Mistislaw

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First mention of Mistislaw as Mistizlavus in the chronicle of Thietmar von Merseburg from approx. 1018 ( facsimile ). SLUB Dresden , Msc. R 147, sheet 178 b

Mistislaw , also Mstislav († after 1018), from the Nakoniden dynasty , was an Elbe Slavic prince who ruled over the Abodrite tribal association from 990/995 to 1018 in what is now Mecklenburg and eastern Holstein .

The Naconids were among the most powerful Christian Slavic princes in the second half of the 10th century. Following the Saxon Duke Bernhard I , Mistislaw took part in the campaign of Otto II against the Saracens in southern Italy in 982 , from which he returned with only a few survivors. In the subsequent Slav uprising of 983 , the Nakoniden lost the sovereignty over several Abodritic tribes to the victorious Liutizen . When Mistislaw succeeded his father Mistiwoj in 990/995 after the death of his father , he tried to gain royal control over the remaining sub-tribes. While he secured the support of church and empire for this purpose, the inner-Abodritic opposition united with the Liutizen. From 1003 onwards, Mistislaw increasingly lost support from Saxony through the alliance between Henry II and the Liutizen against the Polish prince Boleslaw I , until he finally could no longer assert himself. In February 1018 the Liutizen invaded the Abodrite Empire, incited the population and forced Mistislaw to flee to the Saxon Bardengau .

Most recent research assesses Mistislaw as a Christian Slavic prince close to the empire, whose attempt to transform the Abodritic empire from a union state to a territorial state failed despite support from the church and the Saxon duchy.

Life

Origin and family

Mistislaw, referred to in the sources as Mistizlavus and Missizla , was the son of the Abodritic velvet ruler Mistivoy . He had two sisters, Tove and Hodica . A marriage with the niece of the Saxon Duke Bernhard I failed in 983 due to the resistance of Dietrich von Haldensleben . With an unknown woman, Mistislaw had a son, Pribignew , who, with Danish and Saxon support, gained control of the tribal association around 1020.

Campaign against the Saracens in southern Italy

Even before he came to power, Mistislaw took part in the Italian campaign of Emperor Otto II in 982 as a representative of the Nakonid dynasty. At the head of a delegation of Abodritic tank riders , he crossed the Alps in 981/982 in the wake of the Saxon Duke Bernhard I in order to strengthen the imperial army in the southern part of the empire. The emperor prepared there a campaign against the Saracens, who had advanced from Sicily to the southern Italian mainland under the leadership of their emir Abu al-Qasim . The contingent led by Mistislaw is said to have consisted of 1,000 armored riders. This is a strength that is hardly believable by medieval standards, especially since the emperor had only requested a total of 2090 armored riders from the northern part of the empire in his draft notice. Nevertheless, the number of Abodritic warriors must have been exceptionally high, because Bernhard I promised in return for participating in the campaign to marry his niece to Mistislaw and thus a dynastic connection between the two royal houses. While Bernhard I had to return early to the north due to an incursion by the Danes, almost all Abodrites in Italy were killed. Even if nothing precise is known about their fate, participation in the battle of Cape Colonna , in which the imperial army was defeated on July 15, 982, is obvious.

Mistislaw returned to Mecklenburg with the few survivors. When he demanded the fulfillment of the marriage vows, Count Dietrich von Haldensleben refused him the bride with the words that one should not give a duke's blood relative to a dog. Dietrich's motives for his resistance to a dynastic union of Billungers and Nakoniden were probably power-political in nature. As Margrave of the North Mark , he competed with Billungern and Nakoniden for influence in the area of ​​the Zirzipans, which is traditionally subject to the Abodritic claim to rule . On the other hand, Dietrich's ethnic reservations about a marriage between the Slavic prince's son and the Saxon princess can be ruled out, because such connections were not unusual. Dietrich himself had sponsored a marriage between his eldest daughter Oda and the Polish prince Mieszko I in 978 , and his other daughter Mathilde had married the Hevellian prince Pribislaw. Mistislaw's father Mistiwoj was married to the sister of the Oldenburg bishop Wago, and a relative of the Saxon Duke Bernhard I, Weldrud, had been given to the Wagrian prince Sederich as a wife.

Velvet rule

As the ruler of the Abodritic tribal association, Mistislaw commanded the abodrites on both sides of the Schwerin Lake and the princes of the sub-tribes. These owed him military service and tribute .

Assumption of power

The time of Mistislaw's assumption of power is not known. The research primarily discusses the years 990 and 995. Christian Lübke believes that from the year 990 onwards he can see a radical change in Abodritic politics, which indicates a change in leadership. In contrast, Peter Donat and Jürgen Petersohn refer to a friendship visit by King Otto III. on the Mecklenburg in September 995, which could have taken place on the occasion of Mistislaw's enthronement.

Exercise of power

The Elbe Slavic tribes around the year 1000

Like his father Mistivoy before that, Mistislaw served Mecklenburg as the central seat of power and representation. This is indicated by the official residence of the Oldenburg bishops Reinbert (991 / 992-1013 / 1014) and Bernhard (1013 / 1014-1023), who resided on the Mecklenburg during Mistislaw's reign. There was also a nunnery on or near Mecklenburg. Following the Saxon model, this women's monastery could have been given the task of taking in the daughters of the nobles of the Abodrite country in order to bind the local noble families to the place of Mistislaw's rule. This contrasts with the news from Thietmar von Merseburg that Mistislaw was locked up and besieged in Schwerin Castle in 1018 . Nils Rühberg sees no contradiction in this, but rather that Mistislaw fled from Mecklenburg to Schwerin Castle.

The question of which of the Abodritic sub-tribes Mistislaw exercised the sovereign rule is also not conclusively clarified. A rule over the later part with their own tribal leaders came in appearance is believed polabians west and the Kessin east of Lake Schwerin and the Linonen in the south. The degree of influence on the most important sub-tribe, the Wagrier in Ostholstein, besides the Abodrites cannot be fully clarified . The majority of research today assumes that the church structures there had been permanently removed in 990 and that Mistislaw at most still held a loose supremacy over the Vagrian prince Sederich, although Thietmar von Merseburg expressly described him as the ruler of the Abodrites and Wagrians in 1018. On the other hand, it is certain that the sub-tribe of the Zirzipans along the Lower Peene was not under the rule of Mistislaw. The zirzipans had already joined the victorious Liutizen during or shortly after the Slavic uprising of 983.

Mistislaw strove for a monarchical sovereignty within his territory . The Abodritic velvet ruler was traditionally not the sole bearer of political will. The lower nobility had traditional rights, which ranged from the independent administration of their castle districts to the appointment and dismissal of the velvet ruler. Mistislaw's attempt to disempower the lower nobility brought them into opposition to the velvet ruler. The opposition nobles found allies in the pagan priesthood, whose influence Mistislaw tried to eliminate by expanding the Christian church organization and the associated proselytizing of the population. Reports by Bosau pastor Helmold in his Chronica Slavorum from around 1167 that Mistislaw had turned against the Christian Church and, for example, dissolved the nunnery on the Mecklenburg, are increasingly being questioned by research, especially since they contradict older news , according to which the missionary efforts of Bishop Bernhard among the Slavs were very successful and Mistislaw remained a Christian until the end of his life.

Alliance policy

Mistislaw renewed the alliance with the Saxon Duke Bernhard I, to whom the Nakoniden, at least under Mistislaw's father Mistiwoj, were still obliged to serve as vassals to military service and tribute payments, probably to support the implementation of his domestic political goals . In the friendship visit of King Otto III. On the Mecklenburg in autumn 995, good relations with the royal court were expressed, which were due to the mutual hostility with the Lutizen. Accordingly, for the duration of Otto III. Kaisertum (996-1002) did not report any attacks by the Abodrites on Saxon territory.

Decline

The death of Emperor Otto III. marked the beginning of Mistislaw's political decline. At first his allies, the Saxon Billunger, lost their position close to the king in the empire when Henry II came to power. The reason for this was in particular the conflict that broke out in Merseburg in the summer of 1002 between Heinrich II. And the Polish ruler Bolesław I, who was close to both the Nakoniden and Billunger. Then Henry II made an alliance with the pagan Liutizen, Mistislaw's enemy, in Quedlinburg on Easter 1003 . The changed political conditions led to a paralysis of the Saxon support of Mistislaw against the Liutizen and the inner-Abodritic opposition. The pagan priesthood and the lower nobility had found a natural ally in the Liutizen, whose constitution without a monarchical leadership, the "freedom in the style of the Lutizen", was attractive to the nobles. In February 1018, Mistislaw's position in the Abodritic Empire finally became untenable. With the accusation that Mistislaw had refused them military service in the campaign against Boleslaw in the autumn of 1017, the Liutizen invaded the Abodritic Empire with an army, incited the population and besieged Mistislaw in Schwerin Castle. From there he and the princely family finally managed to flee to the Bardengau, probably to Lüneburg to the residence of the Saxon Duke Bernhard II. Meanwhile, the rebels razed the Christian institutions in the Abodritic Empire. When Bishop Bernhard lamented the events in his diocese before Emperor Heinrich II, "he sighed heavily, but postponed a decision until Easter in order to solve the unfortunate fabric of the conspiracy according to a carefully considered plan". However, the emperor did not intervene in favor of the church, nor did Mistislaw be reinstated. Soon after 1018 Mistislaw died in exile in Saxony. His commemorative memorial entries have not survived.

Sources

The sources are unfavorable. Abodritic written sources have not survived. Mistislaw's existence and rule are only attested by Saxon reports, for the first time in 1018 in the chronicle of Thietmar von Merseburg written between 1012 and 1018 . Adam von Bremen , as evidenced by his church history dating from around 1070, learned of a Slavic prince named Mistislaw, under whom peace reigned in the area of ​​the Abodrites. Chronologically, however, Adam puts Mistislaw in front of his father Mistiwoj and confuses the two when he lets Mistiwoj flee from a riot in 1018. In Helmold von Bosau's Slavonic Chronicle , Mistislaw, the son of an otherwise completely unknown Billug, finally becomes an "angry Christian hater" who intrigues against the Christian stepmother until the father violates her, attacks and plunders Christian institutions and finally, out of anti-Christian sentiments, dissolves the women's monastery on the Mecklenburg to marry the nuns to his warriors and his sister Hodica to a boleslaw.

Research history

The older research dealt with Mistislaw mainly under genealogical and church-historical aspects. Mistislaw's confusion with his father Mistiwoj in Adam von Bremen and Helmold von Bosau led to ambiguities which hindered the attempts of historians to establish a stemma of the Naconids. Since Bernhard Schmeidler's investigation in 1918, Mistislaw's descent from Mistivoy has been generally recognized. Since Helmold Mistislaw, in contrast to Adam, portrays an angry Christian hater, the church-historical interest was the question of whether Mistislaw actually adhered to the Christian faith until 1018. The question was finally clarified by Albert Hauck .

In the more recent research on the history of the Elbe Slavs, on the other hand, the focus is on the failed nation formation of the Abodrites and their relationships with the neighboring Saxons.

In 1960, Wolfgang H. Fritze , in his fundamental work on the problems of the abodritical tribal and imperial constitution, classified Mistislaw's rule in the epoch of the partial tribal state and thus understood it as rule over an association of persons. This assessment of Fritzes recently contradicted the archaeologist Fred Ruchhöft, who recognized especially under Mistislaw the approach of nation building, in which Mistislaw's sovereign rule changed from the “accumulation of a princely rule over several sub-tribal princes” to a “territorial follower rule”. Various historians had previously expressed the assumption that Mistislaw had striven for a royal-like sovereignty on the basis of a territorial rulership by removing the inheritance rights of the lower nobility.

Mistislaw's relationship with the Saxon dukes and Otto III. is assessed differently in research. Mistislaw's flight to Bardengau has always led historians to assume an alliance with the Saxon dukes. To secure his rule, he had to agree to the permanent integration of the Abodritic settlement area as the Billunger mark in an Ottonian mark system. Mistislaw's position has sometimes been reduced to that of governor and “tax collector” for the Billunger. This interpretation has now been criticized several times because it cannot be reconciled with the otherwise strong and independent position of the Abodritic velvet ruler. Finally, the reassessment of the Mecklenburg train Otto III. 995, as a friendship visit by the royal patron, represents a departure from previous research results. In contrast, Christian Lübke classifies Mistislaw as an enemy of the Saxons and the empire. Under his leadership, the Abodrites devastated northern Saxony in 990 , cremated Hamburg and destroyed the diocese of Oldenburg. As a result, there were repeated military clashes between the Abodrites and Saxons, until the king finally conquered Mecklenburg in September 995 and subjugated Mistislaw.

swell

  • The chronicle of Bishop Thietmar von Merseburg and her Korveier revision. Thietmari Merseburgensis episcopi chronicon (= Monumenta Germaniae Historica . Scriptores. 6: Scriptores rerum Germanicarum. Nova Series 9). Edited by Robert Holtzmann . Weidmann, Berlin 1935, digitized .
  • Adam of Bremen : Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum . In: Werner Trillmich , Rudolf Buchner (Hrsg.): Sources of the 9th and 11th centuries on the history of the Hamburg Church and the Empire. = Fontes saeculorum noni et undecimi historiam ecclesiae Hammaburgensis necnon imperii illustrantes (= selected sources on German history in the Middle Ages. Freiherr-vom-Stein-Gedächtnisausgabe. Vol. 11). 7th edition, expanded compared to the 6th by a supplement by Volker Scior. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2000, ISBN 3-534-00602-X , pp. 137-499.
  • Helmold von Bosau: Slawenchronik = Helmoldi Presbyteri Bozoviensis Chronica Slavorum (= selected sources on German history in the Middle Ages. Freiherr-vom-Stein-Gedächtnisausgabe. Vol. 19, ISSN  0067-0650 ). Retransmitted and explained by Heinz Stoob . Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2nd, improved edition, Darmstadt 1973, ISBN 3-534-00175-3 .

literature

  • Erich Hoffmann : Contributions to the history of the Obotrites at the time of the Naconids. In: Eckhard Hübner, Ekkehard Klug, Jan Kusber (eds.): Between Christianization and Europeanization. Contributions to the history of Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages and early modern times. Festschrift for Peter Nitsche on his 65th birthday (= sources and studies on the history of Eastern Europe. Vol. 51). Steiner, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-515-07266-7 , pp. 23–51, especially p. 31, digitized version (PDF; 1.64 MB).
  • Jürgen Petersohn : King Otto III. and the Slavs on the Baltic Sea, Oder and Elbe around the year 995. Mecklenburgzug - Slavnikid massacre - Meißen privilege. In: Early Medieval Studies . Vol. 37, 2003, pp. 99-139, especially pp. 106-113, digitized version (PDF; 2.98 MB).

Remarks

  1. ↑ Thietmar VIII, 5.
  2. ↑ Adam II, 26; Bernhard Schmeidler : Hamburg-Bremen and north-east Europe from the 9th to the 11th centuries already fundamentally on the identity of the person referred to by Adam as Missizla with the Mistizlavus mentioned by Thietmar . Critical studies on the Hamburg church history of Adam of Bremen, on Hamburg documents and on the Nordic and Wendish history. Dietrich, Leipzig 1918, p. 324 f.
  3. ↑ In detail on the descent of Wolfgang H. Fritze : Problems of the abodritic tribal and imperial constitution and its development from a tribal state to a ruling state. In: Herbert Ludat (ed.): Settlement and constitution of the Slavs between the Elbe, Saale and Oder. W. Schmitz, Gießen 1960, pp. 141–219, here p. 161. From the more recent literature without in-depth explanation Jürgen Petersohn: King Otto III. and the Slavs on the Baltic Sea, Oder and Elbe around the year 995. Mecklenburgzug - Slavnikid massacre - Meißen privilege. In: Early Medieval Studies. Vol. 37, 2003, pp. 99-139, here p. 112; Christian Lübke : Between Poland and the Reich. Elbe Slavs and Gentile Religion. In: Michael Borgolte (ed.): Poland and Germany 1000 years ago. The Berlin conference on the “Gnesen Act” (= Europe in the Middle Ages. Vol. 5). Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-05-003749-0 , pp. 91–110, here p. 97; Erich Hoffmann: Contributions to the history of the Obotrites at the time of the Naconids. In: Eckhard Hübner, Ekkehard Klug, Jan Kusber (eds.): Between Christianization and Europeanization. Contributions to the history of Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages and early modern times. Festschrift for Peter Nitsche on his 65th birthday (= sources and studies on the history of Eastern Europe. Vol. 51). Steiner, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-515-07266-7 , pp. 23–51, here p. 31; Peter Donat : Mecklenburg and Oldenburg in the 8th to 10th centuries. In: Mecklenburgische Jahrbücher. Vol. 110, 1995, ISSN  0930-8229 , pp. 5-20, here p. 19; Nils Rühberg: Obodritische velvet rulers and Saxon imperial power from the middle of the 10th century to the elevation of the principality of Mecklenburg in 1167. In: Mecklenburgische Jahrbücher. Vol. 110, 1995, pp. 21–50, here p. 25. Reticent Helge Bei der Wieden : The Beginnings of the House of Mecklenburg - Desire and Reality. In: Yearbook for the history of Central and Eastern Germany . Vol. 53, 2007, pp. 1–20, here SS 7, according to which a descent can only be assumed due to the unclear sources.
  4. ↑ To her Marie Stoklund: Sønder Vissing. In: Heinrich Beck , Dieter Geuenich , Heiko Steuer (Hrsg.): Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde . Vol. 29: Skírnismál - Stiklestad. 2nd, completely revised and greatly expanded edition. De Gruyter, Berlin et al. 2005, ISBN 3-11-018360-9 , pp. 203-205.
  5. ↑ Helmold I, 15.
  6. ↑ Adam II, 42 and Scholion 27; Helmold I, 15; on both in detail Bernhard Friedmann: Investigations on the history of the Abodritic principality up to the end of the 10th century. (= Eastern European Studies of the Universities of the State of Hesse. Series 1: Giessen Treatises on Agricultural and Economic Research in Eastern Europe. Vol. 197). Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1986, ISBN 3-428-05886-0 , pp. 248-259.
  7. ↑ Adam II, 66.
  8. ↑ Christian Lübke: Mstislav (Mistizlavus), Prince of the Abodrites (approx. 990 / 995-1018). In: Lexikon des Mittelalters , Vol. 6, Artemis, Munich 1993, Sp. 882-883.
  9. ↑ Adam, II, 43, Scholion 21.
  10. ↑ This is the assessment made by Erich Hoffmann: Contributions to the history of the Obotrites at the time of the Naconids. In: Eckhard Hübner, Ekkehard Klug, Jan Kusber (eds.): Between Christianization and Europeanization. Contributions to the history of Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages and early modern times. Festschrift for Peter Nitsche on his 65th birthday (= sources and studies on the history of Eastern Europe. Vol. 51). Steiner, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-515-07266-7 , pp. 23–51, here p. 26.
  11. ^ Karl Uhlirz : Yearbooks of the German Empire under Otto II. And Otto III. Vol. 1: Otto II. 973-983 (= year books of German history. Vol. 10, 1, ZDB -ID 532248-0 ). Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1902, p. 252 .
  12. ↑ Thietmar III, 24.
  13. ↑ This is what Peter Donat suspects: Mecklenburg and Oldenburg in the 8th to 10th centuries. In: Mecklenburgische Jahrbücher. Vol. 110, 1995, pp. 5-20, here p. 18.
  14. ↑ Adam II, 42; Helmold I, 15
  15. ↑ Bernhard Friedmann: Studies on the history of the Abodritic principality up to the end of the 10th century. (= Eastern European Studies of the Universities of the State of Hesse. Series 1: Giessen Treatises on Agricultural and Economic Research in Eastern Europe. Vol. 197). Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1986, ISBN 3-428-05886-0 , pp. 248-259, especially p. 248.
  16. ↑ In-depth Bernhard Friedmann: Investigations into the history of the Abodritic principality up to the end of the 10th century. (= Eastern European Studies of the Universities of the State of Hesse. Series 1: Giessen Treatises on Agricultural and Economic Research in Eastern Europe. Vol. 197). Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1986, ISBN 3-428-05886-0 , pp. 248-259.
  17. ↑ Thietmar IV, 57.
  18. ↑ Thietmar IV, 64.
  19. ↑ Helmold I, 14.
  20. ↑ Bernhard Friedmann: Studies on the history of the Abodritic principality up to the end of the 10th century. (= Eastern European Studies of the Universities of the State of Hesse. Series 1: Giessen Treatises on Agricultural and Economic Research in Eastern Europe. Vol. 197). Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1986, ISBN 3-428-05886-0 , p. 256 with reference to one of Anton Christian Wedekind's : Notes on some historians of the German Middle Ages. Vol. 3: Note LXXI - XCIV and supplements from partly unprinted manuscripts, No. V - LIV. Perthes and Besser, Hamburg 1836, p. 4 reproduced entry in the Nekrolog of the Lüneburg Michaeliskloster; see. also Gerd Althoff: Noble and royal families in the mirror of their memorial tradition. Studies on the commemoration of the dead of the Billunger and Ottonians (= Münster medieval writings. Volume 47). Fink, Munich 1984, ISBN 3-7705-2267-2 , p. 387, which takes Wedekind's note.
  21. ↑ Christian Lübke: Regesten on the history of the Slavs on the Elbe and Oder. (From the year 900 on). Part 3: Regesten 983-1013 (= Eastern European Studies of the Universities of the State of Hesse. Series 1: Giessener Treatises on Agricultural and Economic Research in Eastern Europe. Vol. 134). Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1986, ISBN 3-428-05844-5 , Regest 256 b; Christian Lübke: Between Poland and the Reich. Elbe Slavs and Gentile Religion. In: Michael Borgolte (ed.): Poland and Germany 1000 years ago. The Berlin conference on the “Gnesen Act” (= Europe in the Middle Ages. Vol. 5). Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-05-003749-0 , pp. 91–110, here p. 97.
  22. ^ Peter Donat: Mecklenburg and Oldenburg in the 8th to 10th centuries. In: Mecklenburgische Jahrbücher. Vol. 110, 1995, pp. 5-20, here p. 19; Peter Donat: The Slavs in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and their relations with the neighbors. In: Johannes Erichsen (Ed.): 1000 years of Mecklenburg. History and Art of a European Region. Hinstorff, Rostock 1995, ISBN 3-356-00622-3 , pp. 18–26, here p. 18.
  23. ↑ Jürgen Petersohn: King Otto III. and the Slavs on the Baltic Sea, Oder and Elbe around the year 995. Mecklenburgzug - Slavnikid massacre - Meißen privilege. In: Early Medieval Studies. Vol. 37, 2003, pp. 99-139, here p. 112.
  24. ↑ Nils Rühberg: Obodritische Samtherrscher and Saxon imperial power from the mid-10th century to the collection of the Principality Mecklenburg 1167. In: Mecklenburg Yearbooks. Vol. 110, 1995, pp. 21-50, here p. 25, note 24.
  25. ↑ To Mecklenburg as the official seat of the Oldenburg bishops last Jürgen Petersohn: King Otto III. and the Slavs on the Baltic Sea, Oder and Elbe around the year 995. Mecklenburgzug - Slavnikid massacre - Meißen privilege. In: Early Medieval Studies. Vol. 37, 2003, pp. 99-139 p. 110.
  26. ↑ Helmold I, 14.
  27. ↑ Jürgen Petersohn: King Otto III. and the Slavs on the Baltic Sea, Oder and Elbe around the year 995. Mecklenburgzug - Slavnikid massacre - Meißen privilege. In: Early Medieval Studies. Vol. 37, 2003, pp. 99-139, here p. 111.
  28. ↑ Thietmar VIII, 5; similar to Adam II, 43
  29. ↑ Nils Rühberg: Obodritische Samtherrscher and Saxon imperial power from the mid-10th century to the collection of the Principality Mecklenburg 1167. In: Mecklenburg Yearbooks. Vol. 110, 1995, pp. 21-50, here p. 25
  30. ^ Hermann Kamp : Violence and Mission. The Elbe and Baltic Sea Slavs in the crosshairs of the empire and the Saxons from the 10th to the 12th century. In: Christoph Stiegermann, Martin Kroker, Wolfgang Walter (Ed.): Credo. Christianization of Europe in the Middle Ages. Vol. 1: Essays. Imhof, Petersberg 2013, ISBN 978-3-86568-827-9 , pp. 395-404, here p. 398; Bernhard Friedmann: Studies on the history of the abodritic principality up to the end of the 10th century. (= Eastern European Studies of the Universities of the State of Hesse. Series 1: Giessen Treatises on Agricultural and Economic Research in Eastern Europe. Vol. 197). Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1986, ISBN 3-428-05886-0 , p. 267; Introduction to the dispute with Fred Ruchhöft: From the Slavic tribal area to the German bailiwick. The development of the territories in Ostholstein, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania in the Middle Ages (= archeology and history in the Baltic Sea area. Vol. 4). Leidorf, Rahden (Westfalen) 2008, ISBN 978-3-89646-464-4 , pp. 124–128, especially p. 127.
  31. ↑ Thietmar VIII, 5; Apparently following him Erich Hoffmann: Contributions to the history of the Obotrites at the time of the Naconids. In: Eckhard Hübner, Ekkehard Klug, Jan Kusber (eds.): Between Christianization and Europeanization. Contributions to the history of Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages and early modern times. Festschrift for Peter Nitsche on his 65th birthday (= sources and studies on the history of Eastern Europe. Vol. 51). Steiner, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-515-07266-7 , pp. 23–51, here p. 31.
  32. ↑ Gerard Labuda : On the structure of the Slavic tribes in the Mark Brandenburg (10th-12th centuries). In: Yearbook for the history of Central and Eastern Germany. Vol. 42, 1994, pp. 103-140, here p. 134; Bernhard Friedmann: Studies on the history of the abodritic principality up to the end of the 10th century. (= Eastern European Studies of the Universities of the State of Hesse. Series 1: Giessen Treatises on Agricultural and Economic Research in Eastern Europe. Vol. 197). Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1986, ISBN 3-428-05886-0 , pp. 270 and 272.
  33. ↑ Erich Hoffmann: Contributions to the history of the Obotrites at the time of the Naconids. In: Eckhard Hübner, Ekkehard Klug, Jan Kusber (eds.): Between Christianization and Europeanization. Contributions to the history of Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages and early modern times. Festschrift for Peter Nitsche on his 65th birthday (= sources and studies on the history of Eastern Europe. Vol. 51). Steiner, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-515-07266-7 , pp. 23–51, here p. 31.
  34. ↑ Helmold I, 14.
  35. ↑ Jürgen Petersohn: King Otto III. and the Slavs on the Baltic Sea, Oder and Elbe around the year 995. Mecklenburgzug - Slavnikid massacre - Meißen privilege. In: Early Medieval Studies. Vol. 37, 2003, pp. 99-139, here p. 109, note 57.
  36. ↑ Adam II, 49.
  37. ↑ Adam II, 43.
  38. ↑ Erich Hoffmann: Contributions to the history of the Obotrites at the time of the Naconids. In: Eckhard Hübner, Ekkehard Klug, Jan Kusber (eds.): Between Christianization and Europeanization. Contributions to the history of Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages and early modern times. Festschrift for Peter Nitsche on his 65th birthday (= sources and studies on the history of Eastern Europe. Vol. 51). Steiner, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-515-07266-7 , pp. 23–51, here p. 31
  39. ↑ Gerd Althoff : The Ottonians. Royal rule without a state. 3rd, revised edition. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart a. a. 2013, ISBN 978-3-17-022443-8 , p. 209.
  40. ↑ Thietmar VIII, 5.
  41. ↑ Thietmar VIII, 6.
  42. ^ Manfred Hamann : Mecklenburg history. From the beginnings to the rural union of 1523 (= Central German Research. Vol. 51, ISSN  0544-5957 ). Revised on the basis of Hans Witte . Böhlau, Cologne et al. 1968, p. 61 judged the emperor's inaction as “royal (sic) protection” for the Lutizen. Already Ludwig Giesebrecht : Wendische stories from the years 780 to 1182. Vol. 2, Gaertner, Berlin 1843, P. 51 , had suspected that Lutizen had acted on the orders of the Emperor to allow the position to weaken Duke Bernhard I of Saxony . Against him Wolfgang Brüske: Investigations into the history of the Lutizenbund. German-Wendish relations of the 10th – 12th centuries Century (= Central German Research. Vol. 3). 2nd edition increased by one epilogue. Böhlau, Cologne et al. 1983, ISBN 3-412-07583-3 , p. 71.
  43. ↑ Wolfgang H. Fritze: Problems of the abodritic tribal and imperial constitution and its development from a tribal state to a ruling state. In: Herbert Ludat (ed.): Settlement and constitution of the Slavs between the Elbe, Saale and Oder. W. Schmitz, Gießen 1960, pp. 141-219, here p. 141 points out that no document from the Diocese of Oldenburg has survived.
  44. ↑ Thietmar VIII, 5.
  45. ↑ Thus the interpretation of the Helmoldic Mistislaw picture by Wolfgang H. Fritze: Problems of the abodritic tribal and imperial constitution and their development from a tribal state to a ruling state. In: Herbert Ludat (ed.): Settlement and constitution of the Slavs between the Elbe, Saale and Oder. W. Schmitz, Gießen 1960, pp. 141-219, here p. 161.
  46. ↑ Helmold I, 14-16.
  47. ↑ Franz Boll : About the Obotrite Prince Mistuwoi. In: Yearbooks of the Association for Meklenburg History and Antiquity. Vol. 18, 1853, ISSN  0259-7772 , pp. 160-175, online ; Robert Beltz : Mistewoi (Mistizlav). In: Quarterly report of the Association for Meklenburg History and Antiquity. Vol. 61, 3, 1896, ZDB -ID 542818-x , pp. 30-36, online .
  48. ^ Julius Wiggers : Church history Mecklenburgs. Hinstorff, Parchim et al. 1840, p. 20 f.
  49. ^ Bernhard Schmeidler: Hamburg-Bremen and Northeast Europe from the 9th to 11th centuries. Critical studies on the Hamburg church history of Adam of Bremen, on Hamburg documents and on the Nordic and Wendish history. Dietrich, Leipzig 1918, pp. 326, 330.
  50. ^ Albert Hauck : Church history of Germany. Vol. 3: The time of the Saxon and Frankish emperors. 3rd and 4th edition. Hinrichs, Leipzig 1906, pp. 647 f., (5th edition, unchanged reprint of 3rd and 4th editions, ibid. 1920).
  51. ↑ Wolfgang H. Fritze: Problems of the abodritic tribal and imperial constitution and its development from a tribal state to a ruling state. In: Herbert Ludat (ed.): Settlement and constitution of the Slavs between the Elbe, Saale and Oder. W. Schmitz, Giessen 1960, pp. 141-219.
  52. ↑ Fred Ruchhöft: From the Slavic tribal area to the German bailiwick. The development of the territories in Ostholstein, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania in the Middle Ages. (= Archeology and history in the Baltic Sea region. Vol. 4). Leidorf, Rahden (Westfalen) 2008, ISBN 978-3-89646-464-4 , pp. 114-124, in particular pp. 115, 123.
  53. ↑ Erich Hoffmann: Contributions to the history of the Obotrites at the time of the Naconids. In: Eckhard Hübner, Ekkehard Klug, Jan Kusber (eds.): Between Christianization and Europeanization. Contributions to the history of Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages and early modern times. Festschrift for Peter Nitsche on his 65th birthday (= sources and studies on the history of Eastern Europe. Vol. 51). Steiner, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-515-07266-7 , pp. 23–51, here p. 31; Peter Donat: Mecklenburg and Oldenburg in the 8th to 10th centuries. In: Mecklenburgische Jahrbücher. Vol. 110, 1995, pp. 5-20, here p. 20.
  54. ↑ On an alliance of Mistislaws with the Billungers, Richard Wagner : Die Wendenzeit (= Mecklenburg history in individual representations. Issue 2, ZDB -ID 982989-1 ). Süsserott, Berlin 1899, p. 98.
  55. ↑ According to Fred Ruchhöft: From the Slavic tribal area to the German bailiwick. The development of the territories in Ostholstein, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania in the Middle Ages. (= Archeology and history in the Baltic Sea region. Vol. 4). Leidorf, Rahden (Westfalen) 2008, ISBN 978-3-89646-464-4 , p. 115, Mistislaw's sovereign rule could only endure “under the suzerainty of the Saxon duke”.
  56. ^ Gerd Althoff: Saxony and the Elbe Slavs in the Tenth Century. In: The New Cambridge Medieval History . Vol. 3: Timothy Reuter (Ed.): C. 900 - c.1024 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge et al. 1999, ISBN 0-521-36447-7 , pp. 267–292, here p. 285, questions the existence of an Ottonian trademark system in general; Elżbieta Foster, Cornelia Willich: Place names and settlement development. Northern Mecklenburg in the Early and High Middle Ages (= research on the history and culture of Eastern Central Europe. Vol. 31). Steiner, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-515-08938-8 , p. 21 think that the Billungers “firmly rule” the Slavic settlement area “out of the question”.
  57. ↑ Erich Hoffmann: Contributions to the history of the Obotrites at the time of the Naconids. In: Eckhard Hübner, Ekkehard Klug, Jan Kusber (eds.): Between Christianization and Europeanization. Contributions to the history of Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages and early modern times. Festschrift for Peter Nitsche on his 65th birthday (= sources and studies on the history of Eastern Europe. Vol. 51). Steiner, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-515-07266-7 , pp. 23–51, here p. 26.
  58. ↑ Jürgen Petersohn: King Otto III. and the Slavs on the Baltic Sea, Oder and Elbe around the year 995. Mecklenburgzug - Slavnikid massacre - Meißen privilege. In: Early Medieval Studies. Vol. 37, 2003, pp. 99-139, here pp. 106-113; following him Fred Ruchhöft: From the Slavic tribal area to the German bailiwick. The development of the territories in Ostholstein, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania in the Middle Ages. (= Archeology and history in the Baltic Sea region. Vol. 4). Leidorf, Rahden (Westphalia) 2008, ISBN 978-3-89646-464-4 , p. 127.
  59. ↑ Christian Lübke: Regesten on the history of the Slavs on the Elbe and Oder. (From the year 900 on). Part 3: Regesten 983-1013 (= Eastern European Studies of the Universities of the State of Hesse. Series 1: Giessener Treatises on Agricultural and Economic Research in Eastern Europe. Vol. 134). Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1986, ISBN 3-428-05844-5 , Regest 256 b; Christian Lübke: Between Poland and the Reich. Elbe Slavs and Gentile Religion. In: Michael Borgolte (ed.): Poland and Germany 1000 years ago. The Berlin conference on the “Gnesen Act” (= Europe in the Middle Ages. Vol. 5). Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-05-003749-0 , pp. 91–110, here p. 97.
This article was added to the list of excellent articles on December 14, 2015 in this version .
personal data
SURNAME Mistislaw
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Mstislav; Mistizlavus; Missizla
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Velvet ruler of the Abodrites
DATE OF BIRTH 10th century
DATE OF DEATH after 1018