all Canadians. Passive women's suffrage: In 1919 women were given the right to stand as a candidate. Other sources cite later dates and speak of a limited right to vote; but this is presumably based on the fact that it was not until 1929 that the Famous Five finally clarified that the right to stand for election in the constitution also applied to the Senate, not just to the House of Commons . First election of a woman to the national parliament: Agnes Campbell McPhail , December 6, 1921, to the House of Commons ; February 1930 first woman appointed senator.
Kazakhstan	1924		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Central Asia Women's suffrage was recognized with the first constitution of the USSR on January 31, 1924, and recognized with the constitution of independent Kazakhstan on January 28, 1993. Passive women's suffrage: January 31, 1924. First election of a woman to the national parliament: 24 women to the Supreme Soviet in March 1990. This became the first legislative assembly after Kazakhstan gained independence in December 1991. Before that, Kazakh women were elected to the Kazakh Supreme Soviet and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR .
Qatar	2003		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in North Africa and the Middle East In 1998, decree number 17 gave women the right to vote at the municipal level. Women exercised their right to vote for the first time in the election of March 8, 1999 (elections to the Doha Municipal Council). Women's suffrage at the national level for the Consultative Assembly ( Majlis asch-Shura ) was introduced in 2003. 30 of the 45 members are to be elected in accordance with Article 77 of the Constitution, the remainder being appointed by the President. But the first national elections were postponed until at least 2019. Passive women’s right to vote: In 1998 women were given the right to stand up to local elections. There were six candidates for the March 8, 1999 election to Doha City Council , but none won a seat. In 2003, Sheika Yousef Hassan al-Jufairi became the first woman to be elected to a City Council member in a Gulf state . Another source states, however, that up to the fifth such elections in 2015 women were not represented there, and in 2015 two women were then elected.
Kenya	1919	1963	→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa Kenya had a legislative assembly since 1907. Influenced by British suffrage, white women in Kenya got the right to vote in 1919, Asian women and men in 1923. Blacks with property and education got the right to vote in 1957, but few were women. Overall, with this change, around 60 percent of the population gained the right to vote. Arab women were completely excluded from the right to vote. Arab women from Mombasa submitted a petition to the colonial government protesting the denial of the right to vote. Your petition was successful. The initiators spent the following year convincing Arab women as voters to register as voters and exercise their voting rights. Universal suffrage for everyone over the age of 18 came with independence on December 12, 1963. Passive women's suffrage: General women's suffrage December 12, 1963 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Phoebe Asoiyo , December 1969
Kyrgyzstan	1918		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Central Asia Active and passive women's suffrage was introduced in June 1918. First election of a woman to the national parliament after independence: Sharipa Sadybakasova , Lower House, 1995; four women in the upper house, 1995 Before independence, Kyrgyz women were elected to the Kyrgyz Supreme Soviet and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR . The Supreme Soviet, elected in 1990, which included at least one woman, became the first legislative body when the country gained independence in December 1991.
Kiribati	1967		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Australia and Oceania Before independence, under British administration, women were given universal suffrage in the electoral laws ( Gilbert & Ellice Islands Colony Electoral Provisions Order , 1967) and the Constitution on November 15, 1967. After independence in 1979 this was confirmed. Passive women's suffrage: November 15, 1967 (see also above) First election of a woman to the colonial parliament: Tekarei Russell , 1971. First election of women to the national parliament: Fenua Tamuera , July 25, 1990. (by-election), Koriri Muller , 1992 (by-election). Teima Onorio , September 30, 1998; first woman to be elected to parliament in a regular election.
Colombia	1954		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South America, Central America and Mexico The constitutional reform adopted by referendum (on December 10, 1957) granted women the right to vote, a right which was already granted in Acto Legislativo Número 3 of August 25, 1954 by the Constituent Assembly under the government of General Rojas Pinilla , but which after its overthrow, like all resolutions of the Congress, was declared null and void; but decree 247 of 1957 of the military junta also called women to a referendum. Women first voted in 1957. Passive women's suffrage: August 25, 1954 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Eight women, March 16, 1958, House of Commons.
Comoros	1946		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa According to the Loi Lamine Guèye of 1946, all citizens had the right to vote in elections to the French parliament and also in local elections. The right to stand as a candidate was not specifically mentioned in the law, but it was not excluded either. There was a two-class suffrage, which favored the French-born citizens. On June 23, 1956, the loi-cadre Defferre was introduced. It was not until 1975 that the country became independent and universal suffrage was confirmed. Passive women's suffrage: June 23, 1956 First election of a woman to the national parliament: December 1993.
Democratic Republic of the Congo , formerly Zaire	1967		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa The Democratic Republic of the Congo was originally administered as the Belgian Congo by a legislative assembly and regional assemblies made up of only Europeans appointed by colonial authorities. By the late 1950s there was a greater turnout of Africans, but not full voting rights until independence when the colony was renamed Zaire . The Referendum Act N ° 67-223 Enactment Act of May 3, 1967 recognized the right of all Congolese, regardless of gender, to participate in the constitutional referendum. Passive women's suffrage: The law on the elections to the legislative assembly and the presidential elections of April 17, 1970 gave men and women explicitly the right to stand as a candidate, as was already provided for in the 1967 constitution. First election of a woman to the national parliament: 12 women, November 1970
Republic of the Congo , (formerly K.-Brazzaville)	1946		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa According to the Loi Lamine Guèye law of May 7, 1946, all citizens of the overseas territories had the same citizenship as the people in the mother country and thus the right to vote for elections to the French parliament and for local elections; the right to stand for election is not explicitly mentioned, but it is also not excluded. But it was chosen in two classes, which gave the French population an advantage. This two-class suffrage was only abolished on June 23, 1956 by the loi-cadre Defferre and confirmed upon independence. The law number 47-162 on territorial assemblies of August 29, 1947 established the right to vote for these assemblies. At first, universal suffrage at the national level was restricted to Europeans and Africans who could read and write. In 1951, the right was extended to anyone with a valid ID. This electoral system was renewed in 1952 and replaced in 1957 when the 1956 loi-cadre Defferre came into force. Article 4 of the Constitution of March 2, 1961 recognized the rights that already existed. Some sources cite December 8, 1963 for the granting of passive women's suffrage. Since women were first elected to parliament in December 1963, however, it is possible that this information is based on the first exercise of the right to vote, not the grant. First election of a woman to the national parliament: Three women, December 1963.
North Korea , Democratic People's Republic of Korea	1946		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in East Asia Even before independence in 1948, women's suffrage was guaranteed under Allied administration in the Gender Equality Act , which was introduced on July 30, 1946. Passive women's suffrage: July 30, 1946 First election of a woman to the national parliament: 69 women, August 1948.
South Korea , Republic of Korea	1948		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in East Asia Active and passive women's suffrage: July 17, 1948 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Yim Yong-sin Louise , 1949
Kosovo	1941		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in southern Europe During the Second World War, the country was occupied first by Italy, then by Germany. After the Balkan campaign was divided Mussolini on 12 August 1941 the since April 1939 annexed Albania to Kosovo as well as some Macedonian territories. In Albania women have been able to vote since 1920. However, this reorganization of the borders was only recognized by the Axis powers . After the Second World War, the Autonomous Region "Kosovo and Metohija" became part of the Socialist Republic of Serbia within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on September 3, 1945, just like the Autonomous Region of Vojvodina . Full legal, economic and social equality between the sexes was first guaranteed in the 1946 Yugoslav constitution.
Croatia	1946		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in southern Europe In 1942, still under German occupation, the communists had recognized the active and passive right to vote for women. Full legal, economic and social equality between the sexes was first guaranteed in the 1946 constitution. Another source mentions the introduction of active and passive voting rights as August 11, 1945. First election of a woman to the national parliament after independence in 1991: Eight women, August 2, 1992. Before that, Croatian women were elected to the parliament of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia .
Cuba	1934		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South America, Central America and Mexico The constitution of 1901, which was largely reformed in 1928, established universal male suffrage. As in other countries, women's suffrage came with a revolution in Cuba: the disempowerment of the dictator Gerardo Machado led to Cuba becoming the fourth Latin American country with women's suffrage. The (provisional) Ley Constitucional of January 2, 1934 already provided for universal suffrage. On February 3, 1934, women's suffrage was included in the provisional constitution. But it was only with the adoption of the 1940 constitution that women's suffrage was introduced; the other provisional constitutional texts did not change this principle. Passive women's suffrage: January 2, 1934 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Six women, 1936.
Kuwait	2005		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in North Africa and the Middle East Kuwait is a constitutional monarchy. Male Kuwait people have had the right to vote since 1999. In May 1999, the Emir Jabir al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah issued a decree guaranteeing women the right to vote, but the National Assembly refused to approve it, so the decree was dropped in November. An active women's movement built on the emir's attitude and advocated women's suffrage; these were not protests, but rather expressions of loyalty to the ruler who had spoken out in favor of women's suffrage. Technical developments created new possibilities for mobilization: in 2005, the economist Rola Dashti organized protest actions by girls on the streets via mobile phone, to whom she called on the mobile phone. On May 16, 2005, women received the general active and passive national right to vote by a parliamentary resolution with 35 to 23 votes. As an ambiguous concession to the fundamentalists, the formulation that women had to comply with Islamic laws during the election campaign and election was included. In the election that followed the granting of the right to vote, not a single candidate was elected to parliament. Two women were appointed to the government, which has 16 members, and were thereby entitled to vote in parliament. In 2005/2006 laws came into force restricting freedom of speech and the freedom of the media to criticize the government. In 2009 Dashti and two other women were the first to be elected to parliament. Dashti became Minister for State Planning and Development Issues in 2012. In the current government (January 2019) two of the fifteen members are women. Among the fifty MPs (after the November 26, 2016 election) there is only one woman (January 2019).
Laos	1958		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Southeast Asia In 1953 the country became independent, and in 1958 active and passive general women's suffrage was introduced. Passive women's suffrage: 1958 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Khampheng Boupha , May 4, 1958
Lesotho	1965		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa Women did not have the right to vote in the legislative assembly established in 1956. The new constitution of 1960 gave only taxpayers voting rights to the election of district councils, which then elected members of the legislative assembly. This meant that women were effectively without voting rights. On April 30, 1965, elections were held, with universal suffrage for adults. This was confirmed with independence in 1966. Passive women's suffrage: April 30, 1965 First election of a woman to the national parliament after independence: three women, March 1993. In 1965 there was already one member of parliament.
Latvia	1918		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Northern Europe On November 18, 1918, the Independent Democratic Republic of Latvia was proclaimed by the Council of the People . The Council of the People approved the Law on Elections to the Constituent Assembly and the Law on Civil Rights , which provided that a constituent assembly was to be elected by general, equal, direct, secret ballot. Citizens over 21 who lived in Latvia had the right to vote and stand for election. Similar regulations have been adopted for local elections. Because of the First World War, the elections for the Constituent Assembly could only be held on April 17 and 18, 1920. Latvia therefore introduced universal suffrage for women and men at the same time. Women were also allowed to vote under Soviet administration, and this right was confirmed when independence was restored in 1990. Passive women's suffrage: November 18, 1918 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Four women, 17./18. April 1920 (according to IPU five women, constituent assembly). In 1990 women were elected to the Supreme Council of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Latvia, which became the first legislative assembly of Latvia when the restoration of independence came into effect on August 21, 1991.
Lebanon	1952		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in North Africa and the Middle East Before independence, the administration as a French protected area (Trust Territory) proclaimed the equality of all citizens before the law in Article 7 of the Constitution of May 26, 1926, women were not mentioned separately. In 1926 active women's suffrage was introduced, but it was tied to educational requirements. In 1943 the country became independent. From 1952 all men had to vote, while women 21 and over with elementary education had the right to vote. Between 1952 and 1953, the electoral law was redesigned to give women universal suffrage. According to a different source, women still need a certificate of education in order to exercise their right to vote, unlike men (as of 2007), while men can vote without any restrictions; there is also compulsory voting for men and not for women. Passive women's suffrage: 1952 First election of a woman to the national parliament: In 1963, a woman was unanimously elected to parliament in a replacement election for a deceased member of parliament. In a regular election, women became MPs for the first time in 1992 (three women).
Liberia	1946		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa Originally, only male Liberians of American descent and released African slaves who had settled in Liberia were entitled to vote. The voters had to have a steady income. In 1907, male indigenous Liberians who paid taxes were also given the right to vote. In the referendum of May 7, 1946, women were also given the right to vote and to stand as candidates if they owned land or other property or owned a hut and paid taxes for it; According to different sources, this was not decided until 1947. Although this definition formally achieved universal suffrage for both sexes, in practice the law aimed at discrimination against women. The restrictive condition was abolished in the 1970s and the 1986 Constitution guaranteed unrestricted universal suffrage. Women first exercised their right to vote in 1951. First election of a woman to the national parliament: Ellen Mills Scarborough , 1960
Libya	1964		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in North Africa and the Middle East Active and passive women's suffrage was introduced in 1964. First election of a woman to the national parliament: A woman, 1984.
Liechtenstein	1984		→ Main articles : Women 's suffrage in Liechtenstein  and women's suffrage in Western Europe Liechtenstein was the last country in Europe in which women were given the right to vote on July 1, 1984. Passive women's suffrage: July 1, 1984 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Emma Eigenmann , February 1986
Lithuania	1919		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Northern Europe The temporary constitution of November 1918 granted all Lithuanians, regardless of wealth, the right to vote and stand for election in parliamentary elections. On November 20, 1919, the electoral law was passed by the constituent parliament. From 1919 onwards, Lithuanian women could vote and be elected under the same conditions as men. This right was applied for the first time in the first constituent parliamentary election of 1920. Under Soviet administration, women also had the right to vote and stand for election. These rights were confirmed upon independence. First election of a woman to the national parliament: 14 women out of 173 members of parliament, 1990 These had been elected to the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Lithuania, which became the first legislative assembly in Lithuania after the country's independence on September 6, 1991. In 1920 a woman had already been appointed to parliament without an election.
Luxembourg	1919		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Western Europe The constituent assembly decided on May 8, 1919, to extend the right to vote to all women and men of Luxembourg nationality over the age of 21. The revised constitution came into force on May 15, 1919. Women were allowed to vote for the first time in September 1919, namely in the referendum on the continuation of the monarchy, and in the parliamentary elections the following month. Passive women's suffrage: May 15, 1919 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Marguerite Thomas-Clement , April 1919
Madagascar	1946		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa According to the Loi Lamine Guèye of 1946, all citizens had the right to vote in elections to the French parliament and also in local elections. It was a two-tier voting system that gave citizens of French origin advantages. The right to stand as a candidate was not specifically mentioned in the law, but it was not excluded either. In 1956 the loi-cadre Defferre was introduced and with it universal suffrage. On April 29, 1959, the right to vote was confirmed. The country gained independence on June 26, 1960, and the first elections were held in 1960. Passive women's suffrage under French administration: 1946; general: 1956; Confirmed April 29, 1959. First election of a woman to the national parliament: Two women, August 1965. According to another source, it is not clear how these two women entered parliament, since some members were elected indirectly, others were appointed by the head of state.
Malawi	1961		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa Prior to independence, the colonial authorities granted blacks the right to vote in the 1961 constitution, but it was limited by educational barriers and property requirements. Many women were active in the nationalist movements. In the 1961 elections, women who met education and property requirements were allowed to vote, which meant that all European women and around 10,000 black women were allowed to vote. Universal suffrage was introduced when independence was achieved in 1964. Passive women's suffrage: 1961 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Rose Chibambo , April 1964.
Malaysia	1955	1957	→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Southeast Asia The right to vote for women was introduced in 1955 under the colonial administration. When the country gained independence from Great Britain in 1957, women's suffrage was incorporated into the constitution on August 31, 1957. Passive women's suffrage: August 31, 1957 Woman's First Choice: Colonial Legislative Body: Halimaton Abdul Majid , 1955; national parliament: Two women, 1960. In the 1950s, there were no women on the legislative bodies; but even in 1995 their number had only risen to eight percent of the MPs.
Maldives	1932		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South Asia Women were granted the right to vote in 1932 under colonial administration. It was confirmed upon independence in 1965. Woman's First Election: Colonial Legislative Body: Two Women, January 1, 1953. Post-Independence National Parliament: One Woman, November 1979.
Mali	1956		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa According to the Loi Lamine Guèye of 1946, all citizens had the right to vote in elections to the French parliament and also in local elections. The right to stand as a candidate was not specifically mentioned in the law, but it was not excluded either. In the elections to the Paris Parliament, there was no two-tier suffrage in French West Africa as in other French colonies, but there was for all local elections. In 1956, under the French colonial administration, the loi-cadre Defferre was introduced, which guaranteed active and passive universal suffrage. In 1960, when the country became independent, this was confirmed. Woman's First Choice: Colonial Legislative Body: Aouna Keita , 1959. National Parliament: Aouna Keita , 1964.
Malta	1947		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in southern Europe On July 20, 1945, a bill was introduced in the National Assembly providing the right to vote for all women and men over the age of 18. Until then, only selected men over 21 could vote. The bill was passed. On September 5, 1947, the MacMichael Constitution came into effect, which included universal suffrage and the "one person - one vote" principle for women and men over the age of 21, which abolished multiple votes. Six weeks later, on October 25, 26, and 27, 1947, the first elections took place. Universal suffrage for men and women was introduced at the same time. Passive women's suffrage: September 5, 1947 First election of a woman: Colonial legislative body: Agatha Barbara , October 1947. National Parliament: Two women, 1966.
Morocco	1959		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in North Africa and the Middle East In 1956 the country became independent. On September 1, 1959, women's suffrage was guaranteed at both the local and national levels. It was first used on June 18, 1963. Passive women's suffrage: September 1, 1959 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Two women, June 1993
Marshall Islands	1979		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Australia and Oceania Under the administration of the USA, the right to vote for women was guaranteed on May 1, 1979 and confirmed when independence was achieved in 1986. Passive women's suffrage: May 1, 1979 First election of a woman to the colonial legislative body: Evelyn Konou , 1979; in the national parliament: Evelyn Konou , 1979
Mauritania	1946		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in North Africa and the Middle East According to the Loi Lamine Guèye of 1946, all citizens had the right to vote in elections to the French parliament and also in local elections. The right to stand as a candidate was not specifically mentioned in the law, but it was not excluded either. In the elections to the Paris Parliament, French West Africa , which included Mauritania, had no two-tier suffrage as in other French colonies, but there was for all local elections. On June 23, 1956, still under French administration, the loi-cadre Defferre was introduced, which confirmed universal suffrage. In 1960 the country became independent and on May 20, 1961, active and passive women's suffrage was introduced in the now independent state. Passive women's suffrage: 1946; general: 1956; after independence confirmation: May 20, 1961 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Fatma Lalla Zeina Mint Sbaghou , 1996 (according to another source: 1978)
Mauritius	1947	1956	→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa In the British island colony of Mauritius, representation had been limited to the elite until the 1947 constitution extended the right to vote to all women and men over the age of 21 who could read and write. A new constitution in 1959 introduced universal suffrage for adults. In 1968 the Lands became independent and the right to vote for women was adopted. Passive women's suffrage: 1956. First election of a woman to the national parliament: Three women, December 1976.
Mexico	1953		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South America, Central America and Mexico In some states, women were allowed to vote in local and state elections earlier than nationally. Yucatán and San Luis Potosí were the first states to give women the right to vote in 1922 and 1923. In 1946, women everywhere were given municipal voting rights. When Adolfo Ruiz Cortines won the presidential election in 1952, he kept his promise to introduce a vote on the active and passive right to vote for women at national level in parliament. On December 22, 1952, the President's bill was passed unanimously by Congress and a few days later the Senate also approved it with one vote against. The regulations came into force and promulgated on October 6, 1953. In 1954 women were able to vote in congressional elections, and on July 6, 1958, for the first time in presidential elections. Passive women's suffrage: October 17, 1953 In 1952, after the creation of the new state of Baja California, a woman was appointed MP. The first election of a woman to the national parliament took place in July 1955: four women out of a total of 162 members of the lower house. The first two female MPs in the Upper House, which had 60 members, were elected in July 1964.
Micronesia (Federated States of Micronesia)	1979		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Australia and Oceania Before independence, women were given active and passive voting rights on November 3, 1979. When independence was achieved in 1986, these rights were confirmed. Passive women's suffrage: November 3, 1979 First election of a woman to the national parliament: none until 2019.
Moldova (Moldova)	1938		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Eastern Europe After the First World War, the area largely belonged to Romania: From 1929 women were allowed to vote in local elections, but their right to vote was made dependent on their level of education, social position and special merits towards society. The 1938 Constitution put men and women on an equal footing in terms of voting rights, and the 1939 Electoral Act stipulated that women and men who could read and write were allowed to vote at the age of 30. After the occupation by the Soviet Union in 1940, the Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic was formed and universal suffrage for women and men was introduced. In 1991 it was first renamed the Republic of Moldova , then the declaration of independence. After the declaration of independence, universal suffrage was confirmed in 1993. First election of a woman to the national parliament: Nine women, February 1990. (Before that women from Moldova were elected to the Supreme Soviet of the Socialist Republic of Moldova and to the Parliament of the Soviet Union.) The Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Moldova became the first legislative body to after the country became independent in August 1991. The first elections after independence took place in February 1994, when five women out of 104 MPs won a seat.
Monaco	1962		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Western Europe Women were given the right to vote at the local level on May 24, 1945. At the national level, women were given the right to vote on December 17, 1962. Passive women's suffrage: December 17, 1962 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Roxanne Noat-Notari , February 1963
Mongolia	1924		→ Main articles : Women's suffrage in Mongolia  and Women's suffrage in Central Asia In 1911 the country became independent. On November 1, 1924, women were granted general active and passive suffrage. Passive women's suffrage: November 1, 1924 First election of a woman to the national parliament: 59 women, June 1951
Montenegro	1946		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in southern Europe The 1946 Constitution of Yugoslavia, to which Montenegro belonged at the time, guaranteed full legal, economic and social equality between the sexes for the first time. In 1993, Montenegro became independent and the general right to vote and stand for women was confirmed. Passive women's suffrage: 1946 First woman in parliament in 2006
Mozambique	1975		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa Before 1961, the right to vote in elections for the Portuguese Parliament and the various colonial legislative assemblies was limited: local people were hardly allowed to vote. In 1961, all citizens of the colonies received Portuguese citizenship and were able to vote in local and city council elections. Nevertheless, Europeans still had more civil rights than the black African population. With independence on June 25, 1975 universal suffrage was introduced. Passive women's suffrage: June 25, 1975 First election of a woman to the national parliament: 26 women, December 4, 1977.
Myanmar	1923	1929	→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Southeast Asia In 1923 Burma was still a province of India and was under British rule. Men and women who paid taxes were given the right to vote. However, since only men were required to pay poll tax, there were many more taxpayers than taxpayers, so in practice women were still prevented from voting. At that time there were only 125,000 women for every two million voters. However, the restriction was lifted in 1929. Even so, very few women sat on local councils and the legislative assembly. When the Government of Burma Act came into effect in 1935 , Burma's time as a province of India ended. Although it was still under British rule, it now had its own legislative body. For this House of Representatives, women now had the right to vote if they passed a reading and writing test. In this way, the number of women voters rose to 750,000. This constitution was repealed when the Japanese occupied the country in 1942, but after the re-occupation by the British and independence in 1948, women were given universal suffrage. When women were given active voting rights in 1923, they were not allowed to stand as candidates. In 1927 there was a bill in the Legislative Assembly to change this; but the British refused. This led to resentment among the women and a demonstration in Ragoon. In 1929, however, the restriction was lifted and the passive right to vote for women was achieved on the same basis as the passive right to vote for men. First election of a woman: To the colonial legislative body: Daw Hnin Mya , 1937. To the national parliament: Four women, April 1947.
Namibia	1989		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa The former German colony, administered by South Africa between 1919 and 1946, was incorporated into its own state by South Africa despite resistance from the United Nations . Namibia's white voters were guaranteed representation in the South African parliament from 1947 to 1977. In 1978, under great pressure, South Africa enabled elections to a constituent assembly in which black Africans were also allowed to vote. The main opposition group, which had a very strong women's wing, boycotted the elections. In 1983 South Africa took control. After a period of considerable instability and heavy diplomatic pressure, South Africa agreed to withdraw its troops in preparation for independence. In the elections on November 7, 1989, everyone was allowed to vote, and in 1990 Namibia became independent. Universal suffrage for adults became part of the constitution. Passive women's suffrage: November 7, 1989. First election of a woman to the national parliament: Five women, November 1989
Nauru	1968		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Australia and Oceania Active and passive women's suffrage was introduced on January 3, 1968. First election of a woman to the national parliament: Ruby Dediya , December 1986.
Nepal	1951		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South Asia Active and passive women's suffrage: 1951 In 1952 women had already been appointed to parliament. The first election of a woman to the national parliament, Dwarika Devi Thakurani , took place on October 21, 1951. She was the only woman among the 109 members of the House of Commons. In the same elections, a woman was appointed to the House of Lords, which had 36 members.
New Zealand	1893	1919	→ Main articles : Women's suffrage in New Zealand  and Women's suffrage in Australia and Oceania New Zealand was the first state with active women's suffrage (1893). Passive women's suffrage: October 29, 1919 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Elizabeth Reid McCombs , September 13, 1933
Nicaragua	1955		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South America, Central America and Mexico The constitutions of 1939, 1948 and 1950 had tied the introduction of women's suffrage to a qualified majority in the legislature. Women's suffrage was introduced on April 21, 1955. In the elections of 1957, women were allowed to vote for the first time under the same age requirements as men. After the 1979 revolution, all Nicaraguan citizens over the age of 16 were given the right to vote. Passive women's suffrage: April 21, 1955 A different source gives different data for the introduction of active and passive women's suffrage. First election of a woman to the national parliament: Eight women, February 1972
Netherlands	1919	1917	→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Western Europe Universal male suffrage was introduced in 1917. In 1918 a bill was introduced into parliament that put women on an equal footing with men in terms of the right to vote. It was passed with a large majority on August 9, 1919 and approved by the royal family on September 18, 1919. Since the passive right to vote for women was already in force at this point, women also voted in this decision. Passive women's suffrage: 1917 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Suze Groeneweg , July 1918
Niger	1946		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa According to the Loi Lamine Guèye of 1946, all citizens had the right to vote in elections to the French parliament and also in local elections. The right to stand as a candidate was not specifically mentioned in the law, but it was not excluded either. In the elections to the Paris parliament, there was no two-tier suffrage in French West Africa , to which Niger belonged, as in other French colonies, but there was for all local elections. In 1956, with the Loi-cadre Defferre , universal women's suffrage was introduced and confirmed with independence in 1960. First election of a woman to the national parliament: Five women, December 10, 1989
Nigeria	1976		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa In the regions of Nigeria the introduction of women's suffrage has been very different. The former German colony of Cameroon was administratively divided between France and Great Britain after the First World War. Women in the southern region of Nigeria received the right to vote in stages from 1950 onwards. The area under French administration followed the pattern of other West African colonies: the loi-cadre Defferre was introduced in 1956 and autonomy was achieved in 1958. Women from the south voted in the federal elections in 1959 and could be elected. Women in the Eastern Region were given federal voting rights in 1954. In 1955 women's suffrage was introduced in the western region for women who paid taxes. In 1960, with independence, universal suffrage was introduced. The part under British administration was administered by Nigeria until 1954. It was then that the House of Assembly of South Cameroon was introduced, which made universal regional suffrage into law in 1959. In 1961 the southern part of British territory joined the newly formed Federal Republic of Cameroon and the northern region joined the predominantly Muslim northern part of Nigeria. In 1960 Nigeria became independent and the constitution provided universal suffrage for all federal elections. However, this was not the case in the north, where women because of Muslim sensitivities did not get the right to vote at the regional and federal level until 1976, when it was ordered by a military decree. Under the new constitution of 1979, all adult Nigerians were given the right to vote. First election of a woman to the national parliament: 1. Esther Soyannwo , 1964 (House of Representatives). Her election generated such controversy and violence that her party forced her to give up her seat before she was sworn in. Second election to the Constituent Assembly: Janet Akinrinade , 1977. 3. Federal House of Representatives: Three Women, 1979. 4. Regional legislative body: Margaret Ekpo , 1961, Eastern House of Assembly 5. First elected to state legislatures: Five women, 1979. Sawaba Gambo was elected to the city council of Sabon Gari , Zaria , in 1979, making it the first Muslim Nigerian woman to hold a seat on such a body.
North Macedonia	1946		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in southern Europe The full legal, economic and social equality of the sexes and thus the active and passive right to vote for women were guaranteed for the first time in the constitution of 1946. First election of a woman to the national parliament: Five women, 1991. The Legislative Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia became the first legislative body of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia after the country gained independence on September 8, 1991. Before that, Macedonian women had been elected to the parliament of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The first elections in the now independent country took place in October 1994 when four women were elected to parliament with a total of 120 members.
Norway	1913		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Northern Europe Women were allowed to vote in regional elections as early as 1901. The prerequisite, however, was that they owned land or were married to landowners. In the 1906 election, women advocates supported the radicals, and a radical victory in 1907 meant that those women who already had regional suffrage were given that right at the national level. In 1913 all restrictions were lifted. First election of a woman to the national parliament: Anna Rogstadt : May 17, 1911 in a replacement election; first woman elected in a regular election: Karen Platou , 1921
Oman	2003		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in North Africa and the Middle East Since 1994 women have had the right to vote and stand for election, limited to certain seats in the Consultative Assembly . Equal rights for women and men were enshrined in Article 17 of the 1996 Constitution. In 2003, universal active and passive suffrage at the national level was granted in time for the 2003 elections. In October 2003, in the first general election, in which all Omanis over 21 were allowed to vote, two women were elected to parliament. Before that there had been appointments of women after a limited election: 1. Consultative Assembly (Majlis asch-Shura): Two women, 1997. Both were appointed in 1997 after a restricted election: 50,000 Omanis, including women for the first time, elected a group of nominees for the Consultative Assembly. The Sultan appointed 82 delegates from among the elected. Both women were re-elected in the next election, which allowed for an expanded electorate. 2nd State Assembly (Majlis ad-Dawla): Four women No woman was elected in 2007, only one in 2012.
Austria	1920		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Western Europe On December 18, 1918, Austrian women over 20 were given the right to vote. This was part of the new constitution of December 1918. However, until 1920 prostitutes were excluded from the right to vote. Universal male suffrage at the national level had been introduced as early as 1907. First election of women to the national parliament: eight women (including Hildegard Burjan , Adelheid Popp ), elected on February 2, 1919, taking office on March 14, 1919.
East Timor	1974		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Southeast Asia From 1896, Portuguese Timor and Macau were allowed to send a member of the Portuguese parliament together. See also Political Participation of Women in East Timor In October 1999, four women were appointed to the fifteen-member National Consultative Council NCC , which at that time represented the population during the United Nations interim administration for East Timor . The first MP from East Timor sat in 2001 in the country's Constituent Assembly, which became its first legislature after independence in 2002. see List of Members of the National Parliament of East Timor 2001-2007 At least every third place on the electoral lists must be occupied by a woman (2018). In the current parliament (as of April 2020), 38.46% of MPs are women. There are 23 female and 39 male MPs. The first Vice-Speaker of Parliament has been Maria Angelina Lopes Sarmento since 2018 .
Pakistan	1956		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South Asia In 1937 women were granted national voting rights, but it was tied to reading and writing skills, income and taxation. In 1946, in the first election based on the Government of India Act of 1919, women were allowed to vote under certain conditions. The conditions applied to very few women. Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah was elected to the United Constituent Assembly of India in 1946, before Pakistan split off. However, because of the ongoing clashes, the Muslim League ordered that its members should not take the seats in the assembly. In 1947 Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah and Jahanara Shah Nawaz were elected to the national parliament. After independence in August 1947, the Government of India Act of 1935 became the Constitution of Pakistan. Certain women were able to vote on this basis in provincial and national elections. When a new constitution was being discussed in the 1950s, it was suggested that all men should be given the right to vote, but only educated women. There were tendencies towards Islamization. For example, the dictator Mohammed Zia-ul-Haq did not want to deprive women of the right to vote, but did want women in civil service to have full body veils. On March 23, 1956, Pakistan's first constitution was passed, providing for universal active and passive voting rights for adults aged 21 and over at all levels if they had lived in the country for six months. Women thus received full voting rights in 1956. However, no election was held under this constitution because of the difficulties between civil and military powers.
Palau	1979		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Australia and Oceania Before independence, under US administration, women had the right to vote on April 2, 1979. It was confirmed upon independence in 1994. Passive women's suffrage: April 2, 1979. First election of a woman to the national parliament: House of Delegates Akiko Catherine Sugiyama , 1975; Senate: Sandra Sumang Pierantozzi , 1997
Panama	1946		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South America, Central America and Mexico The constitution of 1904 provided universal male suffrage for all Panamanians over the age of 21. An electoral law number 98 of July 5, 1941 gave women over 21 the active and passive right to vote at the provincial level if they had a university degree, a teaching degree, completed vocational training or attended a secondary school. Women did not receive general active and passive suffrage until March 1, 1946. First election of a woman to the national parliament: Two women, 1946
Papua New Guinea	1964	1963	→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Australia and Oceania Prior to independence, under Australian administration, women were given the right to vote on February 15, 1964. This right was confirmed upon independence in 1975. Passive women's suffrage: February 27, 1963 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Josephine Abaijah , 1972 Colonial Legislative Body, House of Assembly; national parliament: three women, July 1977
Paraguay	1961		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South America, Central America and Mexico Universal male suffrage became effective with the constitution of 1870. Law number 704 introduced universal active women's suffrage at the national level in 1961. Women's suffrage was introduced on July 5, 1961. Passive women's suffrage: July 5, 1961 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Two women, April 1, 1963
Peru	1955		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South America, Central America and Mexico The Electoral Act of 1896 granted the right to vote to all Peruvian men who were at least 21 years old, could read and write and were paying higher taxes. In 1931 the census right to vote was abolished and at the same time compulsory voting was introduced. All men over 21, provided they could read and write, were now eligible to vote. Women were eligible to vote in 1955 at the behest of General Manuel Apolinario Odría Amoretti , who had ruled as dictator since 1948. He and his wife Maria Delgado de Odría wanted to replicate the success of the Peróns, and women's suffrage was part of their strategy. Thus, women's suffrage was introduced on September 7, 1955. However, women who could not read and write, most of them Indians, were excluded from the right to vote until the 1980s. Because of this, the turnout of women in the 1956 election was significantly lower than that of men, and the general's plan ended in electoral defeat. Passive women's suffrage: September 7, 1955 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Irene Silva de Santolalla , April 7, 1956 (Senate); Camara de Diputados: Seven women, April 7, 1956
Philippines	1937		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Southeast Asia In 1933 a law was passed in the House of Representatives which provided women with the right to vote from January 1935. This law was an addition to Section 431 of the Administrative Code. This addition was linked to the Hare Hawes Cutting Independence Act , which failed to find a majority in the vote. Before women could actually vote, the 1933 decision was overturned by a 1934 Constituent Assembly that drafted a new constitution that would reflect the Philippines' changed status as a Commonwealth within the United States. This assembly decided to link the introduction of women's suffrage to a successful referendum on this issue. Only women were eligible to vote in this vote, at least 300,000 votes were required for success. Over half a million women registered to vote and 447,725 women voted on April 30, 1937 to give women the right to vote at the same level as men. This happened before independence, still under US administration, through the Plebiscite Law, Commonwealth Act No. 34 . It was confirmed upon independence in 1946. Passive women's suffrage: April 30, 1937 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Commonwealth Legislative Body (National Assembly); Elisa Rosales Ochoa , November 1941; National Legislative Body (House of Representatives), 99 members: Remedios Ozamis Fortica , 1946; Senate, 8 members: Geronima T. Pecson , 1953
Poland	1918		→ Main articles : Women's suffrage in Poland  and women's suffrage in Eastern Europe In Poland, universal suffrage for women and men was introduced at the same time. This happened with the decree of November 28, 1918 on the election procedure for the Sejm shortly after the re-establishment of the Polish state. Passive women's suffrage: November 28, 1918 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Six women, January 26, 1919
Portugal	1974		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in southern Europe According to decree number 19694 of May 5, 1931, women were given the right to vote and stand for election on condition that they had completed at least secondary school; Men, on the other hand, only had to be able to read and write. According to Adams, this clause resulted in very limited women's suffrage for women with high education. With the electoral law DL 24631 of November 6, 1934, everyone who could read and write received the national right to vote. However, in elections to certain local bodies, some restrictions on women remained in place until 1968. After the military coup of 1974, a new electoral law was passed on May 14, 1974 (Law 3/74, Article 4, Number 1). According to the Decree Law No. 621-A / 74, Article 1.1 of November 15, 1974, Portuguese citizens who were 18 years of age or older on February 28, 1975 were eligible to vote for the Constituent Assembly. For the first time in Portuguese history, universal suffrage was recognized and exercised the following year: In April 1975, the members of the Constituent Assembly that drafted the 1976 constitution were elected. This was proclaimed on June 2, 1976 and thus constitutionally guaranteed equality of the right to vote for women and men for all elections. First election of a woman to the national parliament: three women, elected November 24, 1934, inauguration January 11, 1935
Puerto Rico	1935		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in the United States with Puerto Rico On April 16, 1929, a law was passed giving all women who could read and write the right to vote and was to come into effect in 1932; this meant that most Puerto Ricans were effectively excluded from the election. In 1935 a law was passed that guaranteed universal suffrage. Universal suffrage for men was recognized in the Jones Act for Puerto Rico in 1917.
Rwanda	1961	1978	→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa In the 1960 local elections, women were given the right to vote. In the Legislative Decree of Rwanda - Urundi (LDRU) N ° 02/269 , enacted on August 17, 1961 by the Belgian administration of the UN mandate area, women were granted universal suffrage at national level and in the elections to the Legislative Assembly on August 25 First exercised in September 1961. Universal suffrage for all adults was confirmed upon independence in 1962. Passive women's suffrage: In 1961 women were given the right to be elected to all offices except for the presidency. The right to stand as a candidate for this office was only granted to them in 1978 in the new constitution. First election of a woman to the national parliament: Unknown number of women, December 1965; According to another source, the first woman sat in parliament as early as 1981.
Romania	1938		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Eastern Europe From 1929 women were allowed to take part in local elections, but their right to vote was made dependent on their level of education, social status and special merit towards society. The 1938 Constitution put men and women on an equal footing in terms of voting rights, and the 1939 Electoral Act stipulated that women and men who could read and write were allowed to vote at the age of 30. In 1946 the education census was abolished and universal suffrage was established for both sexes. Universal male suffrage had been in place since 1918. First election of a woman to the national parliament: 18 women, November 19, 1946
Russia	1917		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Eastern Europe Women's suffrage was first introduced in 1917. In May 1917, a law was passed giving Russian citizens over 20 the right to elect the Constituent Assembly. July 20, 1917 was celebrated by women as the big day on which the Provisional Government ratified the Constituent Assembly Election Act, which gave gender equality. In the November Revolution of 1917, the Bolsheviks took power and established a communist regime. The post-revolutionary constitution of 1918 confirmed the active and passive right to vote for women. First election of a woman to the national parliament: Marija Alexandrovna Spiridonova , 1922 (Supreme Soviet of the USSR). After independence in 1990, 60 women were elected in December 1993 to the lower house with 449 seats and 9 women to the upper house with 176 members.
Solomon Islands	1974		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Australia and Oceania During the colonial days under British administration, women were guaranteed the right to vote in April 1974. This right was confirmed upon independence in 1978. Passive women's suffrage: 1974 First election of a woman to the colonial parliament: Lilly Ogatina , 1965; in the national parliament: Hilda Auvi Kari , 1989
Zambia , formerly the Protectorate of Northern Rhodesia	1959		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa Even before independence, the colonial authorities allowed blacks to vote, which was restricted by restrictions on education and property. Many women were active in the nationalist movements. The constitution of 1959 guaranteed European, Indian and black African women and men the right to vote, albeit with strict restrictions on citizenship, residence status, education and property. These restrictions created a large imbalance in favor of the white population. The first direct elections were held on October 30, 1962, with significantly expanded voting rights. These led to the independence of Zambia and were the first elections in which women voted and could be elected. In October 1964, universal suffrage for adults was achieved with independence. First women in the national parliament: Three women, January 1964, elected and appointed.
Samoa , until 1997 Western Samoa	1990		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Australia and Oceania In 1948, still under New Zealand administration, women were given restricted voting rights at the national level: only clan heads , known as Matai , and non-Samoans (European or Chinese voting) who had completed all the formalities for obtaining citizenship and the right of residence were allowed to vote. In 1961 the country became independent. Between 1962 and 1990 the right to vote was limited to the Matai . Only two of the 49 members of the Legislative Assembly (Fono) were elected by universal suffrage. The vast majority of the Matai have always been men. Since the 1960s, however, the advancement of women's education, which had led to higher educational degrees and qualifications, had increased the number of female Matai . Only a small number of women had been elected to the legislative assembly since 1962. After a referendum in October 1990, universal suffrage was introduced. The first elections under the changed conditions were held in April 1991. Before general active and passive suffrage was introduced in October 1990, only clan heads had active and passive suffrage. First election of a woman to the national parliament: Fiame Naomi Mata'afa , Matatumua Maimoaga Vermeulen , both April 199; before that there was a woman in parliament in 1964, the details of the circumstances could not be determined.
San Marino	1958	1973	→ Main article : Women's suffrage in southern Europe Active women's suffrage was introduced by the law of December 23, 1958. However, women had to wait until the 1964 elections before they were allowed to vote for the first time: the law of April 29, 1959 stipulated that active women's suffrage should not take effect until January 1, 1960. The decision of April 29, 1959 was confirmed by Parliament on July 7th. Passive women's suffrage: September 10, 1973 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Four women, September 8, 1974
Sao Tome and Principe	1975		Until 1961, when everyone was granted Portuguese citizenship and could vote in local elections, all locals were excluded from the right to vote. Active women's suffrage was introduced on July 12, 1975. Passive women's suffrage: July 12, 1975 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Six women, December 1975
Saudi Arabia	no women's suffrage and no national elections		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in North Africa and the Middle East A law from 1977 guaranteed all citizens the right to vote without specifying any special restrictions for women. In 2000, Saudi Arabia signed an international treaty undertaking to ensure that women were allowed to vote on the same terms as men in all elections. The electoral law of August 2004 guaranteed universal suffrage without restrictions. However, only men were allowed to vote in the 2005 sub-municipal elections. Technical reasons, such as the difficulty of setting up a polling station for women, were used to explain why women did not participate. On the basis of a decree from 2011 - issued during the upheavals of the Arab Spring - women in Saudi Arabia were finally admitted to local elections for the first time in December 2015. Twenty women were elected. There were a total of 2100 mandates. see also local elections in Saudi Arabia 2015
Sweden	1919		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Northern Europe For local elections, women were given the right to vote at various stages between 1862 and 1918. The right to vote at the national level was introduced as part of a constitutional reform from 1919 to 1921. It is true that women were granted the right to vote and stand as a candidate in the resolution of May 1919; for procedural reasons, however, the amendment did not come into force until 1921: for a constitutional amendment, two resolutions are required in the Swedish parliament, and these must be separated from one another by a general election. Universal suffrage for men was introduced in 1907/1909. For local elections, women were given the right to vote at various stages between 1907 and 1918; for the right to vote at the national level, see above. First election of a woman to the national parliament: Five women, September 1921
Switzerland	1971		→ Main articles : Women 's suffrage in Switzerland  and women's suffrage in Western Europe Passive women's suffrage: February 7, 1971 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Ten women, elected to the National Council on October 31, 1971 and introduced into office on November 30, 1971; Lisa Girardin elected to the Council of States on October 31, 1971 and introduced into office on November 30, 1971
Senegal	1945		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa On February 19, 1945, under the French colonial administration, a decree was issued that stipulated that there was no difference between Senegalese and French women in voting rights; they are electoral and eligible for election under the same conditions. In 1956, still under French colonial rule, the loi-cadre Defferre was introduced, which guaranteed universal suffrage for adults. When the country was independent in 1960, this right was confirmed. Passive women's suffrage: February 19, 1945 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Caroline Diop Faye , December 1963
Serbia	1946		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in southern Europe In 1942, still under German occupation, the communists had recognized the active and passive right to vote for women. The full legal, economic and social equality of the sexes and thus the active and passive right to vote for women were guaranteed for the first time in the constitution of 1946. In 2006 the country became independent and in 2007 the first woman was elected to a Serbian parliament.
Seychelles	1948		In 1945, still under British administration, women were given the right to vote at the local level and on August 6, 1948 at the national level. Upon independence in 1976, these rights were confirmed. Passive women's suffrage: August 6, 1948 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Eight women out of a total of 25 members of parliament, June 1979. Before that, in 1976, a woman was appointed to parliament without an election.
Sierra Leone	1961		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa In 1930, a small minority of wealthy, educated women who met certain property and tax requirements were given the right to vote. With independence, universal suffrage was introduced on April 27, 1961. Passive women's suffrage: April 27, 1961 First election of a woman to the colonial parliament: Ella Koblo Gulama , 1957
Zimbabwe , formerly a British colony of Southern Rhodesia, then Rhodesia	1919		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa Rhodesia was ruled by whites in 1919, at which time European women were given access to political power. Men and women were allowed to vote in the 1930 elections. However, since active and passive voting rights were tied to educational criteria and financial requirements, namely to paying income tax or property, fewer than 2,000 black Africans voted. Between 1953 and 1964 Zimbabwe was in a network with Malawi and Zambia. At that time, the right to vote in Zimbabwe was gradually extended to black women for the first time. Before 1957, only men and European women could vote. From 1957 onwards, married black women were granted limited voting rights and gradually expanded. There was a special voter list for black women, in which they were included under certain conditions (education, wealth). The women were treated in the same way as their husbands; in the case of multiple marriages, however, this privilege only applied to the first woman. Wives had to read and write the English language and be able to prove that they had attended school. To be registered for an election, an individual had to meet one of the following four requirements: an annual income of at least £ 720 or real estate of at least £ 1500; Annual income of £ 3,480 and real estate valued at £ 1,000 plus primary education that met required standards; religious leadership after the person had completed a certain training, was able to demonstrate a certain period of office and only if no other profession was exercised; political leaders (chiefs) according to legal requirements. These complex electoral requirements were included in the 1961 constitution, which allowed blacks 15 seats in parliament. Around 50,000 blacks were able to exercise limited political power at that time. In 1965 the white-dominated Rhodesian Front Party unilaterally declared independence from Great Britain and in 1969 presented its own constitution. This curtailed the role of the black electorate, especially that of women, because half of the seats reserved for blacks were given by a male electoral body. In 1978 the general active and passive right to vote for women was introduced. First women in parliament: Ethel Tawse Jollie was the first African woman to sit on a parliamentary body. She was elected to the Legislative Council of Southern Rhodesia in 1920. In 1932, after the adoption of a new constitution, she was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Southern Rhodesia, where she had a seat until 1927. First election of a woman to the national parliament: There have been three women in the Senate since May 1980, but it is not clear whether they were appointed or elected; Nine women were elected to the House of Assembly in May 1980.
Singapore	1947		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Southeast Asia Under British administration, women were given the right to vote and stand for election on July 18, 1947 and exercised this right for the first time in the 1948 elections to the Legislative Council . With independence in 1965, these rights were confirmed. Passive women's suffrage: July 18, 1947 First election of a woman to the colonial legislative body: Vilasini Menon 1951; national parliament: three women, elected in July 1963 and in office from 21 September 1963.
Slovakia	1920		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Eastern Europe In the constitution of Czechoslovakia of February 29, 1920 the general active and passive right to vote for women was introduced. After independence, it was confirmed in 1993. First women elected to the national parliament of Czechoslovakia: 15 women in April 1920 to the Chamber of Deputies; three women in the Senate in March 1920. The National Council, which was elected before the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, became the first legislative body in Slovakia after independence on January 1, 1993. The independent country's first general election took place in September 1994 when 22 female MPs were elected to the legislative body, which had 150 members. According to another source, fifteen women were elected to parliament in 1994.
Slovenia	1945		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in southern Europe As in Austria, women who paid taxes could vote in local elections from 1849 onwards under the same conditions as men. However, they could not vote in person, but had to give a close male relative a power of attorney to vote for them. On August 10, 1945, women in the Socialist Republic of Slovenia were given the right to vote. This became part of Yugoslavia , which guaranteed the right to vote for women in the constitution of January 31, 1946. The full legal, economic and social equality of the sexes and thus the active and passive right to vote for women were guaranteed for the first time in the 1946 constitution. With the renewed independence in 1991 the right to vote for women was confirmed. Universal male suffrage had been introduced at the national level as early as 1907. Passive women's suffrage: August 10, 1945 First election of a woman to the national parliament of Slovenia (before that to the parliament of Yugoslavia): 13 women, December 1992
Somalia	1963		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa In 1958, women in Somalia voted for the first time in local elections on the same terms as men. In 1960 the British Somaliland in the north and the former Italian Somalia in the south became the state of Somalia. In the northern region of Somalia, women's suffrage was introduced in 1963, in the rest of the country as early as 1961. However, women from all over Somalia took part in the 1961 referendum on the constitution. In 1991 the northern half split off and declared itself the independent Republic of Somaliland . However, this is not recognized internationally by any country. In 1991, according to Martin, a "descent into political chaos began and everything that is expected of a normal government gradually ceased to exist." First election of a woman to the national parliament: 18 women, December 1979
Spain	1931		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in southern Europe According to the law of May 8, 1931, the previous exclusion of priests, members of the public service and women from the right to stand for election to the national parliament was abolished. “Ironically, women were still being denied the right to vote.” On December 9, 1931, a new constitution came into force, Article 36 of which included universal voting rights for women. In 1933 the first elections took place under the new constitution. Universal suffrage was suppressed under the Franco regime . Women were gradually granted some political rights: in 1942 a kind of parliament was established in which, in addition to members of the Falange Party and various state organizations, a hundred family representatives were provided, who were to be elected by heads of families and married women. From 1957 onwards, married women and those who were heads of families could vote in the elections of these hundred MPs. The first such elections were not held until 1967. Only with the restoration of democracy in the mid-1970s did women regain full voting rights. In the 1976 referendum and the 1977 elections, women voted, and unrestricted universal suffrage for adults was guaranteed in the new 1978 constitution. Universal suffrage for men had been introduced as early as 1868. Passive women's suffrage: May 8, 1931 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Two women, July 1931
Sri Lanka	1931		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South Asia Sri Lanka was one of the first countries in Asia and Africa to achieve women's suffrage. As part of the Donoughmore constitutional reforms of 1931, this right was introduced to women over 21 on March 20, 1931. While the commission had recommended restricted voting rights for women over 30, when the reforms were introduced in 1931, all women over 21 were given the right to vote. When independence was achieved in 1948, active and passive voting rights for women were confirmed. Passive women's suffrage: March 20, 1931 Since then, however, women have only been represented in a very small number on political bodies. Of the members of the legislative assembly at the national level, they never made up more than 4% of the members, and participation at the level of the local governing bodies was also insignificant. First election of a woman to the colonial parliament (Senate): Adlin Molamure , November 14, 1931; in the national (House of Representatives): Florence Senanayake , August 1947 See also Elections in the British Crown Colony of Ceylon
St. Kitts and Nevis	1951		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South America, Central America and Mexico Active women's suffrage was introduced on September 19, 1951. "Since the National Assembly elections in 1951, the principles of universal, equal, secret and direct suffrage have been in effect." When the country gained independence in 1983, women's suffrage was confirmed. Passive women's suffrage: September 19, 1951 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Constance Mitcham , July 1984
St. Lucia	1951		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South America, Central America and Mexico "Since the National Assembly elections in 1951, the principles of universal, equal, secret and direct suffrage have been in effect." The right was first exercised on October 13, 1951 and confirmed when the country became independent in 1979. First woman elected to the national parliament: Marie Grace Augustin , 1954, first woman elected to the colonial legislative council (Legislative Council); first woman called to the national parliament (Senate): Two women, July 1979; but no women had been elected to the House of Assembly (national parliament) until 2000 (the year the source was published).
St. Vincent and the Grenadines	1951		"The principles of universal, equal, secret and direct suffrage have been in effect since the House of Assembly elections in 1951." The right was guaranteed on May 5, 1951 and confirmed upon independence in 1979. Passive women's suffrage: May 5, 1951 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Two women, December 1979
South Africa	1994		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa On May 21, 1930, white women were given the right to vote and stand for election (Women's Enfranchisement Act, No. 41 of 1930). Property barriers still applied to white men, but not to women. Colored women and Indian women joined the electorate on March 30, 1984, but they were only allowed to vote for their respective chambers in the district chamber parliament. The right to vote was extended to black women in January 1994. It was not until 1994 that universal suffrage for both sexes and all ethnicities was achieved. The 1996 Bill of Rights laid down the right to vote, but women and men exercised the right as early as 1994. First woman to be elected to the national parliament: Mabel Malherbe , April 21, 1933. The next woman, Helen Suzman , was not elected until 1953.
Sudan	1964		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa In 1955 the country became independent, and in November 1964 women's suffrage was introduced in the independent state. Passive women's suffrage: November 1964 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Fatima Ahmed Ibrahim , November 1964
South Sudan	1964		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa South Sudan was part of Sudan before independence, so that women had the right to vote and stand for election under the law applicable there since 1964. On July 9, 2011, South Sudan declared itself independent. Article 14 of the 2011 interim constitution stipulates that women and men are equal before the law. Article 16 provides that at least 25% women should sit in the legislature. However, as custom and traditions in South Sudan are an essential source of law and are predominantly patriarchal, women are still discriminated against.
Suriname	1948		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South America, Central America and Mexico On December 9, 1948, universal suffrage was introduced; women were also eligible to vote. With independence in 1975, this right was confirmed. Passive women's suffrage: December 9, 1948 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Two women, October 1975 Before independence, a woman was elected to the parliament of Suriname in March 1963.
Swaziland , officially the Kingdom of Eswatini since 2018	1968	no passive right to vote for women in the Swazi National Council	→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa Swaziland's first legislative election in 1964 had two electoral rolls, one for Europeans and one for the rest of the population. Only those who paid direct taxes could vote; however, the wives of men who paid taxes were also eligible to vote. If there were multiple marriages, only one of the wives could choose. When the country gained independence in 1967, all women were given the right to vote in the House of Assembly , but the Swazi National Council , which advises the king on all matters relating to Swazi laws and customs, is restricted to male Swazis. The only exception is the Queen Mother. Passive women's suffrage: September 6, 1968 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Mary Adziniso , April 1967
Syria	1953		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in North Africa and the Middle East In 1946 the country became independent. In 1949 there was a coup d'etat by Colonel Husni az-Za'im , in which Quwatli was overthrown. The new regime provided limited voting rights for women with some education as part of a series of political and social reforms. On September 10, 1949, women who graduated from sixth grade were given the right to vote. It was later extended to all women who could read and write, and in 1953 all educational restrictions that had curtailed women's suffrage were lifted. After another coup in the same year, the voting rights were screwed back to the 1949 basis. Only in 1973 did women regain full voting rights. Passive women's suffrage: 1953. First election of a woman to the national parliament: Five women, May 1973
Tajikistan	1924		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Central Asia In 1924, under Soviet administration, women were given the right to vote and stand for election. When the country gained independence on September 9, 1991, these rights were confirmed. Passive women's suffrage: 1924 First election of a woman to the national parliament: five women out of 181 members of parliament, February 1991 (Tajik women had previously been elected to the Supreme Soviet of the Socialist Republic of Tajikistan and to the Parliament of Soviet Women.)
Taiwan	1946		For the early development see People's Republic of China
Tanzania	1964		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa Tanzania (formerly Tanganyika , merged with Zanzibar to form Tanzania in 1964) granted the right to vote even before independence, in gradual steps: Before independence in 1961, Tanganyika was under British administration, which in 1959 granted women active and passive suffrage. The first general elections were held in 1958 and 1959; In order to gain the right to vote, certain economic conditions had to be met, but a certain education was also necessary. This meant that all Europeans, most Asians, and a small number of blacks could vote. In the 1960 elections, there was a significantly expanded right to vote. This included the participation of women as voters and elected. Universal suffrage for adults was achieved for Tanganyika upon independence in 1961. On Zanzibar, which has enjoyed self-government within the Commonwealth since 1955 , a working group was set up in 1959 to deal with the introduction of women's suffrage. A limited right to vote for women was introduced in 1961: All unmarried and married women of Zanzibar over 21 were given the right to vote, even if they were one of several women of a registered voter, but not if they were (economically) still dependent on their families or with someone not entitled to vote Husband, a foreigner, were married. General women's suffrage was only achieved for Zanzibar when it was united with Tanganyika in 1964. First election of a woman to the national parliament: Two women, 1961
Thailand	1932		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Southeast Asia After Sri Lanka, Thailand was one of the first countries in Asia to introduce universal suffrage. Until 1932, an absolutist ruler ruled Thailand with no political institutions to represent the people. In June 1932, the absolute monarchy was transformed into a constitutional monarchy by a coup d'état. In Thailand women did not fight for their active and passive right to vote, but they received it together with the men on December 10, 1932. At that time, an Assembly of Representatives , a parliament, was created. By 1933, all 70 MPs were appointed by the People's Party . Universal suffrage was exercised indirectly for the first time in 1933 when half of the MPs were elected. In 1937 half of the MPs were directly elected, but the government dissolved parliament when it showed resistance. It was not until 1952 that parliament was elected as a whole. There were restrictions on women in local elections that were created nearly two decades before 1932 and were not lifted until 1982. Women were not allowed to run in local elections to determine village heads. It looks as if women were considered incapable of exercising the control functions of village chiefs because of their gender. Nor were women allowed to lead a group of villages. Passive women's suffrage: December 10, 1932 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Orapin Chaiyakarn , June 5, 1949 It was a by-election; the regular election took place in 1948.
Togo	1945		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa After the First World War, the former German colony was divided between Great Britain and France. After a popular vote in 1956, in which women could take part, the area under British administration became part of the independent state of Ghana in 1957 and therefore adopted universal suffrage for adults. In the French parts of the country, since 1951, most women had taken part in the elections for the local legislative body (Conseil de Circonscription) . Before independence, women were given the right to vote in elections to the French parliament on August 22, 1945. In 1946 women took part in the elections for the first legislative assembly after Togo's application for universal suffrage was completed and the French decree of August 22, 1945 came into force. From 1956, the loi-cadre Defferre enabled women to vote in the local legislative assembly elections. Universal suffrage for adults was introduced in 1958, and the country became independent in 1960. Universal suffrage was confirmed. Passive women's suffrage: August 22, 1945 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Joséphine Hundt , April 9, 1961
Tonga	1960		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Australia and Oceania Before independence, under British administration, women were given the right to vote in 1960. These rights were confirmed when independence was achieved in 1970. Passive women's suffrage: 1960 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Papiloa Bloomfield Foliaki , 1978; Princess Mele Siulikutapu Kalaniuvalu photo file , 1975
Trinidad and Tobago	1946		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South America, Central America and Mexico Even before independence, under British administration, women were given the right to vote and stand for election in 1946. These rights were confirmed upon independence in 1962. Passive women's suffrage: 1946 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Isabel Ursula Tesha , House of Representatives, December 4, 1961 1946, that is, before independence, a woman had been appointed member of parliament.
Chad	1946		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa On April 25, 1946, the Constituent National Assembly of France passed the Loi Lamine Guèye , according to which from June 1, 1946, all residents of the overseas territories, including Algeria, had the same civil status as the French in France or the overseas territories, including women and men were allowed to choose. The right to stand as a candidate was not expressly mentioned in the law, but it was also not excluded. In the elections to the French National Assembly as well as for all local elections in all of Africa except Senegal, a two-class suffrage was in effect until 1956. Under French administration, women were given universal suffrage through the loi-cadre Defferre , which was introduced on June 23, 1956. This was confirmed with independence in 1960. First election of a woman to the national parliament: Four women, 1962
Czech Republic	1920		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Eastern Europe For the city council elections of June 15, 1919, the same conditions applied to women and men for the first time. Before the separation of the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic, women in Czechoslovakia received universal suffrage at the national level on February 29, 1920. The election to the National Assembly of Czechoslovakia took place on April 18 and 25, 1920. After independence in 1992, universal suffrage for women and men was confirmed in 1993. Passive women's suffrage: 1920 First election of a woman to the national parliament: 15 women, April 1920 to the Chamber of Deputies; three women in the Senate, March 1920. Before that, women had been elected to the Federal Parliament of Czechoslovakia.
Tunisia	1959		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in North Africa and the Middle East In 1956 the country became independent. Women's suffrage was introduced on June 1, 1959. On the basis of an ordinance, women exercised the right to vote and stand for election for the first time in city council elections in May 1957. Since June 1, 1959, women have also been allowed to cast their votes and be elected at the national level. Passive women's suffrage: June 1, 1959 First election of a woman to the national parliament: A woman, November 8, 1959
Turkey	1934		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in North Africa and the Middle East On April 3, 1930, women were given the right to vote and stand for election at the local level. The 1934 national elections were the first national elections to allow women to participate. Passive women's suffrage: women could be elected to the Grand National Assembly since 1934. Martin gives the date December 5, 1934. In 1935 women sat in parliament for the first time. It was a group of 18 (according to Martin: 17) women handpicked by Ataturk. This corresponded to 4.5 percent of the MPs and was the highest number of women MPs in Europe at the time. Turkey was a one-party state at the time, so there was no competition between different parties in the election. see also: Political participation of women in Turkey
Turkmenistan	1927		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Central Asia In 1927, under Soviet administration, women were given the right to vote and stand for election. This right was confirmed upon independence on October 27, 1990. The first general elections for the independent state took place in December 1994. Passive women's suffrage: 1927 First election of a woman to the national parliament: eight women out of a total of 175 members, January 1990 (before that, women had already been elected to the Supreme Soviet of the Socialist Soviet Republic of Turkmenistan and the Parliament of the Soviet Union)
Tuvalu	1967		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Australia and Oceania Under British administration, women were given the right to vote on January 1, 1967. With independence in 1978 this right was confirmed. Passive women's suffrage: January 1, 1967 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Naama Maheu Laatasi , September 1989
Uganda	1962		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa Prior to independence, elections were not a priority in Uganda as the colonial government determined the country. At that time there were only elections to LEGCO (Legislative Council), created in 1920 by the colonial government, which was small and consisted only of Europeans. Of its 62 members, five were women who had been appointed MPs. Uganda held its first direct elections in 1958. At that time, there were voting rights restrictions in the areas of property and educational requirements. The 1961 elections were held on the basis of less restricted suffrage, allowing more women to participate. However, they did not receive unrestricted voting rights until independence in 1962. The 1995 constitution stipulates an MP for each district. Outside of this quota, which is reserved for women, politicians hardly manage to enter parliament (as of 2006). Passive women's suffrage: 1962 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Rhoda Kalema , 1979; as early as April 1962, (at least) one woman had been appointed to parliament.
Ukraine	1919		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Eastern Europe Universal suffrage for women had existed since March 10, 1919 and was confirmed after independence in 1991. Passive women's suffrage: March 10, 1919 First election of a woman to the national parliament: 13 women, elected in March 1990. They were elected to the last parliament of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Ukraine and remained in office on December 25, 1991 after independence. The first parliamentary elections after independence were held in April 19854, seven women received seats. (Before that, Ukrainian women had been elected to the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Ukraine and to the Parliament of the Soviet Union)
Hungary	1918		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Eastern Europe After the peaceful civil revolution of 1918, the government of the new republic enacted People's Law Number 1 , which for the first time in Hungarian history guaranteed equal voting rights for both sexes, exercised through party lists. However, no elections were held on this basis. The conservative wing of the nationalist movement overthrew Prime Minister Mihály Károlyi in a counter-revolution, and women again lost the right to vote. The post-revolutionary electoral law of November 1919, which was contained in Government Ordinance 5985/1919 / ME, then again guaranteed a gradually expanded right to vote. Yet the 1920 elections were shaken by intimidation and corruption. Women and men over 24 had the right to vote if they had been Hungarian for six years and had lived in Hungary for at least six months. Women's suffrage was limited to women who could read and write. Men were exempt from the age limit if they had served at the front for at least twelve weeks. A serious setback followed in 1922: an electoral reform raised the voting age for women to 30. A certain level of schooling was also a requirement: four years of elementary school for men and six for women (four if they had at least three children or were their own income and head of household) . In 1945 unrestricted voting rights were restored. But in 1948 the country was subjected to communism based on the Soviet model. The same right to vote for both sexes has been degraded to a formal right. Passive women's suffrage: 1918 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Margit Slachta , 1920
Uruguay	1932		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South America, Central America and Mexico At the local level, the first ever election by a woman in South America took place in Uruguay: the referendum in the city of Cerro Chato , 1927. During the 19th century, Uruguay had limited male suffrage. The 1918 constitution introduced universal male suffrage. In the course of the constitutional amendment of 1932, both chambers of parliament passed the right to vote for women with a two-thirds majority. The Chamber of Deputies debate in October 1932 became a kind of competition between political leaders who demonstrated to each other and the nation their longstanding belief in women's suffrage. The Senate accepted women's suffrage without debate. It was introduced on December 16, 1932. The 1934 constitution guarantees universal suffrage for all Uruguayans over the age of 18. Six years after receiving universal suffrage, in the 1938 elections, women were allowed to vote for the first time. Only after the reform of the Civil Code in 1946 could women be elected to Congress. Passive women's suffrage: December 16, 1932 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Four women, November 1942
Uzbekistan	1938		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Central Asia Active women's suffrage was introduced in 1938. Passive women's suffrage: 1938 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Buritosh Shodieva , 1995 (before that, Uzbek women were elected to the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Uzbekistan and the Parliament of the Soviet Union).
Vanuatu	1975		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Australia and Oceania Before independence, under the administration of the Anglo-French Condominium New Hebrides , women were guaranteed the right to vote in November 1975. This right was confirmed on July 30, 1980 when independence was obtained. Passive women's suffrage: November 1975 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Two women, November 1987
Vatican city	no voting rights for women		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in southern Europe Elections only take place for the office of the Pope if he dies or (rarely) resigns ( Sedis vacancy ). In this case, the right to vote is limited to cardinals who were under 80 years of age on the day before the sedis vacancy occurred. Can be chosen in principle any baptized man valid at the Bishop ordained can be (ie is unmarried or widowed). In practice, only cardinals have been elected popes for centuries.
Venezuela	1946		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in South America, Central America and Mexico The electoral law of 1945 granted women the right to vote for local representative bodies for the first time. On March 28, 1946, universal, equal and direct suffrage was established. Passive women's suffrage: March 28, 1946 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Nine women to the Constituent Assembly, October 1946; two women in the Cámara de Diputados, February 1948, two women in the Senate, February 1948
United Arab Emirates	2006		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in North Africa and the Middle East The United Arab Emirates has an administration-appointed, hand-picked electorate for the election of half of the members of the Federal National Council . In 2006, the first election ever, there were 1163 female and 6595 female voters, according to Adams. Since the conditions for women and men are the same, this is considered here as a general active and passive right to vote for women. In 2006 and 2011 a woman was elected to parliament.
United States	1920		→ Main articles : History of women's suffrage in the US  and women's suffrage in the United States with Puerto Rico At the state level, women's suffrage was achieved at different times. In New Jersey , wealthy women had had the right to vote since 1776 and began voting in 1787. When universal male suffrage was introduced there, women lost the right to vote. In 1918, Oklahoma , Michigan , South Dakota and Texas (women suffrage in primary elections) were at the bottom of the list. In some states, restrictions such as reading and writing tests and voting taxes were still used after 1920 to prevent blacks from voting. At the federal level, general women's suffrage did not become law until 1920. Passive women's suffrage: September 13, 1788. The constitution of September 13, 1788 does not provide for any gender restrictions on the right to vote for the two chambers. It was introduced explicitly in 1920.
United Kingdom	1928		→ Main articles : Women's suffrage in the UK  and Women's suffrage in Northern Europe In local elections, women had the right to vote from 1869, and from 1907 to vote. According to Martin, this right was restricted to women who paid taxes and was only valid in certain parts of the country. On February 2, 1918, the Representation of the People Act gave women limited voting rights: the minimum voting age for women was 30. Women were also only allowed to vote if they were single or their husbands paid at least five pounds sterling per year in taxes, female householders or Were university graduates. The age limit was introduced to avoid a numerical balance between women and men. For men, on the other hand, from 1921 there was universal suffrage from the age of 21. For men who had been in military service and who met certain requirements for length of stay on land and property, the limit was 19 years. Full equality with men in terms of the right to vote was achieved on July 2, 1928. Passive women's suffrage: July 2, 1928 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Countess Constance Markiewicz , December 14, 1918. Because of her emotional attachment to the independence of Ireland, she refused to take her seat in the House of Commons. The first woman to actually sit in the House of Commons was Nancy Astor , elected on November 28, 1919, who took office three days after the election.
Vietnam	1945		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Southeast Asia According to one source, when the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) was founded , the Việt Minh proclaimed universal suffrage regardless of the sexes. The author does not give a specific date, but names Decree No. 14 and No. 51 as the legal basis and describes that this happened in the context of the takeover of power during the August Revolution (declaration of independence on September 2, 1945). On September 2, 1945, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was proclaimed. When they came to power during the August Revolution (declaration of independence on September 2, 1945), women received the same rights as men for the first time, including the right to vote. The legal basis for this was the decrees number 14 and number 51. The right was exercised for the first time in the elections of January 6, 1946. In 1946, only 2.5 percent of the members of the legislative assembly were women. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam only briefly covered the entire territory of the country. In 1946, the French colonial power returned to the south. During the colonial period until 1954 there was no right to vote for non-naturalized indigenous people of the colony. A source reports that women had the right to vote in South Vietnam for the election of Ngo Dinh Diem in 1955. Passive women's suffrage: 1945, exercised on January 6, 1946 First election of a woman to the national parliament: 1. Ten women (Democratic Republic of Vietnam), January 6, 1946; 2. Republic of Vietnam: Trần Lệ Xuân , either to the Constituent Assembly on March 4, 1956 or the National Assembly on August 30, 1959. Several other women may also have been elected at the same time. 3. In the National Assembly of reunified Vietnam: 132 women, April 1976.
Belarus (Belarus)	1918		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in Eastern Europe After the German army marched into Minsk in early 1918, the nominally independent Belarusian People's Republic existed for a time . This granted women the right to vote in 1918. Under Soviet administration, women received universal suffrage on February 4, 1919, when Belarus was part of the USSR. Belarusian women were elected to the Supreme Soviet of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR . With independence in 1991, the right to vote was confirmed. Passive women's suffrage: February 4, 1919 First election of a woman to the legislative assembly: March 1990. The elections for the Supreme Soviet of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic took place shortly before independence on August 25, 1991. This body became the first legislative assembly after independence.
Central African Republic	1946		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in sub-Saharan Africa The area of ​​today's Central African Republic largely coincides with the former Ubangi-Shari , part of French Equatorial Africa . On April 25, 1946, the Constituent National Assembly of France passed the Loi Lamine Guèye , according to which from June 1, 1946, all residents of the overseas territories, including Algeria, had the same civil status as the French in France or the overseas territories, including women and men were allowed to choose. In the elections to the French National Assembly as well as for all local elections in all of Africa except Senegal, a two-class suffrage was in effect until 1956. In 1956, still under French administration, the loi-cadre Defferre and thus universal suffrage was introduced. This was confirmed with independence in 1960. In 1960 the country became independent. Several sources cite 1986 for the confirmation of the active and passive right to vote for women after independence, a different source 1960. First election of a woman to the national parliament: Two women, July 1987
Cyprus	1960		→ Main article : Women's suffrage in southern Europe Active women's suffrage was introduced on August 16, 1960. Passive women's suffrage: August 16, 1960 First election of a woman to the national parliament: Rina Katselli , May 1981
country	Active	Passive	Remarks
	Women's suffrage at national level on the same terms as men

Sources and Notes

1. ↑ ^{a b} Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 440.
2. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 168.
3. ↑ Kumari Jayawardena: Feminism and nationalism in the Third World. Zed Books London, 5th Edition 1994, pp. 71-72.
4. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on September 29, 2018 . 
5. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 2.
6. ↑ Caroline Daley, Melanie Nolan (Eds.): Suffrage and Beyond. International Feminist Perspectives. New York University Press New York 1994, p. 351.
7. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 94.
8. ↑ ^{a b c} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on September 30, 2018 . 
9. ↑ Kumari Jayawardena: Feminism and nationalism in the Third World. Zed Books London, 5th Edition 1994, p. 55.
10. ↑ ^{a b} Werner Ende, Udo Steinbach (ed.): Islam in the present. Federal Agency for Civic Education. CH Beck Munich, 5th edition, 2005; Special edition for the Federal Agency for Civic Education, series of publications, volume 501, p. 653
11. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 3.
12. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 4.
13. ↑ ^{a b} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on September 29, 2018 . 
14. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colo5ado, 2000, p. 5.
15. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 6.
16. ^ ^{A b c} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 7.
17. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 9.
18. ^ ^{A b c} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 8.
19. ↑ ^{a b} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on September 29, 2018 . 
20. ^ Berndt Hillebrands: Antigua and Barbuda. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 21-27, p. 22.
21. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 9.
22. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 10.
23. ^ ^{A b c} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 123.
24. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. December 15, 1963, accessed September 30, 2018 . 
25. ^ Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 323.
26. ^ Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 326.
27. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 10.
28. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on September 29, 2018 . 
29. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 12.
30. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 13.
31. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. September 21, 1991, accessed September 29, 2018 . 
32. ↑ ^{a b} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on September 29, 2018 . 
33. ↑ ^{a b c d e} United Nations Development Program: Human Development Report 2007/2008 . New York, 2007, ISBN 978-0-230-54704-9 , p. 344
34. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 23.
35. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Christine Pintat: Women's Representation in Parliaments and Political Parties in Europe and North America In: Christine Fauré (Ed.): Political and Historical Encyclopedia of Women: Routledge New York, London, 2003, pp. 481–502 , P. 487.
36. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 127.
37. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 8.
38. ↑ Caroline Daley, Melanie Nolan (Eds.): Suffrage and Beyond. International Feminist Perspectives. New York University Press New York 1994, p. 351.
39. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 128.
40. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 14.
41. ↑ Patricia Grimshaw: Settler anxieties, indigenous peoples and women's suffrage in the colonies of Australie, New Zealand and Hawai'i, 1888 to 1902. In: Louise Edwards, Mina Roces (ed.): Women's Suffrage in Asia. Routledge Shorton New York, 2004, pp. 220-239, p. 226.
42. ↑ Patricia Grimshaw: Settler anxieties, indigenous peoples and women's suffrage in the colonies of Australie, New Zealand and Hawai'i, 1888 to 1902. In: Louise Edwards, Mina Roces (ed.): Women's Suffrage in Asia. Routledge Shorton New York, 2004, pp. 220-239, p. 229.
43. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 15.
44. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on September 29, 2018 . 
45. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 25.
46. ↑ Cablegate: Bahamas Nomination for International Women of Courage Award - Scoop News. In: scoop.co.nz. October 20, 1939. Retrieved November 25, 2018 . 
47. ↑ Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz, Christof Hartmann (Eds.): Middle East, Central Asia, and South Asia. (= Elections in Asia and the Pacific. A Data Handbook. Volume 1). Oxford University Press, New York 2001, ISBN 978-0-19-924958-9 , p. 53
48. ↑ ^{a b c} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on September 29, 2018 . 
49. ^ Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 438.
50. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 426.
51. ^ IN The Gulf, Women are not Women's Best Friends. , Daily Star (Lebanon), June 20, 2005, quoted in: Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 426.
52. ↑ ^{a b} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on September 30, 2018 . 
53. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 222.
54. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 28.
55. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. January 13, 2016, accessed September 28, 2018 . 
56. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 29.
57. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 30.
58. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} United Nations Development Program: Human Development Report 2007/2008 . New York, 2007, ISBN 978-0-230-54704-9 , p. 343
59. ^ Bernd Hillebrands: Barbados. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 85-92, p. 87.
60. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on September 30, 2018 . 
61. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 31.
62. ^ Dolf Sternberger, Bernhard Vogel, Dieter Nohlen, Klaus Landfried (eds.): The election of parliaments and other state organs. Volume 1: Europe. De Gruyter, Berlin 1969, ISBN 978-3-11-001157-9 , p. 98.
63. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 34.
64. ^ Dolf Sternberger, Bernhard Vogel, Dieter Nohlen, Klaus Landfried (eds.): The election of parliaments and other state organs. Volume 1: Europe. De Gruyter, Berlin 1969, ISBN 978-3-11-001157-9 , p. 98.
65. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. March 27, 1948, accessed September 30, 2018 . 
66. ^ ^{A b} Petra Meier: Caught Between Strategic Positions and Principles of Equality: Female Suffrage in Belgium . In: Blanca Rodríguez-Ruiz, Ruth Rubio-Marín (eds.): The Struggle for Female Suffrage in Europe. Voting to Become Citizens. Brill Verlag Leiden, Boston 2012, ISBN 978-90-04-22425-4 , pp. 407-420, p. 412.
67. ^ Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 290
68. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 35.
69. ↑ Christine Pintat: Women's Representation in Parliaments and Political Parties in Europe and North America In: Christine Fauré (Ed.): Political and Historical Encyclopedia of Women: Routledge New York, London, 2003, pp. 481-502, p. 487.
70. ↑ United Nations Development Program: Human Development Report 2007/2008 . New York, 2007, ISBN 978-0-230-54704-9 , p. 343.
71. ↑ ^{a b} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. March 25, 1954, accessed September 30, 2018 . 
72. ^ ^{A b c} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 37.
73. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k} Franz Ansprenger: Politics in Black Africa. The modern political movements in Africa with French influences. Westdeutscher Verlag Köln and Opladen, 1961, p. 73.
74. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 9.
75. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 39.
76. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. July 21, 2008, accessed September 30, 2018 . 
77. ↑ Inter-Parliamentary Union: IPU PARLINE database: BHUTAN (Tshogdu), Electoral system. In: archive.ipu.org. June 30, 2007, accessed September 25, 2018 . 
78. ↑ ^{a b c} Pamela Paxton, Melanie M. Hughes, Jennifer Green: The International Women | s Movement and Women's Political Representation, 1893-2003 . In: American Sociological Review, Volume 71, 2006, pp. 898-920, quoted from Pamela Paxton, Melanie M. Hughes: Women, Politics and Power. A global perspective. Pine Forge Press Los Angeles, London 2007, p. 62.
79. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 40.
80. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 41.
81. ↑ ^{a b} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on September 30, 2018 . 
82. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} United Nations Development Program: Human Development Report 2007/2008 . New York, 2007, ISBN 978-0-230-54704-9 , p. 345
83. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 42.
84. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 44.
85. ^ ^{A b c d e} Marie-Janine Calic: History of Yugoslavia in the 20th century. CH Beck Munich, 2nd edition, 2014, p. 216
86. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on September 30, 2018 . 
87. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 46.
88. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 8.
89. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on September 30, 2018 . 
90. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 47.
91. ↑ ^{a b} Rosa Zechner: Mothers, fighters for independence, feminists. In: Frauensolidarität im C3 - feminist development policy information and education work (ed.): Frauen * solidarität , No. 145, 3/2018, pp. 7–9, p. 7.
92. ^ ^{A b c} June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-CLIO Inc., Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 38.
93. ^ Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 319.
94. ^ Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 319.
95. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 48.
96. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on September 30, 2018 . 
97. ↑ Inter-Parliamentary Union: IPU PARLINE database: BRUNEI DARUSSALAM (Majlis Mesyuarat Negara), General information. In: archive.ipu.org. September 12, 2018. Retrieved September 25, 2018 . 
98. ↑ ^{a b} June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 45.
99. ↑ Krasimira Daskalova: Women's Suffrage in Bulgaria. In: Blanca Rodríguez-Ruiz, Ruth Rubio-Marín: The Struggle for Female Suffrage in Europe. Voting to Become Citizens. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden and Boston 2012, ISBN 978-90-04-22425-4 , pp. 321-337, pp. 329-330.
100. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 52.
101. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n} Blanca Rodríguez-Ruiz, Ruth Rubio-Marín: Introduction: Transition to Modernity, the Conquest of Female Suffrage and Women's Citizenship. In: Blanca Rodríguez-Ruiz, Ruth Rubio-Marín: The Struggle for Female Suffrage in Europe. Voting to Become Citizens. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden and Boston 2012, ISBN 978-90-04-22425-4 , pp. 1-46, p. 46.
102. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 54.
103. ↑ Krasimira Daskalova: Women's Suffrage in Bulgaria. In: Blanca Rodríguez-Ruiz, Ruth Rubio-Marín: The Struggle for Female Suffrage in Europe. Voting to Become Citizens. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden and Boston 2012, ISBN 978-90-04-22425-4 , pp. 321-337, p. 335.
104. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 55.
105. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 56.
106. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 6.
107. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. August 17, 1961, accessed September 30, 2018 . 
108. ^ ^{A b c} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 57.
109. ↑ ^{a b c} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. May 30, 1931, accessed September 30, 2018 . 
110. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 62.
111. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 62.
112. ^ Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 438.
113. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 79.
114. ^ Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 369.
115. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 81.
116. ↑ Caroline Daley, Melanie Nolan (Eds.): Suffrage and Beyond. International Feminist Perspectives. New York University Press New York 1994, p. 349.
117. ↑ Tamara Loos: The politics of women's suffrage in Thailand. In: Louise Edwards, Mina Roces (Ed.): Women's Suffrage in Asia. Routledge Shorton New York, 2004, pp. 170-194, pp. 177.
118. ^ Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 26.
119. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 281.
120. ^ Bernhard Thibaut: Costa Rica. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 221-250, p. 225.
121. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , pp. 74-76.
122. ^ ^{A b c} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 91.
123. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on September 30, 2018 . 
124. ↑ Christina Fiig, Birte Siim: Democratisation of Denmark: The Inclusion of Women in Political Citizenship. In: Blanca Rodríguez-Ruiz, Ruth Rubio-Marín: The Struggle for Female Suffrage in Europe. Voting to Become Citizens. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden and Boston 2012, ISBN 978-90-04-22425-4 , pp. 61-77, p. 67.
125. ^ Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 437
126. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on September 30, 2018 . 
127. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 106.
128. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 108.
129. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed October 1, 2018 . 
130. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 145.
131. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, pp. 147/148.
132. ↑ ^{a b} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on September 30, 2018 . 
133. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 113.
134. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 114.
135. ↑ ^{a b} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. October 27, 1946, accessed September 30, 2018 . 
136. ↑ Loi Lamine Guèye , accessed January 6, 2019.
137. ^ Franz Ansperger: Politics in Black Africa: The modern political movements in Africa with French characteristics. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH Wiesbaden, 1961, p. 68.
138. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 8.
139. ^ María Victoria Juárez, Xiomara Navas: Ecuador. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 289-320, p. 292.
140. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-CLIO Inc., Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 168.
141. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 116.
142. ↑ ^{a b} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on September 30, 2018 . 
143. ^ Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , pages 315-316
144. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 115.
145. ↑ : Michael Krennerich: El Salvador. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 321-347, p. 325.
146. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on September 30, 2018 . 
147. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 121.
148. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 122.
149. ↑ ^{a b} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. June 23, 1956, accessed September 30, 2018 . 
150. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q} June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 9.
151. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 94.
152. ^ ^{A b c} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 124.
153. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 8.
154. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 125.
155. ↑ Helen biin, Anneli Albi: Suffrage and the Nation: Women's Vote in Estonia. In: Blanca Rodríguez-Ruiz, Ruth Rubio-Marín: The Struggle for Female Suffrage in Europe. Voting to Become Citizens. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden and Boston 2012, ISBN 978-90-04-22425-4 , pp. 111-141, p. 120.
156. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 126.
157. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. August 20, 1991, accessed October 1, 2018 . 
158. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 129.
159. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. April 17, 1963, accessed October 1, 2018 . 
160. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 130.
161. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 131.
162. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 105.
163. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 134.
164. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, pp. 136/137.
165. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed October 1, 2018 . 
166. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 9.
167. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 140.
168. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. June 23, 1956, accessed January 5, 2019 . 
169. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 9.
170. ↑ Caroline Daley, Melanie Nolan (Eds.): Suffrage and Beyond. International Feminist Perspectives. New York University Press New York 1994, p. 351.
171. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 141.
172. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 142.
173. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. November 22, 1918, accessed October 1, 2018 . 
174. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 143.
175. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, pp. 143/144.
176. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on October 2, 2018 . 
177. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 150.
178. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 115.
179. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 151.
180. ↑ ^{a b} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. August 1, 1951, accessed October 2, 2018 . 
181. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 155.
182. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 156.
183. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 152.
184. ↑ Demetra Samiou: The History of Women's Suffrage in Greece, 1864-2001. In: Blanca Rodríguez-Ruiz, Ruth Rubio-Marín: The Struggle for Female Suffrage in Europe. Voting to Become Citizens. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden and Boston 2012, ISBN 978-90-04-22425-4 , pp. 439-451, pp. 448-450
185. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. January 1, 1952, accessed October 2, 2018 . 
186. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 154.
187. ↑ ^{a b} Petra Bendel, Michael Krennerich: Guatemala. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 359-388, pp. 363-364.
188. ↑ ^{a b c} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. March 1, 1956, accessed October 2, 2018 . 
189. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 157.
190. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. March 1, 1956, accessed October 2, 2018 . 
191. ↑ Isaac Ramírez: Ellas en el Congreso. Mujeres, piezas casi invisibles en la política del país. Prensa Libre, May 15, 2015
192. ↑ Por Redacción Crónica / redaccion @: Diputadas, entre el bien y el mal. (No longer available online.) In: cronica.gt. June 29, 2016, archived from the original on December 13, 2018 ; accessed on June 10, 2020 (Spanish). 
193. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on October 2, 2018 . 
194. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 160.
195. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v} June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 10.
196. ↑ ^{a b} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on October 2, 2018 . 
197. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 161.
198. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i} United Nations Development Program: Human Development Report 2007/2008 . New York, 2007, ISBN 978-0-230-54704-9 , p. 346
199. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Christine Pintat: Women's Representation in Parliaments and Political Parties in Europe and North America In: Christine Fauré (Ed.): Political and Historical Encyclopedia of Women: Routledge New York, London, 2003, p. 481– 502, p. 488.
200. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 162.
201. ^ ^{A b c} Frank A. Narain: Historical Information Events and Dates on the Parliament of Guyana from 1718 to 2006 Parliament of Guyana, 2009, p. 112.
202. ↑ ^{a b c} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. April 16, 1953, accessed October 2, 2018 . 
203. ↑ ^{a b} Bernd Hillebrands: Guyana. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 389-399, p. 392.
204. ^ Frank A. Narain: Historical Information Events and Dates on the Parliament of Guyana from 1718 to 2006 Parliament of Guyana, 2009, p. 113.
205. ↑ Christine Pintat: Women's Representation in Parliaments and Political Parties in Europe and North America In: Christine Fauré (Ed.): Political and Historical Encyclopedia of Women: Routledge New York, London, 2003, pp. 481-502, p. 488.
206. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 164.
207. ^ Felix Galle: Haiti. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 401-421, p. 404.
208. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 166.
209. ↑ ^{a b} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. December 6, 1950, accessed November 16, 2018 . 
210. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 168.
211. ↑ Christine Pintat: Women's Representation in Parliaments and Political Parties in Europe and North America In: Christine Fauré (Ed.): Political and Historical Encyclopedia of Women: Routledge New York, London, 2003, pp. 481-502, p. 488.
212. ↑ Petra Bendel: Honduras. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 423-445, p. 426.
213. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 169.
214. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 170.
215. ^ ^{A b} Gail Pearson: Tradition, law and the female suffrage movement in India. In: Louise Edwards, Mina Roces (Ed.): Women's Suffrage in Asia. Routledge Shorton New York, 2004, pp. 195-219, pp. 199.
216. ↑ ^{a b c d} Kumari Jayawardena: Feminism and nationalism in the Third World. Zed Books London, 5th Edition 1994, pp. 99-100.
217. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Gail Pearson: Tradition, law and the female suffrage movement in India. In: Louise Edwards, Mina Roces (Ed.): Women's Suffrage in Asia. Routledge Shorton New York, 2004, pp. 195-219, p. 196.
218. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 139.
219. ^ Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 346.
220. ^ Gail Pearson: Tradition, law and the female suffrage movement in India. In: Louise Edwards, Mina Roces (Ed.): Women's Suffrage in Asia. Routledge Shorton New York, 2004, pp. 195-219, p. 196.
221. ^ Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 350.
222. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 139.
223. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 175.
224. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 178.
225. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 411.
226. ^ ^{A b c d} Susan Blackburn: Women's Suffrage and democracy in Indonesia. In: Louise Edwards, Mina Roces (Ed.): Women's Suffrage in Asia. Routledge Shorton New York, 2004, pp. 79-1059, p. 80.
227. ^ ^{A b} Susan Blackburn: Women's Suffrage and democracy in Indonesia. In: Louise Edwards, Mina Roces (Ed.): Women's Suffrage in Asia. Routledge Shorton New York, 2004, pp. 79-1059, pp. 87.
228. ^ Susan Blackburn: Women's Suffrage and Democracy in Indonesia. In: Louise Edwards, Mina Roces (Ed.): Women's Suffrage in Asia. Routledge Shorton New York, 2004, pp. 79-1059, p. 97.
229. ^ Cora Vreede-De Stuers: The Indonesian Woman: Struggles and Achievements. The Hague, Holland, Mouton and Co. 1960, pp. 96-97. Quoted from: Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 411.
230. ↑ Pamela Paxton, Melanie M. Hughes: Women, Politics and Power. A global perspective. Pine Forge Press Los Angeles, London 2007, p. 52.
231. ^ Susan Blackburn: Women's Suffrage and Democracy in Indonesia. In: Louise Edwards, Mina Roces (Ed.): Women's Suffrage in Asia. Routledge Shorton New York, 2004, pp. 79-1059, p. 88.
232. ↑ ^{a b} June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 140.
233. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 181.
234. ^ ^{A b} Susan Blackburn: Women's Suffrage and democracy in Indonesia. In: Louise Edwards, Mina Roces (Ed.): Women's Suffrage in Asia. Routledge Shorton New York, 2004, pp. 79-1059, p. 92.
235. ↑ ^{a b} June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 140.
236. ↑ According to another source, there were female MPs for the first time in July 1971, namely 33 women: Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 183.
237. ^ Susan Blackburn: Women's Suffrage and Democracy in Indonesia. In: Louise Edwards, Mina Roces (Ed.): Women's Suffrage in Asia. Routledge Shorton New York, 2004, pp. 79-1059, p. 94.
238. ^ ^{A b c} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 188.
239. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 184.
240. ↑ Kumari Jayawardena: Feminism and nationalism in the Third World. Zed Books London, 5th Edition 1994, p. 70.
241. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 187.
242. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 189.
243. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on October 3, 2018 . 
244. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 151.
245. ^ Myrtle Hill: Divisions and Debates: The Irish Suffrage Experience. In: Blanca Rodríguez-Ruiz, Ruth Rubio-Marín: The Struggle for Female Suffrage in Europe. Voting to Become Citizens. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden and Boston 2012, ISBN 978-90-04-22425-4 , pp. 257-271, D. 264.
246. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 189.
247. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 191.
248. ↑ ^{a b c} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on October 3, 2018 . 
249. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 127.
250. ↑ Caroline Daley, Melanie Nolan (Eds.): Suffrage and Beyond. International Feminist Perspectives. New York University Press New York 1994, p. 349.
251. ↑ Caroline Daley, Melanie Nolan (Eds.): Suffrage and Beyond. International Feminist Perspectives. New York University Press New York 1994, p. 350.
252. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 173.
253. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 174.
254. ↑ ^{a b c d} Tynwald - Parliament of the Isle of Man - Home. In: tynwald.org.im. January 5, 2019, accessed January 5, 2019 . 
255. ↑ Benjamin Isakhan, Stephen Stockwell: The Edinburgh Companion to the History of Democracy. Edinburgh University Press 2012, pp. 340-341.
256. ↑ ^{a b c d} June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 153.
257. ^ Emmanuel Saadia: Systèmes Electoraux et Territorialité en Israel. L'Harmattan Paris, Montreal 1997, p. 69.
258. ^ Emmanuel Saadia: Systèmes Electoraux et Territorialité en Israel. L'Harmattan Paris, Montreal 1997, p. 12
259. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 193.
260. ^ Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 303
261. ↑ ^{a b} Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 304
262. ^ ^{A b} Susanna Mancini: From the Struggle for Suffrage to the Construction of a Fragile Gender Citizenship: Italy 1861-2009. In: Blanca Rodríguez-Ruiz, Ruth Rubio-Marín: The Struggle for Female Suffrage in Europe. Voting to Become Citizens. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden and Boston 2012, ISBN 978-90-04-22425-4 , pp. 373-405, p. 374.
263. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 196.
264. ^ Giulia Galeotti: Storia del Voto alle Donne in Italia. Biblink editori Rom, 2006, p. 170
265. ^ Giulia Galeotti: Storia del Voto alle Donne in Italia. Biblink editori Rom, 2006, p. 210.
266. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 199.
267. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on October 3, 2018 . 
268. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-CLIO Inc., Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 168.
269. ↑ ^{a b c} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. November 20, 1944, accessed October 3, 2018 . 
270. ^ ^{A b c} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 200.
271. ↑ Kumari Jayawardena: Feminism and nationalism in the Third World. Zed Books London, 5th Edition 1994, pp. 252-253.
272. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 202.
273. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-CLIO Inc., Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 158.
274. ↑ ^{a b} Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 371.
275. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 204.
276. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on September 26, 2018 . 
277. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 422.
278. ↑ Nadia al-Sakkaf: Negotiating Women's Empowerment in the NDC. In: Marie-Christine Heinze: Yemen and the Search for Stability. Power, Politics and Society after the Arab Spring. IB Taurus London, New York, 2018, ISBN 978-1-78453-465-3 , pp. 134–159, p. 139.
279. ^ Women in Parliaments: World Classification. In: archive.ipu.org. 2018, accessed December 9, 2018 . 
280. ^ Governance and politics of Yemen - Fanack Chronicle Country File. In: fanack.com. 2018, accessed December 9, 2018 . 
281. ↑ Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz, Christof Hartmann (Eds.): Middle East, Central Asia, and South Asia. (= Elections in Asia and the Pacific. A Data Handbook. Volume 1). Oxford University Press, New York 2001, ISBN 978-0-19-924958-9 , p. 144
282. ↑ ^{a b c} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on October 3, 2018 . 
283. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 206.
284. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 207.
285. ^ ^{A b c d} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. April 15, 1975, accessed September 30, 2018 . 
286. ^ ^{A b c} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 73.
287. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 58.
288. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 59.
289. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on September 30, 2018 . 
290. ↑ ^{a b} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. October 27, 1946, accessed September 30, 2018 . 
291. ^ ^{A b c} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 60.
292. ↑ Benjamin Isakhan, Stephen Stockwell: The Edinburgh Companion to the History of Democracy. Edinburgh University Press 2012, p. 342.
293. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Caroline Daley, Melanie Nolan (eds.): Suffrage and Beyond. International Feminist Perspectives. New York University Press New York 1994, pp. 349-350.
294. ^ Yolande Cohen: Suffrage féminin et démocratie au Canada. In: Christine Fauré (ed.): Encyclopédie Politique et Historique des Femmes. Europe, Amérique du Nord. Presses Universitaires de France Paris, 1997, ISBN 2-13-048316-X , pp. 535-550, p. 542.
295. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 55.
296. ↑ ^{a b} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on September 30, 2018 . 
297. ^ ^{A b} Yolande Cohen: Women's Suffrage and Democrac in Canada. In: Christine Fauré (ed.): Political and Historical Encyclopedia of Women , Routledge New York, London, 2003, pp. 305-314, p. 309.
298. ^ ^{A b c} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 61.
299. ^ Yolande Cohen: Women's Suffrage and Democrac in Canada. In: Christine Fauré (ed.): Political and Historical Encyclopedia of Women , Routledge New York, London, 2003, pp. 305-314, p. 309.
300. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 53
301. ^ ^{A b} Joan Sangster: One Hundred Years of Struggle. The History of Women and the Vote in Canada. UBC Press Vancouver and Toronto, 2018, p. 203
302. ^ Joan Sangster: One Hundred Years of Struggle. The History of Women and the Vote in Canada. UBC Press Vancouver and Toronto, 2018, p. 255.
303. ^ Joan Sangster: One Hundred Years of Struggle. The History of Women and the Vote in Canada. UBC Press Vancouver and Toronto, 2018, p. 256.
304. ^ "August 1960" New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on September 30, 2018 . 
305. ↑ "1. July 1960. “June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 53.
306. ^ Joan Sangster: One Hundred Years of Struggle. The History of Women and the Vote in Canada. UBC Press Vancouver and Toronto, 2018, pp. 232.233
307. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 63.
308. ↑ ^{a b c} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. January 31, 1924, accessed October 3, 2018 . 
309. ^ ^{A b c} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 208.
310. ↑ ^{a b c} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on October 5, 2018 . 
311. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 314.
312. ^ Constitution of Qatar
313. ^ Legislative elections in Qatar postponed until at least 2019. In: dohanews.co. June 17, 2016, accessed December 9, 2018 . 
314. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 315.
315. ↑ Message: Qataris elect two women for first time. ( Memento of May 18, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) In: Agence France-Presse . May 14, 2015, accessed on August 27, 2019.
316. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , pp. 6-7.
317. ↑ ^{a b c} Rosa Zechner: Mothers, fighters for independence, feminists. In: Frauensolidarität im C3 - Feminist Development Policy Information and Education Work (Ed.): Frauen * solidarität , No. 145, 3/2018, pp. 7–9, p. 8.
318. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 209.
319. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 210.
320. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 220.
321. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, pp. 220/221.
322. ↑ ^{a b} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. January 31, 1924, accessed October 3, 2018 . 
323. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. November 15, 1967, accessed October 3, 2018 . 
324. ^ ^{A b c} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 212.
325. ^ Juan Jaramillo, Beatriz Franco: Colombia. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 457-510, pp. 464-465.
326. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 84.
327. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-CLIO Inc., Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 68.
328. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 85.
329. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. June 23, 1956, accessed September 30, 2018 . 
330. ↑ ^{a b c} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. June 23, 1956, accessed September 30, 2018 . 
331. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 87.
332. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 6.
333. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. April 17, 1970, accessed September 30, 2018 . 
334. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 88.
335. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 89.
336. ↑ ^{a b} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. August 29, 1947, accessed September 30, 2018 . 
337. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 90.
338. ↑ ^{a b} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. July 30, 1946, accessed January 14, 2019 . 
339. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 213.
340. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 202140
341. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 215.
342. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 217.
343. ↑ Wolfgang Petritsch, Karl Kaser, Robert Pichler: Kosovo: Myths, Daten, Dinge (= Kosova), 2nd edition, Wieser, Klagenfurt 1999, ISBN 3-85129-304-5 , p. 135.
344. ^ ^{A b} Marie-Janine Calic : History of Yugoslavia in the 20th Century, Verlag CH Beck, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-406-60645-8 , p. 167
345. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 95.
346. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 96.
347. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on November 16, 2018 . 
348. ↑ ^{a b c} Jan Suter: Cuba. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 511-536, p. 515.
349. ^ Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 330.
350. ↑ ^{a b} June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-CLIO Inc., Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 77.
351. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 98.
352. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 99.
353. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 425.
354. ↑ United Nations Development Program: Human Development Report 2007/2008 . New York, 2007, ISBN 978-0-230-54704-9 , p. 343.
355. ↑ After Elham Manea: The Arab State and the Politics of Survival. The example of Kuwait. In: Susanne Schröter (Ed.) Gender equality through democratization. Transformations and restorations of gender relations in the Islamic world. transcript Verlag Bielefeld, 2013, ISBN 978-3-8376-2173-0 , pp. 163–196, p. 192, this was the case in the first three elections after women were granted the right to vote.
356. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on October 3, 2018 . 
357. ↑ ^{a b} Kuwait Domestic Policy , accessed January 1, 2019.
358. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. December 25, 1955, accessed October 3, 2018 . 
359. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 222.
360. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 8.
361. ↑ ^{a b} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. April 30, 1965, accessed October 3, 2018 . 
362. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 228.
363. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 229.
364. ↑ Aija Branta: Winning Women's Vote. Experience from Latvia. In: Blanca Rodríguez-Ruiz, Ruth Rubio-Marín: The Struggle for Female Suffrage in Europe. Voting to Become Citizens. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden and Boston 2012, ISBN 978-90-04-22425-4 , pp. 95-109, p. 102.
365. ↑ Aija Branta: Winning Women's Vote. Experience from Latvia. In: Blanca Rodríguez-Ruiz, Ruth Rubio-Marín: The Struggle for Female Suffrage in Europe. Voting to Become Citizens. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden and Boston 2012, ISBN 978-90-04-22425-4 , pp. 95-109, p. 102.
366. ↑ ^{a b c} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. August 21, 1991, accessed October 3, 2018 . 
367. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 223
368. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 224.
369. ↑ ^{a b c d e} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. May 26, 1926, accessed October 3, 2018 . 
370. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 226.
371. ^ Matthias Basedau: Liberia. In: Dieter Nohlen, Michael Krennerich, Bernhard Thibaut: Elections in Africa. A data handbook. Oxford University Press, New York 1999, p. 507-522, p. 509.
372. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 230.
373. ↑ Caroline Daley, Melanie Nolan (Eds.): Suffrage and Beyond. International Feminist Perspectives. New York University Press New York 1994, p. 350.
374. ↑ Christine Pintat: Women's Representation in Parliaments and Political Parties in Europe and North America In: Christine Fauré (Ed.): Political and Historical Encyclopedia of Women: Routledge New York, London, 2003, pp. 481-502, p. 489.
375. ^ Helga Fleischhacker: Party system and constitution in Africa: structures - functions - types. Wiesbaden VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2010, p. 77, note 63
376. ↑ AfricaNews: Elections history in Africa's oldest democratic republic: Liberia - Africanews. In: africanews.com. 2019, accessed January 4, 2019 . 
377. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 231.
378. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed December 25, 2018 . 
379. ^ After Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 233, as early as 1963.
380. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 233.
381. ^ ^{A b c} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 234.
382. ↑ ^{a b} Toma Birmontinee, Virginija Jureniene: The Development of Women's Rights in Lithuania: Striving for Political Equality. In: Blanca Rodríguez-Ruiz, Ruth Rubio-Marín: The Struggle for Female Suffrage in Europe. Voting to Become Citizens. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden and Boston 2012, ISBN 978-90-04-22425-4 , pp. 79-93, p. 79.
383. ↑ Toma Birmontinee, Virginija Jureniene: The Development of Women's Rights in Lithuania: Striving for Political Equality. In: Blanca Rodríguez-Ruiz, Ruth Rubio-Marín: The Struggle for Female Suffrage in Europe. Voting to Become Citizens. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden and Boston 2012, ISBN 978-90-04-22425-4 , pp. 79-93, pp. 86-87.
384. ^ ^{A b c d} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. September 6, 1991, accessed October 3, 2018 . 
385. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 236.
386. ↑ ^{a b c} Sonja Kmec: Female Suffrage in Luxembourg. In: Blanca Rodríguez-Ruiz, Ruth Rubio-Marín: The Struggle for Female Suffrage in Europe. Voting to Become Citizens. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden and Boston 2012, ISBN 978-90-04-22425-4 , pp. 159-173, p. 161.
387. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 238.
388. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 239.
389. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 8.
390. ^ ^{A b c} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 242.
391. ↑ Bernard Lugan: Histoire de l'Afrique. Des origines à nos jours. Ellipses Editions Paris, 2009, p. 772.
392. ↑ ^{a b} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on October 4, 2018 . 
393. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w} June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 7.
394. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 243.
395. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 244.
396. ^ Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz, Christof Hartmann (eds.): South East Asia, East Asia and the South Pacific. (= Elections in Asia and the Pacific. A Data Handbook. Volume 2). Oxford University Press, New York 2002, ISBN 978-0-19-924959-6 , p. 146
397. ↑ ^{a b} June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 179.
398. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 245.
399. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 246.
400. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 247.
401. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on October 4, 2018 . 
402. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 248.
403. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 249.
404. ↑ ^{a b c d} Ruth Farrugia: Female Suffrage in Malta. In: Blanca Rodríguez-Ruiz, Ruth Rubio-Marín: The Struggle for Female Suffrage in Europe. Voting to Become Citizens. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden and Boston 2012, ISBN 978-90-04-22425-4 , pp. 389-405, pp. 396-397.
405. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 250.
406. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 251.
407. ↑ ^{a b c} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. June 18, 1963, accessed October 5, 2018 . 
408. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 264.
409. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. May 1, 1979, accessed October 5, 2018 . 
410. ^ ^{A b c} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 252.
411. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 253.
412. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on October 5, 2018 . 
413. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 7.
414. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on October 5, 2018 . 
415. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 254.
416. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 255.
417. ↑ ^{a b c d} Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , pages 314-315.
418. ↑ ^{a b} June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 186.
419. ↑ El voto femenino por primera vez en México, 3 de junio de 1955 - Aleph. In: alef.mx. 2019, Retrieved January 5, 2019 (Spanish). 
420. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 256.
421. ↑ ^{a b} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on October 5, 2018 . 
422. ↑ ^{a b} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on October 5, 2018 . 
423. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 258.
424. ^ Pacific Women in Politics. Country Profiles: Federated States of Micronesia. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
425. ↑ Jenny Brumme: 'Inginer și femeie de servicu' - The Romanian language between patriarchal tradition and post-communist sexism. In: Wolfgang Dahmen (Hrsg.): Language and gender in Romania. Romance Languages Colloquium X . Volume 417 of the Tübingen Contributions to Linguistics, Gunter Narr Verlag, 1997, ISBN 3-8233-5082-X , p. 68.
426. ↑ ^{a b c} American Bar Association : Summary: Rights to Vote in Romania. ( Memento from October 9, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: impowr.org. April 29, 2013, accessed August 27, 2019.
427. ^ Text of the constitution , quoted from: American Bar Association : Summary: Rights to Vote in Romania. ( Memento from October 9, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: impowr.org. April 29, 2013, accessed August 27, 2019.
428. ↑ Official Gazette of Romania No. 106bis, May 9, 1939, Article 5, quoted from: American Bar Association : Summary: Rights to Vote in Romania. ( Memento from October 9, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: impowr.org. April 29, 2013, accessed August 27, 2019.
429. ↑ Women's Equality Day: When did Women Around the World Start Voting? - WPSP. In: 50x50movement.org. August 26, 2017, accessed January 6, 2019 . 
430. ↑ ^{a b c} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. April 15, 1978, accessed October 6, 2018 . 
431. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 260.
432. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. May 24, 1945, accessed October 5, 2018 . 
433. ^ ^{A b c} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 261.
434. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on October 5, 2018 . 
435. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 262.
436. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 263.
437. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on October 5, 2018 . 
438. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 266.
439. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 267.
440. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , pages 351-352.
441. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 268.
442. ↑ ^{a b c d e} June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 197.
443. ↑ ^{a b c} Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 352.
444. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, pp. 268/269.
445. ^ ^{A b c} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 270.
446. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 270.
447. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 272.
448. ↑ ^{a b} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. October 21, 1959, accessed October 5, 2018 . 
449. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 273.
450. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 277.
451. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 278.
452. ↑ ^{a b} Michael Krennerich: Nicaragua. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 577-603, pp. 581-582.
453. ↑ ^{a b} Christine Pintat: Women's Representation in Parliaments and Political Parties in Europe and North America In: Christine Fauré (Ed.): Political and Historical Encyclopedia of Women: Routledge New York, London, 2003, pp. 481–502, pp. 491.
454. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 282.
455. ^ Klaus Stüwe, Stefan Rinke: The political systems in North and Latin America . VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden 2008, ISBN 978-3-531-14252-4 , p. 428 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-531-90893-9 : “In Nicaragua, universal, direct, equal, secret and free suffrage has been in effect since the constitution of 1987 came into force. Some of these principles were already anchored in earlier constitutions (limited, passive women's suffrage in 1948, active men's suffrage in 1955, secret suffrage in 1962, and active suffrage for women in 1974), but due to the minor importance of elections in the political decision-making process, they were not fully applied. With the constitution of 1987 the importance of elections increased and since then democratic elections have been held regularly at national and regional level. All citizens, ie all Nicaraguans who have reached the age of 16, have the right to vote. "
456. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 283.
457. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 274.
458. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 208.
459. ↑ Benjamin Isakhan, Stephen Stockwell: The Edinburgh Companion to the History of Democracy. Edinburgh University Press 2012, p. 343.
460. ↑ Harm Kaal: To win the votes of women. Effects of women's suffrage on Dutch electoral culture, 1922-1970 . In: Hedwig Richter and Kerstin Wolff (eds.): Women's suffrage. Democratization of Democracy in Germany and Europe . Hamburger Edition, Hamburg 2018, ( ISBN 978-3-8685-4323-0 ), pp. 270–289, p. 270.
461. ↑ Inge Beijenbergh, Jet Bussmaker: The Women's Vote in the Netherlands: From the 'Houseman's Vote' to full citizenship. In: Blanca Rodríguez-Ruiz, Ruth Rubio-Marín: The Struggle for Female Suffrage in Europe. Voting to Become Citizens. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden and Boston 2012, ISBN 978-90-04-22425-4 , pp. 175–190, p. 46.
462. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 275.
463. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on October 5, 2018 . 
464. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 285.
465. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 286.
466. ↑ ^{a b} Caroline Daley, Melanie Nolan (eds.): Suffrage and Beyond. International Feminist Perspectives. New York University Press New York 1994, p. 351.
467. ^ ^{A b c} June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 216.
468. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, pp. 287/288.
469. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 240.
470. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. September 8, 1991, accessed October 7, 2018 . 
471. ^ Dolf Sternberger, Bernhard Vogel, Dieter Nohlen, Klaus Landfried (eds.): The election of parliaments and other state organs. Volume 1: Europe. De Gruyter, Berlin 1969, ISBN 978-3-11-001157-9 , p. 899.
472. ↑ ^{a b} June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 168.
473. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 289.
474. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 291.
475. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on October 5, 2018 . 
476. ^ ^{A b c d} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on October 5, 2018 . 
477. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 293.
478. ↑ ^{a b} Birgitta Bader-Zaar: Gaining the Vote in a World in Transition: Female Suffrage in Austria. In: Blanca Rodríguez-Ruiz, Ruth Rubio-Marín: The Struggle for Female Suffrage in Europe. Voting to Become Citizens. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden and Boston 2012, ISBN 978-90-04-22425-4 , pp. 191-206, p. 199.
479. ^ Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 287.
480. ↑ Shoemaker's daughter, weaver child: The first women parliamentarians. parliament.gv.at. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
481. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2020, accessed on April 29, 2020 (English). 
482. ↑ ^{a b c} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on November 6, 2018 . 
483. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 296.
484. ^ ^{A b c} June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , pp. 221-222.
485. ^ Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 411.
486. ^ Robin Morgan: Sisterhood is Global: The International Women's Movement Anthology. New York: Anchor Press / Doubleday, 1984, p. 525.
487. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. April 2, 1979, accessed October 5, 2018 . 
488. ^ ^{A b c} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 297.
489. ^ Petra Bendel, Michael Krennerich: Panama. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 605-630, p. 609.
490. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on October 5, 2018 . 
491. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 298.
492. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 299.
493. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 300.
494. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. February 15, 1964, accessed October 5, 2018 . 
495. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, pp. 300/301.
496. ^ Marta León-Roesch: Paraguay. In: Dieter, Nohlen (ed.): Political organizations and representations in America. , Volume 1, Leske + Budrich Opladen, 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 631-650, pp. 636-637.
497. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on November 16, 2018 . 
498. ^ ^{A b c} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 302.
499. ↑ ^{a b} Fernando Tuesta Soldevilla: Peru. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 651-677, p. 655.
500. ↑ ^{a b c d} Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 329.
501. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 303.
502. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 304.
503. ↑ ^{a b c} Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 353.
504. ↑ ^{a b} June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 236.
505. ↑ ^{a b} Mina Roces: Is the suffragist an American colonial construct? Defining 'the Filipino woman' in colonial Philippines. In: Louise Edwards, Mina Roces (Ed.): Women's Suffrage in Asia. Routledge Curzon New York, 2004, pp. 24-58, pp. 31-32.
506. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 307.
507. ↑ ^{a b} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. April 30, 1937, accessed October 5, 2018 . 
508. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 309.
509. ↑ Malgorzata Fuszara: Polish Women's Fight for Suffrage. In: Blanca Rodríguez-Ruiz, Ruth Rubio-Marín: The Struggle for Female Suffrage in Europe. Voting to Become Citizens. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden and Boston 2012, ISBN 978-90-04-22425-4 , pp. 143–157, p. 150.
510. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 310.
511. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 311.
512. ^ ^{A b c d} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 312.
513. ^ ^{A b c d} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on October 5, 2018 . 
514. ^ Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 308
515. ↑ ^{a b c} Maria Luisa Amaral, Teresa Anjinho: Winning Women's Vote: Female Suffrage in Portugal. In: Blanca Rodríguez-Ruiz, Ruth Rubio-Marín: The Struggle for Female Suffrage in Europe. Voting to Become Citizens. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden and Boston 2012, ISBN 978-90-04-22425-4 , pp. 475-489, pp. 482-483.
516. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 313.
517. ^ Allison L. Sneider: Suffragists in an Imperial Age. US Expansion and the Women Question 1870-1929. Oxford University Press, New York, 2006, ISBN 978-0-19-532116-6 , p. 134.
518. ↑ ^{a b} June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , pp. 246-247.
519. ^ Truman Clark: Puerto Rico and the United States 1917-1933. Pittsburgh 1975, ISBN 0-8229-3299-7
520. ^ Allison L. Sneider: Suffragists in an Imperial Age. US Expansion and the Women Question 1870-1929. Oxford University Press, New York, 2006, ISBN 978-0-19-532116-6 , p. 117.
521. ↑ ^{a b c} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. August 17, 1961, accessed October 6, 2018 . 
522. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 324.
523. ↑ Jenny Brumme: 'Inginer și femeie de servicu' - The Romanian language between patriarchal tradition and post-communist sexism. In: Wolfgang Dahmen (Hrsg.): Language and gender in Romania. Romance Languages Colloquium X . Volume 417 of the Tübingen Contributions to Linguistics, Gunter Narr Verlag, 1997, ISBN 3-8233-5082-X , p. 68.
524. ↑ Text of the 1938 constitution , quoted from: American Bar Association : Summary: Rights to Vote in Romania. ( Memento from October 9, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: impowr.org. April 29, 2013, accessed August 27, 2019.
525. ↑ Official Gazette of Romania No. 106bis, May 9, 1939, Article 5, quoted from: American Bar Association : Summary: Rights to Vote in Romania. ( Memento from October 9, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: impowr.org. April 29, 2013, accessed August 27, 2019.
526. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 316.
527. ^ Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 438.
528. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 319.
529. ^ Dolf Sternberger, Bernhard Vogel, Dieter Nohlen, Klaus Landfried (eds.): The election of parliaments and other state organs. Volume 1: Europe . De Gruyter, Berlin 1969, ISBN 978-3-11-001157-9 , p. 1090.
530. ↑ Bianka Pietrow-Ennker: Russia's "new people". The development of the women's movement from its beginnings to the October Revolution. Campus Verlag Frankfurt, New York, 1994, ISBN 3-593-36206-6 , S, 350.
531. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 259.
532. ↑ ^{a b} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on October 6, 2018 . 
533. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 322.
534. ↑ ^{a b} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on October 6, 2018 . 
535. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 348.
536. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. October 30, 1962, accessed October 13, 2018 . 
537. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 428.
538. ↑ ^{a b} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on October 6, 2018 . 
539. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 261.
540. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 329.
541. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, pp. 329/330.
542. ^ ^{A b} Lidia Bacciocchi: Dall'Arengo alla democrazia de partiti. Legislazione elettorale e sistema politico a San Marino. Edizioni del Titano San Marino, 1999, p. 123.
543. ↑ Lidia Bacciocchi: Dall'Arengo alla democrazia de partiti. Legislazione elettorale e sistema politico a San Marino. Edizioni del Titano San Marino, 1999, p. 153, note 1, law of April 29, 1959 number 17, in BU RSM, number 3, August 25, 1959, number 10.
544. ^ ^{A b c} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 331.
545. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on October 6, 2018 . 
546. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 10.
547. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 332.
548. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, pp. 332/333.
549. ^ ^{A b c d} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on October 6, 2018 . 
550. ↑ Rosa Zechner: Mothers, fighters for independence, feminists. In: Frauensolidarität im C3 - Feminist Development Policy Information and Education Work (Ed.): Frauen * solidarität , No. 145, 3/2018, pp. 7–9, p. 9.
551. ↑ Historic election victory for Saudi Arabia's women. In: Handelsblatt. December 14, 2015, accessed September 5, 2019 . 
552. ^ ^{A b c d} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 366.
553. ↑ ^{a b c d} Lena Wängnerud: How Women Gained Suffrage in Sweden: A Weaveof Alliances. In: Blanca Rodríguez-Ruiz, Ruth Rubio-Marín: The Struggle for Female Suffrage in Europe. Voting to Become Citizens. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden and Boston 2012, ISBN 978-90-04-22425-4 , pp. 241-256, p. 241.
554. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 368.
555. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 369.
556. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 370.
557. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. February 19, 1945, accessed October 6, 2018 . 
558. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 335.
559. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 336.
560. ↑ ^{a b} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on October 6, 2018 . 
561. ^ ^{A b c d} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. August 6, 1948, accessed October 6, 2018 . 
562. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 337.
563. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, pp. 337/338.
564. ^ Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 376.
565. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 339.
566. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 340.
567. ^ Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 441.
568. ^ Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 437.
569. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 272.
570. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 339.
571. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 429.
572. ↑ ^{a b c} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on October 13, 2018 . 
573. ↑ Caroline Daley, Melanie Nolan (Eds.): Suffrage and Beyond. International Feminist Perspectives. New York University Press New York 1994, p. 352.
574. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 429.
575. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 430.
576. ↑ ^{a b} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. July 18, 1947, accessed October 6, 2018 . 
577. ^ ^{A b c} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 341.
578. ↑ ^{a b} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. January 31, 1919, accessed October 6, 2018 . 
579. ↑ Stanislava Luppová: záležitosť Mužská. Takto sa menil podiel žien v slovenskom parlamente. In: slovensko.hnonline.sk. March 24, 2016, accessed December 25, 2018 (Slovak). 
580. ↑ Roxana Cheschebec: The Achievement of Female Suffrage in Romania. In: Blanca Rodríguez-Ruiz, Ruth Rubio-Marín: The Struggle for Female Suffrage in Europe. Voting to Become Citizens. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden and Boston 2012, ISBN 978-90-04-22425-4 , pp. 357-372, p. 339.
581. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 346.
582. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. January 31, 1946, accessed October 6, 2018 . 
583. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, pp. 346/347.
584. ^ Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 439.
585. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 349.
586. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, SantaBarbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , pp. 277-280.
587. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 355.
588. ↑ ^{a b c} Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , pp. 306-308
589. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 356.
590. ↑ London Diary: DONOUGHMORE RECORDS ON CEYLON-CONSTITUION AUTIONED IN LONDON. In: infolanka.com. June 27, 1996. Retrieved November 11, 2018 . 
591. ↑ ^{a b c d} Kumari Jayawardena: Feminism and nationalism in the Third World. Zed Books London, 5th Edition 1994, pp. 128-129.
592. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 357.
593. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. March 20, 1931, accessed October 6, 2018 . 
594. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 358.
595. ↑ ^{a b c} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. September 19, 1951, accessed October 6, 2018 . 
596. ↑ Bernd Hillebrands: St. Christopher and Nevis. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 679-693, p. 681.
597. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 325.
598. ^ Bernd Hillebrands: St. Lucia. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 687-693, p. 689.
599. ↑ Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , p. 689
600. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. October 13, 1951, accessed September 28, 2018 . 
601. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, pp. 326/327.
602. ↑ Bernd Hillebrands: St. Vincent and the Grenadines. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 695-701, p. 697.
603. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. May 5, 1951, accessed September 28, 2018 . 
604. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 328.
605. ↑ Ulf Engel: South Africa. In: Dieter Nohlen, Michael Krennerich, Bernhard Thibaut: Elections in Africa. A data handbook. Oxford University Press, New York 1999, pp. 817-842, p. 820.
606. ↑ ^{a b} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on October 6, 2018 . 
607. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 351.
608. ↑ Caroline Daley, Melanie Nolan (Eds.): Suffrage and Beyond. International Feminist Perspectives. New York University Press New York 1994, p. 352.
609. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 352.
610. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on October 6, 2018 . 
611. ^ ^{A b c} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 360.
612. ↑ ^{a b} Jane Kani Edward: Conflict, customary law, gender, and women's rights. In: Amir Idris (ed.): South Sudan. Post-independence dilemmas. Routledge London, New York, 2018, ISBN 978-1-138-06063-0 , pp. 57-73, p. 60.
613. ↑ Jane Kani Edward: Conflict, customary law, gender, and women's rights. In: Amir Idris (ed.): South Sudan. Post-independence dilemmas. Routledge London, New York, 2018, ISBN 978-1-138-06063-0 , pp. 57-73, p. 57.
614. ^ Felix Gallé: Surinam. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 703-717, p. 706.
615. ^ ^{A b c} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 362.
616. ↑ ^{a b} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. December 9, 1948, accessed October 6, 2018 . 
617. ↑ ^{a b c d} June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , pp. 8-9.
618. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 364.
619. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 365.
620. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on October 6, 2018 . 
621. ↑ ^{a b c d} June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , pp. 292-293.
622. ^ ^{A b c d} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 371.
623. ↑ ^{a b} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. September 9, 1991, accessed October 7, 2018 . 
624. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 373.
625. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, pp. 373/374.
626. ^ Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz, Christof Hartmann (eds.): South East Asia, East Asia and the South Pacific. (= Elections in Asia and the Pacific. A Data Handbook. Volume 2). Oxford University Press, New York 2002, ISBN 978-0-19-924959-6 , p. 528
627. ^ Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 438.
628. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2019, accessed on January 14, 2019 . 
629. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 375.
630. ^ ^{A b c d} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 387.
631. ↑ ^{a b c d} Tamara Loos: The politics of women's suffrage in Thailand. In: Louise Edwards, Mina Roces (Ed.): Women's Suffrage in Asia. Routledge Shorton New York, 2004, pp. 170-194, pp. 177.
632. ↑ ^{a b c} Tamara Loos: The politics of women's suffrage in Thailand. In: Louise Edwards, Mina Roces (Ed.): Women's Suffrage in Asia. Routledge Shorton New York, 2004, pp. 170-194, pp. 170.
633. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 377.
634. ↑ ^{a b} Tamara Loos: The politics of women's suffrage in Thailand. In: Louise Edwards, Mina Roces (Ed.): Women's Suffrage in Asia. Routledge Shorton New York, 2004, pp. 170-194, p. 179.
635. ↑ ^{a b c d} Tamara Loos: The politics of women's suffrage in Thailand. In: Louise Edwards, Mina Roces (Ed.): Women's Suffrage in Asia. Routledge Shorton New York, 2004, pp. 170-194, p. 181.
636. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 378.
637. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on October 7, 2018 . 
638. ^ ^{A b c d} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. August 22, 1945, accessed October 7, 2018 . 
639. ^ ^{A b c} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 380.
640. ↑ ^{a b} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on October 7, 2018 . 
641. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 381.
642. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 382.
643. ↑ ^{a b c} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on October 7, 2018 . 
644. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 383.
645. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 384.
646. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. June 23, 1956, accessed September 30, 2018 . 
647. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 76.
648. ↑ ^{a b} Dana Mulilová: Mothers of the Nation: Women's Vote in the Czech Republic. In: Blanca Rodríguez-Ruiz, Ruth Rubio-Marín: The Struggle for Female Suffrage in Europe. Voting to Become Citizens. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden and Boston 2012, ISBN 978-90-04-22425-4 , pp. 207-223, p. 216.
649. ↑ ^{a b c} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. February 29, 1920, accessed September 30, 2018 . 
650. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 102.
651. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, pp. 103/104.
652. ↑ ^{a b c} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on November 13, 2018 . 
653. ^ ^{A b c} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 385.
654. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. April 3, 1930, accessed October 7, 2018 . 
655. ↑ ^{a b c} Kumari Jayawardena: Feminism and nationalism in the Third World. Zed Books London, 5th Edition 1994, p. 38.
656. ↑ ^{a b} June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 297.
657. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 386.
658. ^ Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 404.
659. ^ ^{A b c d} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. October 27, 1991, accessed October 7, 2018 . 
660. ^ ^{A b c} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 389.
661. ↑ ^{a b} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. January 1, 1967, accessed October 7, 2018 . 
662. ^ ^{A b c} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 390.
663. ^ Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz, Christof Hartmann (eds.): South East Asia, East Asia and the South Pacific. (= Elections in Asia and the Pacific. A Data Handbook. Volume 2). Oxford University Press, New York 2002, ISBN 0-19-924959-8 , p. 825
664. ↑ ^{a b} Margaret Sekaggya: Uganda . In: AfriMAP and the Open Society Initiative for Eastern Africa: Election Management Bodies in East Africa. A comparative study of the contribution of electoral commissions to the strengthening of Democracy. Open Society Foundations New York, 2006, ISBN 978-1-920677-97-8 , pp. 254-293, pp. 255.
665. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 391.
666. ↑ Margaret Sekaggya: Uganda . In: AfriMAP and the Open Society Initiative for Eastern Africa: Election Management Bodies in East Africa. A comparative study of the contribution of electoral commissions to the strengthening of Democracy. Open Society Foundations New York, 2006, ISBN 978-1-920677-97-8 , pp. 254-293, pp. 259.
667. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 392.
668. ↑ Christine Pintat: Women's Representation in Parliaments and Political Parties in Europe and North America In: Christine Fauré (Ed.): Political and Historical Encyclopedia of Women: Routledge New York, London, 2003, pp. 481-502, p. 493.
669. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 393.
670. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 394.
671. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} Csilla Kollonay-Lehoczky: Development Defined by Paradoxes: Hungarian Historx and Female Suffrage. In: Blanca Rodríguez-Ruiz, Ruth Rubio-Marín: The Struggle for Female Suffrage in Europe. Voting to Become Citizens. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden and Boston 2012, ISBN 978-90-04-22425-4 , pp. 421–437, pp. 428–429.
672. ↑ ^{a b} June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 123.
673. ↑ ^{a b} Csilla Kollonay-Lehoczky: Development Defined by Paradoxes: Hungarian Historx and Female Suffrage. In: Blanca Rodríguez-Ruiz, Ruth Rubio-Marín: The Struggle for Female Suffrage in Europe. Voting to Become Citizens. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden and Boston 2012, ISBN 978-90-04-22425-4 , pp. 421-437, p. 430.
674. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 171.
675. ↑ El voto femenino cumple ochenta años en Uruguay. In: lr21.com.uy. July 3, 2007, Retrieved August 26, 2018 (Spanish). 
676. ^ Dieter Nohlen: Uruguay. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 731-777, p. 733.
677. ↑ ^{a b c} Dieter Nohlen: Uruguay. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 731-777, p. 734.
678. ↑ ^{a b} Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 321.
679. ^ ^{A b c} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 411.
680. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 168.
681. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 306.
682. ^ ^{A b c} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 412.
683. ↑ ^{a b} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. July 30, 1980, accessed October 13, 2018 . 
684. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 414.
685. ↑ ^{a b} Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz, Christof Hartmann (eds.): South East Asia, East Asia and the South Pacific. (= Elections in Asia and the Pacific. A Data Handbook. Volume 2). Oxford University Press, New York 2002, ISBN 0-19-924959-8 , p. 836
686. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 415.
687. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 417.
688. ^ Carlos Huneeus, Bernhard Thibaut: Venezuela. In: Dieter Nohlen (Ed.): Handbook of the election data of Latin America and the Caribbean (= political organization and representation in America. Volume 1). Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1993, ISBN 3-8100-1028-6 , pp. 779-813, p. 785.
689. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 418.
690. ↑ ^{a b c} Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 440.
691. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on October 13, 2018 . 
692. ↑ New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. 2018, accessed on November 16, 2018 . 
693. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 300.
694. ^ Dolf Sternberger, Bernhard Vogel, Dieter Nohlen, Klaus Landfried (eds.): The election of parliaments and other state organs. Volume 1: Europe. De Gruyter, Berlin 1969, ISBN 978-3-11-001157-9 , p. 620.
695. ^ ^{A b c d} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boul 396der, Colorado, 2000, p. 396.
696. ↑ Benjamin Isakhan, Stephen Stockwell: The Edinburgh Companion to the History of Democracy. Edinburgh University Press 2012, p. 343.
697. ↑ June Hannam, Mitzi Auchterlonie, Katherine Holden: International Encyclopedia of Women's Suffrage. ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford 2000, ISBN 1-57607-064-6 , p. 44.
698. ^ Dolf Sternberger, Bernhard Vogel, Dieter Nohlen, Klaus Landfried (eds.): The election of parliaments and other state organs. Volume 1: Europe. De Gruyter, Berlin 1969, ISBN 978-3-11-001157-9 , p. 621.
699. ↑ Krista Cowman: "Female Suffrage in Great Britain." In: Blanca Rodríguez-Ruiz, Ruth Rubio-Marín: The Struggle for Female Suffrage in Europe. Voting to Become Citizens. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden and Boston 2012, ISBN 978-90-04-22425-4 , pp. 273-288, p. 273.
700. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 398.
701. ↑ Christopher E. Goscha: Historical Dictionary of the Indochina War 1945 - 1954. Copenhagen, 2011, p. 498
702. ↑ ^{a b} Micheline R., Lessard: Women's Suffrage in Viêt Nam. In: Louise Edwards, Mina Roces (Ed.): Women's Suffrage in Asia. Routledge Shorton New York, 2004, pp. 106-126, pp. 106.
703. ↑ ^{a b} Christopher E. Goscha: Historical Dictionary of the Indochina War 1945 - 1954. Copenhagen, 2011, p. 498.
704. ↑ Christopher E. Goscha: A History of Vietnam. New York, 2016, p. 366.
705. ↑ Micheline R., Lessard: Women's Suffrage in Viêt Nam. In: Louise Edwards, Mina Roces (Ed.): Women's Suffrage in Asia. Routledge Shorton New York, 2004, pp. 106-126, p. 119.
706. ^ Robert G. Scigliano: The Electoral Process in South Vietnam: Politics in an Underdeveloped State. In: Midwest Journal of Political Science, Volume 4, Issue 2, May 1960, pp. 138-161.
707. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 419.
708. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, pp. 420/421.
709. ^ ^{A b} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 32.
710. ↑ ^{a b c} New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. August 25, 1991, accessed September 30, 2018 . 
711. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 33.
712. ^ Jad Adams: Women and the Vote. A world history. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-870684-7 , page 438
713. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 74.
714. ↑ Christine Pintat: Women's Representation in Parliaments and Political Parties in Europe and North America In: Christine Fauré (Ed.): Political and Historical Encyclopedia of Women: Routledge New York, London, 2003, pp. 481-502, p. 487.
715. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 75.
716. ^ ^{A b c} Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 100.