Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and Board of supervisors: Difference between pages
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The '''Board of Supervisors''' is the body governing [[counties]] in the [[United States|U.S.]] [[U.S. state|states]] of [[Arizona]], [[California]], [[Iowa]], [[Mississippi]], [[Virginia]], and [[Wisconsin]]. In other states it may be called the ''[[County Council]]'' or ''[[County Commission]].'' In [[Nebraska]], some counties are governed by a board of supervisors while other counties are governed by a county commission. In New York, counties are governed by a county legislature, a board of representatives, or a board of supervisors. Similar to a [[city council]], a board of supervisors has legislative, executive, and quasi-judicial powers. The important difference is that a county is an administrative division of a state, whereas a city is a municipal corporation; thus, counties implement and, as necessary, refine the local application of state law and public policy, while cities produce and implement their own local laws and public policy (subject to the overriding authority of state law). |
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| Name = Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate |
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| ImageFile = Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate.png |
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<!-- | ImageSize = 250px --> |
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| ImageName = Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate |
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| IUPACName = Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (BEHP) |
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |
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| CASNo = 117-81-7 |
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| SMILES = O=C(OCC(CC)CCCC)<br />C1=CC=CC=C1C(OCC(CC)CCCC)=O |
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}} |
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| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |
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| Formula = C<sub>24</sub>H<sub>38</sub>O<sub>4</sub> |
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| MolarMass = 390.56 |
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| MeltingPt = -50°C |
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| BoilingPt = 385°C |
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}} |
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}} |
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==Legislative powers== |
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'''Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate''', commonly abbreviated DEHP, is an [[organic compound]] with the [[chemical formula|formula]] C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(CO2C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>17</sub>)<sub>2</sub>. It is the most important "[[phthalate]]," being the [[ester|diester]] of [[phthalic acid]] and the branched-chain [[2-Ethylhexanol|2-ethylhexanol]]. This colourless viscous liquid is soluble in oil, but not in water. It possesses good plasticizing properties. Being produced on a massive scale by many companies, it has acquired many names and acronymns, including BEHP, di-2-ethyl hexyl phthalate, as well as dioctyl phthalate (DOP). |
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Under a board's legislative powers, the supervisors have the ability to pass and repeal laws, generally called ''ordinances'', as in cities. Depending on the state, and the subject matter of the law, these laws may apply to the entire county or only to [[unincorporated area]]s not under jurisdiction by a city. The board is also responsible for approving the county budget. County governments frequently collect state taxes and, in some states, they or their citizens are allowed to set certain tax rates. However, because they are ultimately organs of state law and policy, it is unusual for counties to have power to establish their own taxes - they, or their citizens, merely adjust the rates of tax measures created by the state government. Cities, by countrast, typically have power to create their own taxes. [[Detroit, Michigan|Detroit]], for example, has its own income tax, and [[New York City|New York]] has its own sales tax, on top of the New York State sales tax. |
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==Production== |
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The process entails the reaction of [[phthalic anhydride]] with 2-ethylhexanol: |
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:C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(CO)<sub>2</sub>O + 2 C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>17</sub>OH → C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(CO<sub>2</sub> C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>17</sub>)<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O |
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Approximately three billion kilograms are produced annually.<ref name=Ullmanns>Peter M. Lorz, Friedrich K. Towae, Walter Enke, Rudolf Jäckh, Naresh Bhargava, Wolfgang Hillesheim "Phthalic Acid and Derivatives" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2002.</ref> |
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In some states, including [[Michigan]], and in some [[New York]] counties until recently, county governing boards were composed of township (Michigan) or town (New York) 'supervisors'. These were the chief elected officials of each civil township (called 'town' in New York) in a county - hence, the term "Board of Supervisors", because they were originally composed of the various town/township supervisors from across the county. This system gave every township one vote on the county board regardless of its population, resulting in (usually rural) townships with few people having influence in decision-making that was disproportionate to their populations. A township with fewer than 1,000 people had the same clout as a city with more than 1,000,000 people. |
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==Use== |
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Due to its suitable properties and the low cost, DEHP is widely used as a [[plasticizer]] in manufacturing of articles made of [[polyvinyl chloride|PVC]].<ref name=Ullmanns/> Plastics may contain 1% to 40% of DEHP. It is also used as a [[hydraulic fluid]] and as a [[dielectric]] fluid in [[capacitor]]s. DEHP also finds use as a [[solvent]] in [[lightstick]]s. |
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Both Michigan and New York changed how they elected county boards by dividing counties into single member districts, drawn so that each district has more or less the same sized population. In Michigan, the new board model was implemented in 1968. The name 'Board of Supervisors' was changed to 'Board of Commissioners' in 1970, however, to avoid confusion with township government (where the term 'Supervisor' was still used). In New York, the new boards were called "county legislatures" (and their members, "county legislators"), but not every county has adopted this system. Those which retained the old boards of supervisors after the 1960s assigned each member a proportional vote based on the population represented. |
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==Environmental exposure== |
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DEHP has a low vapor pressure, but the temperatures for processing PVC articles are often high, leading to release of elevated levels, raising concerns about health risks (see [[outgassing]]). It can be absorbed from food and water. Higher levels have been found in milk and cheese. It can also leach into a liquid that comes in contact with the plastic; it extracts faster into [[nonpolar]] [[solvent]]s (eg. [[oil]]s and [[fat]]s in foods packed in PVC). [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) therefore permits use of DEHP-containing packaging only for foods that primarily contain water. In soil, DEHP contamination moves very slowly because of its low solubility in water. Therefore, leaching from disposed plastics in [[landfill]]s is generally slow. The US [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] limits for DEHP in [[drinking water]] is 6 [[ppb]]. The U.S. agency [[OSHA]]'s limit for occupational exposure is 5 mg/m<sup>3</sup> of air. |
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==Executive powers== |
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===Use in medical devices=== |
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DEHP has been used as a plasticiser in [[medical device]]s such as intravenous tubing and bags, catheters, nasogastric tubes, dialysis bags and tubing, and blood bags and transfusion tubing, and air tubes. For this reason, concern has been expressed about leachates transported into the patient, especially for those requiring extensive infusions, e.g. [[newborn]]s in [[Neonatal intensive care unit|intensive care nursery]] settings, [[hemophilia]]cs, and [[kidney dialysis]] patients. The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] has advocated not to use medical devices that can leach DEHP into patients and , instead, to resort to DEHP-free alternatives.{{Fact|date=January 2008}} In July 2002, the U.S. FDA issued a [http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/safety/dehp.html Public Health Notification] on DEHP, stating in part, "We recommend considering such alternatives when these high-risk procedures are to be performed on male neonates, pregnant women who are carrying male fetuses, and peripubertal males" noting that the alternatives were to look for non-DEHP exposure solutions. |
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Under a board's ''executive'' powers, the board controls county departments. Generally this is done under the aegis of a [[chief administrative officer]] or [[county executive]]. The power of the CAO or county executive to act independently depends on the composition of the board. Generally, like most [[city manager]]s, the CAO or county executive has authority over the day to day operations of the county's departments. Many boards independently appoint department heads, while other boards may delegate that authority to the CAO or chief executive. Some department heads, like the [[sheriff]] or [[district attorney]], may be elected separately by the electorate; however, the board still exerts some power over these department's budget. Despite the presence of a CAO or chief executive, it is not uncommon for an individual supervisor to meddle in the affairs of individual departments, like setting priorities for projects in one's district or independently requesting investigations of problems in a department. In some counties, the county executive is elected. |
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===Metabolism=== |
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DEHP hydrolyzes to MEHP (mono-ethylhexyl phthalate) and subsequently to [[phthalic acid|phthalate]] salts. The released alcohol is susceptible to oxidation to the [[aldehyde]] and carboxylic acid.<ref name=Ullmanns/> |
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In the [[San Francisco|City and County of San Francisco]], which, as the legal name indicates, has a [[consolidated city-county]] government, the Board of Supervisors does double duty as a county board of control and a city council, while the [[mayor]], likewise, is simultaneously city head of state and county executive. Or to put in cross-comparative terms, San Francisco is the only city in California with a county Board of Supervisors instead of a city council; and it is the only ''county'' in California with a mayor instead of a county executive. |
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==Obesity== |
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A study on [[CDC]] data published in ''Environmental Health Perspectives'' (EHP), revealed that American men with abdominal [[obesity]] or [[insulin resistance]] (a precursor to [[diabetes]]) were more likely to have high levels of DEHP and [[DBP]] metabolites in their urine than men without those problems.<ref>[http://www.thegreenguide.com/doc/121/fat Fat's Hidden Trigger]</ref> |
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==Quasi-judicial powers== |
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==Toxicity== |
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The acute toxicity of DEHP is 30g/kg in rats (oral) and 24g/kg in rabbits (dermal).<ref name=Ullmanns/> Concerns instead focus on its potential as an [[endocrine disruptor]]. The [[European Commission]] has banned the use of DEHP and some other phthalates in PVC toys. |
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Under a board's ''quasi-judicial'' capacity, the board is the final arbiter of decisions made by commissions underneath a board. This generally involves [[land use planning]] issues. |
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<references/> |
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== See also == |
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* [[Board of Chosen Freeholders]] |
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* [http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/safety/dehp.html FDA Public Health Notification: PVC devices containing the plasticizer DEHP] |
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* [[Selectmen]] |
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* [http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts9.html ATSDR ToxFAQs] |
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* [http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/43.html National Pollutant Inventory - Bis 2 ethylhexyl phthalate fact sheet] |
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*{{cite web|url=http://www.greenlivingonline.com/BeautyFashion/six-makeup-chemicals-to-avoid/|title=Toxic Consumer Chemical to Avoid|}} |
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* [http://www.eco-usa.net/toxics/di2ehph.shtml Eco-USA] |
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* [http://www.dehp-facts.com/ DEHP Information Centre] (pro-DEHP, industry-backed group) |
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* [http://www.noharm.org/details.cfm?type=document&ID=349 Report on DEHP by noharm.org] |
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* [http://www.vinyl.org.au/art_pdfs/PSReview.pdf Industry report] |
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* [http://www.hiltrud-breyer.de/downloads/REP_KrankenhausstudieBUND-lang_Juni-2004.pdf Detailed overview of medical DEPH effects and strategies to avoid it (German)] |
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* [http://www.speclab.com/compound/c117817.htm Spectrum Laboratories Fact Sheet] |
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{{HealthIssuesOfPlastics}} |
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{{Unreferenced|date=March 2007}} |
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[[Category:Esters]] |
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[[Category:Aromatic compounds]] |
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[[Category:Carboxylate esters]] |
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[[Category:Ester solvents]] |
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[[Category:Phthalates]] |
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[[Category:Plasticizers]] |
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[[Category:Counties of the United States|*]] |
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[[cs:Bis(2-ethylhexyl) ftalát]] |
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[[Category:Local government in the United States]] |
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[[de:Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalat]] |
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[[it:Di-2-etilesilftalato]] |
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[[ja:フタル酸ビス(2-エチルヘキシル)]] |
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[[fi:Di(2-etyyliheksyyli)ftalaatti]] |
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Revision as of 02:43, 13 October 2008
 | This article may not provide balanced coverage on counties across the U.S. |
The Board of Supervisors is the body governing counties in the U.S. states of Arizona, California, Iowa, Mississippi, Virginia, and Wisconsin. In other states it may be called the County Council or County Commission. In Nebraska, some counties are governed by a board of supervisors while other counties are governed by a county commission. In New York, counties are governed by a county legislature, a board of representatives, or a board of supervisors. Similar to a city council, a board of supervisors has legislative, executive, and quasi-judicial powers. The important difference is that a county is an administrative division of a state, whereas a city is a municipal corporation; thus, counties implement and, as necessary, refine the local application of state law and public policy, while cities produce and implement their own local laws and public policy (subject to the overriding authority of state law).
Legislative powers
Under a board's legislative powers, the supervisors have the ability to pass and repeal laws, generally called ordinances, as in cities. Depending on the state, and the subject matter of the law, these laws may apply to the entire county or only to unincorporated areas not under jurisdiction by a city. The board is also responsible for approving the county budget. County governments frequently collect state taxes and, in some states, they or their citizens are allowed to set certain tax rates. However, because they are ultimately organs of state law and policy, it is unusual for counties to have power to establish their own taxes - they, or their citizens, merely adjust the rates of tax measures created by the state government. Cities, by countrast, typically have power to create their own taxes. Detroit, for example, has its own income tax, and New York has its own sales tax, on top of the New York State sales tax.
In some states, including Michigan, and in some New York counties until recently, county governing boards were composed of township (Michigan) or town (New York) 'supervisors'. These were the chief elected officials of each civil township (called 'town' in New York) in a county - hence, the term "Board of Supervisors", because they were originally composed of the various town/township supervisors from across the county. This system gave every township one vote on the county board regardless of its population, resulting in (usually rural) townships with few people having influence in decision-making that was disproportionate to their populations. A township with fewer than 1,000 people had the same clout as a city with more than 1,000,000 people.
Both Michigan and New York changed how they elected county boards by dividing counties into single member districts, drawn so that each district has more or less the same sized population. In Michigan, the new board model was implemented in 1968. The name 'Board of Supervisors' was changed to 'Board of Commissioners' in 1970, however, to avoid confusion with township government (where the term 'Supervisor' was still used). In New York, the new boards were called "county legislatures" (and their members, "county legislators"), but not every county has adopted this system. Those which retained the old boards of supervisors after the 1960s assigned each member a proportional vote based on the population represented.
Executive powers
Under a board's executive powers, the board controls county departments. Generally this is done under the aegis of a chief administrative officer or county executive. The power of the CAO or county executive to act independently depends on the composition of the board. Generally, like most city managers, the CAO or county executive has authority over the day to day operations of the county's departments. Many boards independently appoint department heads, while other boards may delegate that authority to the CAO or chief executive. Some department heads, like the sheriff or district attorney, may be elected separately by the electorate; however, the board still exerts some power over these department's budget. Despite the presence of a CAO or chief executive, it is not uncommon for an individual supervisor to meddle in the affairs of individual departments, like setting priorities for projects in one's district or independently requesting investigations of problems in a department. In some counties, the county executive is elected.
In the City and County of San Francisco, which, as the legal name indicates, has a consolidated city-county government, the Board of Supervisors does double duty as a county board of control and a city council, while the mayor, likewise, is simultaneously city head of state and county executive. Or to put in cross-comparative terms, San Francisco is the only city in California with a county Board of Supervisors instead of a city council; and it is the only county in California with a mayor instead of a county executive.
Quasi-judicial powers
Under a board's quasi-judicial capacity, the board is the final arbiter of decisions made by commissions underneath a board. This generally involves land use planning issues.
See also
References
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