United States customary units and Lin Shaye: Difference between pages

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{{Infobox Actor
'''U.S. customary units''', also known in the [[United States]] as '''English units''' or '''Imperial units''' (in reference to the [[British Empire]])<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/en/Englsh-u.html "English units of measurement."] (2001-2007). ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'' 6th ed.</ref> (but see [[English unit]] for British standards) or '''standard units''', are the primary and most common [[units of measurement]] used in the United States. In some cases [[International System of Units|SI]] (International System of Units — the modern [[metric system]]) are used alongside customary units within the United States. All units are defined in terms of SI base units, but at ratios inconvenient for conversion.
| name = Lin Shaye
| image = SonyaShaye.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birthname = Linda Shaye
| birthdate = 1944
| birthplace = [[Detroit, Michigan]], [[United States]]
| deathdate =
| deathplace =
| othername =
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 1975-present
| spouse = Marshall Rubinoff (? - July 7, 1968) (his death)<br>[[Clayton Landey]] (January 1, 1988 - 2007)
| website = http://www.safesearching.com/linshaye/home.html
}}


'''Linda "Lin" Shaye''' (born 1944) is an [[United States|American]] film and television actress.
== History ==
The U.S. system of units is similar to the [[Imperial unit|Imperial system]] which was used officially in the [[United Kingdom]] until 1995 <ref name="uk_1995_1804">http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1995/Uksi_19951804_en_1.htm Units of Measurement Regulations 1995, Statutory Instrument 1995 No. 1804</ref> (and which still has official usage there for a few purposes, and unofficial usage for many others). Both systems derive from the evolution of local units over the centuries, as a result of standardization efforts in [[England]]; the local units themselves mostly trace back to Roman and Anglo-Saxon units. Today, these units are defined in terms of SI units.


==Biography==
In the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, the United States government designated the metric system of measurement as "the preferred system of weights and measures for U.S. trade and commerce". The legislation states that the Federal Government has a responsibility to assist industry, especially small business, as it ''voluntarily'' converts to the metric system of measurement. This process of legislation and conversion is known as [[metrication]], and in the U.S. is most evident in labeling requirements on food products, where SI units are almost always presented alongside customary units.
===Early life===
Born in [[Detroit, Michigan]], Shaye is the daughter of Dorothy ([[married and maiden names|née]] Katz), a homemaker, and Max Mendle Shaye, a painter and supermarket owner. Her brother is film executive [[Robert Shaye]].<ref name=filmref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/36/Lin-Shaye.html|title=Lin Shaye Biography (1944-)|publisher=filmreference.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/4/Robert-Shaye.html|title=Robert Shaye Biography (1939-)|publisher=filmreference.com}}</ref>Shaye, who is [[Jew|Jewish]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloody-disgusting.com/news/2948|title=Lin Shaye Spooked By '2001' REAL Ghosts?!|date=2004-12-03|publisher=bloody-disgusting.com}}</ref>studied acting at the [[University of Michigan]] before she moved to New York to appear in [[Off Broadway]] productions. In 1977, she moved to [[Los Angeles]] to further pursue her acting career.<ref name="people">{{cite news|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20126288,00.html|title=Kissing Fool |date=1998-09-14|publisher=''People''|accessdate=2008-10-05}}</ref>


===Career===
However, [[metrication in the United States]] has been less forcefully imposed than in other countries,<ref name="Tenner">Ed Tenner, (May 2005), [http://www.technologyreview.com/Infotech/14422/ "The Trouble with the Meter"]</ref> and has encountered more resistance from industrial and consumer market forces, so customary units are still widely used on consumer products and in industrial manufacturing; only in military, medical, and scientific contexts are SI units generally the norm. Since everyday weights and measures are mostly non-SI, children in U.S. public schools are generally taught customary units before SI, although many schools are now attempting to teach SI units at an earlier age.{{Fact|date=August 2008}}
In 1975, she made her film debut with a small role in ''[[Hester Street (film)|Hester Street]]'', followed by small roles in several movies and television shows. In 1978, she appeared in the [[Jack Nicholson]]-directed Western ''[[Goin' South]]'' in 1978. She has since appeared in a large number of character roles. Many were for her brother, Robert Shaye, co-founder and former co-CEO of [[New Line Cinema]], such as her role as Mrs. Flynn in the 1990 film ''[[Book of Love (1990 film)|Book of Love]]'', which Robert Shaye directed. Her breakout comedy role was the part of Mrs. Nuegeboren in the [[Farrelly Brothers]]' ''[[Dumb and Dumber]]'' (1994). Shaye also appeared in the Farrelly's 1996 comedy ''[[Kingpin (film)|Kingpin]]'', and then got a role as [[Cameron Diaz]]'s overtanned neighbor Magda in their 1998 hit ''[[There's Something About Mary]]''. She followed this with 1999's ''[[Detroit Rock City (film)|Detroit Rock City]]'' as an uptight mother waging a personal war against the band [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]].


Shaye has also appeared in four films by director [[Walter Hill]]: ''[[The Long Riders]]'' (1980), ''[[Brewster's Millions (1985 film)|Brewster's Millions]]'' (1985), ''[[Extreme Prejudice (film)|Extreme Prejudice]]'' (1987) and ''[[Last Man Standing (film)|Last Man Standing]]'' (1996). In 2003, she appeared alongside [[Ray Wise]] and [[Alexandra Holden]] in the cult horror film ''[[Dead End (2003 film)|Dead End]]'' as Laura Harrington, and as Jenny Buono, the mother of 1970s Los Angeles serial killer Angelo Buono in ''[[The Hillside Strangler]]''. Most recently, she was seen in the thriller ''[[Snakes on a Plane]]''. She also appeared in the film ''[[2001 Maniacs]]'' as the part of Granny Boone.
There are anecdotal objections to the use of metric units in carpentry and the building trades, on the basis that it is easier to remember an integer number of inches plus a fraction than a measurement in millimeters,<ref>Robyn Williams ([[February 8]], [[1998]]) ''Trouble with the Metric System '' Australian ''Radio National'', Ockham's Razor. http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/ockham/stories/s11563.htm</ref> or that inch measurements are more suitable when distances are frequently divided by two.<ref name="Tenner"/>


In 2007, she appeared in the short films ''Sponsored By'', ''Under The Gun'', ''Midnight Snack'', ''Time Upon a Once'', ''Old Home Boyz'', ''Backseat Driving Test'', and ''The Yes Men '' which were directed by contestants on the reality show ''[[On the Lot]]''.
<!--this still needs work-->Other countries had (or still have, unofficially), customary units of their own, sometimes very similar in name and measure to the U.S. customary units, since they often shared the same Germanic or Roman origins. Frequently, however, these units designated quite different sizes. For example, in different countries, the ''[[mile]]'' ranged from one half to five US miles, and even [[foot (unit of length)|foot]] and [[pound (mass)|pound]] had varying definitions. Even within the USA, at least through the 19th century, the customary units of measure were sometimes just as variable. Eventually, most countries, including the United States, redefined their customary units in terms of SI units like [[kilogram]] and [[meter]]. Often, though, unlike English units, they were rounded to "nice" SI values, leading to their use in colloquial speech, alongside SI terms, into the present day.


===Personal life===
Historically, a wide range of non-SI units have been used in the United States, and on the British Isles before that, but many of these have fallen into disuse. This article only deals with the units commonly used or officially defined in the United States.
Shaye has been married twice. Her first husband died in 1973. In 1988, she married actor [[Clayton Landey]], with whom she appeared in 2002's ''[[Wish You Were Dead]]''. The couple had two children<ref name=filmref /><ref name="people" /> before divorcing in 2007.


==Selected filmography==
As of 2007, the U.S. customary units remain the last widely used official non-metric system of measurement as besides the United States only [[Liberia]] and [[Myanmar]] have not adopted the International System of Units as their primary or sole system of measurement.<ref name="World Factbook">{{Citation
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 90%;"
|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/appendix/appendix-g.html
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
|title=The World Factbook
! colspan="4" style="background: LightSteelBlue;" | Film
|date=[[2007-01-17]]
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
|publisher=Washington: Central Intelligence Agency
! Year
|chapter=Appendix G - Weights and Measures
! Film
|accessdate=[[2007-02-04]]}}</ref>
! Role

! Notes
== Units of length ==
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:1em 0em 1em 1em"
! Unit
! Divisions
! SI Equivalent
|-
|-
| 1982
!colspan="3"| '''Exact relationships shown in boldface'''
| ''[[Alone in the Dark (1982 film)|Alone in the Dark]]''
| Receptionist at Haven
|
|-
|-
| 1984
!colspan="3"| International
| ''[[A Nightmare on Elm Street]]''
| Teacher
|
|-
|-
| 1986
|1 [[inch]] (in)
| ''[[Critters (film)|Critters]]''
| Sally
|
|
|'''25.4 mm'''
|-
|-
| 1987
|1 [[foot (unit of length)|foot]] (ft)
| ''[[Slam Dance (film)|Slam Dance]]''
|'''12 in'''
| Librarian
|'''0.3048 m'''
|
|-
|-
| 1988
|1 [[yard]] (yd)
| ''[[Critters 2: The Main Course]]''
|'''3 ft'''
| Sal
|'''0.9144 m'''
|
|-
|-
| 1993
|1 [[mile]] (mi)
|'''5,280 ft'''
| ''[[Loaded Weapon 1]]''
| Witness
|'''1.609344 km'''
|
|-
|-
| 1994
!colspan="3"| Survey
| ''[[Corrina, Corrina (film)|Corrina, Corrina]]''
| Repeat Nanny
|
|-
|-
| 1995
|1 [[link (unit)|link]] (li)
| ''[[The Nature of the Beast]]''
|'''{{frac|33|50}} ft'''
| Carol Powell
|0.201168 m
| Alternative titles: ''Bad Company'' & ''Hatchet Man''
|-
|-
| 1998
|1 [[Foot (unit of length)|foot]] (survey)
| ''[[Living Out Loud]]''
|'''{{frac|1200|3937}} m'''
| Lisa's Nurse
|0.3048006 m
|
|-
|-
| 2001
|1 [[rod (unit)|rod]] (rd)
|'''25 li'''
| ''[[Say It Isn't So]]''
| Nurse Bautista
|5.029210 m
|
|-
|-
| 2002
|1 [[chain (unit)|chain]] (ch)
|'''4 rd'''
| ''[[Boat Trip]]''
| Sonya
|20.1168 m
|
|-
|-
| 2003
|1 [[mile]] (survey)
| ''[[Who's Your Daddy? (film)|Who's Your Daddy?]]''
|'''80 ch'''
| Ms. Harding
|1.609347 km
|}
|
The system for measuring length in the United States customary system is based on the [[inch]], [[Foot (unit of length)|foot]], [[yard]], and [[mile]], which are the only four customary length measurements in everyday use. However, for each of these units there exist two slightly different definitions, yielding two different systems of measure - '''international measure''', and '''U.S. survey measure'''. The relationships between the different units within each measure is the same, but each measure has a slightly different definition in terms of metric units.

One inch international measure is exactly 25.4&nbsp;millimeters, while one inch U.S. survey measure is defined so that 39.37&nbsp;[[inch]]es is exactly 1&nbsp;[[meter]]. For most applications, the difference is insignificant. (One international inch is exactly 0.999998 of a U.S. survey inch,<ref>Astin, A.V., Karo, H. A. and Mueller, F. H. (25 June 1959). [http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/FedRegister/FRdoc59-5442.pdf ''Refinement of Values for the Yard and the Pound'']. Federal Register Doc 59-5442. When reading the document it helps to bear in mind that 999,998 = 3937 × 254.</ref> for a difference of about 3&nbsp;millimeters per mile). International measure is used for everyday use, engineering, and commerce in the United States, while survey measure is used only for surveying.

International measure, agreed in 1959, uses the same definition of the units involved as is used in the UK and other [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries. Before that date, those other countries still used separate standards. U.S. survey measure uses an older definition of the units (specified by the [[Mendenhall Order]] in 1893) which the United States used prior to adopting international measure. Previous to this agreement, the U.S. standard was identical to survey measure.
{{-}}

== Units of capacity and volume ==
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:1em 0em 1em 1em"
! colspan="3" | Volume in general
|-
|-
| 2004
! Unit
| ''[[A Cinderella Story]]''
! Divisions
| Mrs. Wells
! SI Equivalent
|
|-
|-
| 2005
|1 [[cubic inch]] (cu in)
| ''[[Drop Dead Sexy]]''
| Ma Muzzy
|
|
|16.387 064 mL<ref> The liter should be abbreviated with a capital ''L'' per National Institute of Standards and Technology. (1995.) ''Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI).'' Special Publication 811. http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/sec06.html#6.1.2</ref>
|-
|-
| 2006
|1 [[cubic foot]] (cu ft)
| ''[[Bachelor Party Vegas]]''
|1 728 cu in
| Cassandra
|28.316 846 592 L
|
|-
|-
| 2008
|1 [[cubic yard]] (cu yd)
| ''[[American Cowslip]]''
|27 cu ft
| Lou Anne
|764.554 857 984 L<br/><center>or</center><br/>0.764 554 857 984 m³
|}
The [[cubic inch]], [[cubic foot]] and [[cubic yard]] are commonly used for measuring volume. In addition, there is one group of units for measuring volumes of liquids, and one for measuring volumes of dry material.

Other than the cubic foot, cubic inch and cubic yard, these units are differently sized from the units in the [[Imperial system]], although the names of the units are similar. Also, while the U.S. has separate systems for measuring the volumes of liquids and dry material, the Imperial system has one set of units for both.

Technically speaking, since these units are defined in terms of the inch, it would make a difference whether international or survey measure was used. However, in practice, the difference between the two definitions would be imperceptible, and in any case in defining volumes international measure is used.
{{-}}

=== Liquid volume ===
''Most important measures shown in '''bold''' font''
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:1em 0em 1em 1em"
! colspan="3" | Liquid volume
|-
! Unit
! Divisions
! SI Equivalent
|-
|1 [[minim (unit)|minim]] (min)
|
|
|0.061 611 52 mL
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
|1 [[fluid dram]] (fl dr)
! colspan="4" style="background: LightSteelBlue;" | Television
|60 min
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
|3.696 691 mL
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|-
| 1977
|1 '''[[fluid ounce]] (fl oz)'''
| ''[[Eight Is Enough]]''
|8 fl dr
|
|29.573 53 [[Millilitre|mL]]
| 1 episode
|-
|-
| 1985
|1 [[gill (unit)|gill]] (gi)
|4 '''fl oz'''
| ''[[The New Twilight Zone]]''
| Kate Simmons
|118.294 1 mL
| 1 episode
|-
|-
| 1991
|1 '''[[cup (unit)|cup]] (cp) or (c)'''
| ''[[Life Goes On (TV series)|Life Goes On]]''
|2 gi or 8 '''[[fl oz]]'''
| Parent #2
|236.588 2 mL
| 1 episode
|-
|-
| 1996
|1 (liquid) '''[[pint]] (pt)'''
| ''[[Frasier]]''
|2 cups or 4 gi or 16 '''fl oz'''
| Anne
|473.176 5 mL
| 1 episode
|-
|-
| 1997
|1 (liquid) '''[[quart]] (qt)'''
|2 '''pt''' or 32 '''fl oz'''
| ''[[Perversions of Science]]''
| The Nurse
|946.352 9 mL
| 1 episode
|-
|-
| 1998
|1 (liquid) '''[[gallon|US gallon]] (US gal)'''
| ''[[Becker (TV series)|Becker]]''
|4 '''qt''' or 128 '''fl oz''' or 231 '''[[Cubic inch|cu&nbsp;in]]'''
| Mrs. Cooper
|3.785 412 L
| 1 episode
|-
|-
| 2004
|1 [[Barrel (unit)|beer barrel]] (bbl)
|31 '''gal'''
| ''[[Crossing Jordan]]''
| Leather Lauren
|117.347 8 L
| 1 episode
|-
|-
| 2006
|1 '''[[Bbl|oil barrel]] (bbl)'''
|42 '''gal'''
| ''[[My Name Is Earl]]''
| Paul's Mom
|158.987 3 L
| 1 episode
|-
|-
| 2007
|1 [[hogshead]]
|63 '''gal'''
| ''[[Dirty Sexy Money]]''
| Leslie Donovan
|238.481 0 L
| 1 episode
|}
|}
The fluid ounce derives its name originally from being the volume of one ounce [[avoirdupois]] of water, but in the US it is defined as 1/128 of a US gallon, so a fluid ounce of water weighs about 1.043 ounces. Single servings of beverages are usually measured in fluid ounces. Milk is usually sold in cups or half pints (8 fluid ounces), pints, quarts, and gallons. Water volume for sinks, bathtubs, ponds, swimming pools, etc., is usually described in gallons. The saying "a pint's a pound the world around" refers to 16 fluid ounces being one pint in the United States, but ironically it is approximately true only in the US. In the rest of the English-speaking world 20 fluid ounces make a pint, so it is said that "A pint of water weighs a pound and a quarter". The gill is basically a ''paper unit'' which is not actually used in the United States any more. Minims and drams are also rarely used.
{{-}}


=== Dry volume ===
==Awards and nominations==
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 90%;"
''Most important measures shown in '''bold''' font''
|- bgcolor="#B0C4DE" align="center"
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:1em 0em 1em 1em"
! style="background-color: #BCBCBC"|Year
! colspan="3" | Dry volume
! style="background-color: #BCBCBC"|Result
! style="background-color: #BCBCBC"|Award
! style="background-color: #BCBCBC"|Category
! style="background-color: #BCBCBC"|Film or series
|-
|-
|1999
! Unit
|'''Nominated'''
! Divisions
|Blockbuster Entertainment Awards
! SI Equivalent
|Favorite Supporting Actress - Comedy
|-
|''There's Something About Mary''
|1 (dry) [[pint]] (pt)
|-style="background-color: #EAEAEA;"
|33.6003125 cu in (exactly)
|2002
|550.610 5 mL
|rowspan=2|'''Won'''
|-
|[[Method Fest Independent Film Festival]]
|1 (dry) [[quart]] (qt)
|Best Supporting Actress
|2 pt
|<center>-</center>
|1.101 221 L
|-style="background-color: #EAEAEA;"
|-
|2004
|1 (dry) gallon
|Peñíscola Comedy Film Festival
|4 qt
|Best Actress
|4.404 884 L
|''Dead End''
|-
|1 [[peck]] (pk)
|2 (dry) gallons
|8.809 768 L
|-
|1 [[bushel]] (bu)
|4 pk
|35.239 07 L
|}
|}
Small fruits and vegetables are often sold in dry pints and dry quarts. The U.S. dry gallon is less commonly used, and '''is not listed''' in the relevant statute, which jumps from the dry quart to the peck.<ref name="15USC205">[http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/search/display.html?terms=unit%20measure&url=/uscode/html/uscode15/usc_sec_15_00000205----000-notes.html ''Authorized tables'']'', U.S. Code'', Title 15, ch. 6, subchapter I, sec. 205, accessed 19 July 2008.</ref> However [[peck]]s, or [[bushel]]s are sometimes used particularly for grapes, apples and similar fruits in agricultural regions.
{{-}}

== Units of mass ==
There have historically been four different English systems of mass: [[Pound (mass)|Tower weight]], [[Troy weight]], [[Avoirdupois system]], and [[Apothecaries' system]]. Tower weight fell out of use (due to legal prohibition) centuries ago, and was never used in the United States. Troy weight is still used to weigh precious metals. Apothecaries weight, once used in pharmacy, has been largely replaced by metric measurements. Avoirdupois mass, being directly related to the kilogram, is used to define mass in the U.S. customary system today.

The Avoirdupois pound is legally defined as a measure of [[mass]], but the name pound is also applied to measures of [[Force (physics)|force]]. For instance, in many contexts, the [[Pound (mass)|pound]] avoirdupois is used as a unit of mass, but in the some contexts, the term "pound" is almost exclusively used to refer to "[[pound-force]]".

Troy weight, avoirdupois weight, and apothecaries weight are all defined in terms of the same basic unit, the grain, which is the same in all three systems. However, while each system has some overlap in the names of their units of measure (all have ounces and pounds), the relationship between the grain and these other units within each system varies. For example, in apothecaries and troy weight, the pound and ounce are the same, but are different from the pound and ounce in avoirdupois, in terms of their relationships to grains and to each other. The systems also have different units between the grain and ounce (apothecaries has scruple and [[dram (mass)|dram]], troy has pennyweight, and avoirdupois has just [[dram (mass)|dram]]). The [[dram (mass)|dram]] was once known as the ''drachm''.

To alleviate confusion, it is typical when publishing non-avoirdupois weights to mention the name of the system along with the unit. Precious metals, for example, are often weighed in "troy ounces", because just "ounce" would be more likely to be assumed to mean an ounce avoirdupois.

The pound avoirdupois, which forms the basis of the U.S. customary system of mass, is defined as exactly 453.59237 [[gram]]s. All the other units of mass are defined in terms of it.

For the pound and smaller units, the U.S. customary system and the British Imperial system are identical. However, they differ when dealing with units larger than the pound. The definition of the pound avoirdupois in the British Imperial system is identical to that in the U.S. customary system.

=== Avoirdupois weight ===
{{Main|Avoirdupois}}
{| class="wikitable" style="height:220px"
! Unit
! Divisions
! SI Equivalent
|-
|1 [[Grain (measure)|grain]] (gr)
|{{frac|7000}} lb
|64.798 91 mg
|-
|1 [[dram]] (dr)
|{{frac|27|11|32}} gr
|1.771 845 195 312 5 g
|-
|'''1 [[ounce]] (oz)'''
|16 dr
|28.349 523 125 g
|-
|'''1 [[pound (mass)|pound]] (lb)'''
|16 oz
|453.592 37 g
|-
|1 [[hundredweight]] (cwt)
|100 lb
|45.359 237 kg
|-
|'''1 [[short ton|(short) ton]]'''
|20 cwt
|907.184 74 kg
|}
*'''''bold''' indicates commonly used units''
In the United States, only the ounce, pound and short ton — known in the country simply as the ton — are commonly used, though the hundredweight is still used in agriculture and shipping.

=== Troy weight ===
{{Main|Troy weight}}
The grain has the same definition as for Avoirdupois weight.
{| class="wikitable"
! Unit
! Divisions
! SI Equivalent
|-
|1 [[pennyweight]] (dwt)
|24 gr
|1.555 173 84 g
|-
|1 [[troy ounce]] (oz t)
|20 dwt
|31.103 476 8 g
|-
|1 [[troy pound]] (lb t)
|12 oz t
|373.241 721 6 g
|}

== Cooking measures ==
{{Main|Cooking weights and measures}}
The most common cooking weights and measures in the United States are as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
! Unit
! Divisions
! SI Equivalent
|-
|1 [[teaspoon]] (tsp)
|
|5 mL
|-
|1 [[tablespoon]] (tbsp)
|3 tsp
|15 mL
|-
|1 [[cup (unit)|cup]]
|16 tbsp
|240 mL
|-
|1 stick <!--(of butter)-->
|4 oz
|115 g
|}
Note: SI equivalents have been rounded to reasonable values in the table above, because cooking is not a precise science.

== Grain measures ==
In agricultural practice, a [[bushel]] is a fixed mass of grain, nominally based on dry volume units.

*1 bushel (maize) = 56 lb ≈ 25.401 kg
*1 bushel (wheat) = 60 lb ≈ 27.216 kg

== Units of temperature ==
Degrees [[Fahrenheit]] are used in the United States to measure [[temperature]]s in most non-scientific contexts.
*Pure water freezes at 32 °F and boils at 212 °F at 1 [[Atmosphere (unit)|atm]].
*Water saturated with common salt freezes at −6.02 °F.
*Conversion formula: <math>F = \frac{9}{5}C + 32</math>
*For a rough conversion formula that is easier to perform in one's head, American travelers to regions that use Celsius may prefer <math>F \approx 2C + 30\,</math> which is identical to the real formula when F=50 and is accurate to within 5 degrees Fahrenheit when <math>5 \le F \le 95</math>.
For scientific matters the [[Rankine scale]], an absolute temperature scale based upon Fahrenheit, saw some use. Modern scientists almost always use the [[Kelvin]] and [[Celsius]] scales, though U.S. medical practitioners often use the U.S. customary units for body temperature and weight.

== Other units ==
*[[British thermal unit]] (~ 1055 J)
*[[Horsepower]] (~ 746 W)
*[[hand (unit)|Hand]] (10.16 cm)
*[[Calorie]] (4.184 J or kJ, depending on usage)
*[[Board-foot]] (2.360 dm³)
*[[R-value (insulation)|R-value]] (0.176 K·m²/W)
*[[Slug (mass)]] (1 [[pound-force|lb<sub>f</sub>]]·s²/ft)

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}


== See also ==
==References==
{{reflist}}
*[[History of measurement|History]], [[Systems of measurement|systems]] and [[units of measurement]]
*[[English unit|English]] and [[Imperial unit|Imperial]] units
*[[Comparison of the imperial and US customary measurement systems]]
*[[Metric system]] in general and the [[SI|International System of Units (SI)]] in particular
*[[Conversion of units]] and [[approximate conversion of units]]
*[[Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States]]


== External links ==
==External links==
*[http://www.safesearching.com/linshaye/home.html Lin Shaye Official site]
*Source: Appendix C, [http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/h44-06.cfm NIST Handbook 44, 2006 edition] (http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/upload/AppendC-06-HB44-Final.pdf Appendix C PDF]).
*{{imdb name|name=Lin Shaye|id=0005417}}
*Judson, Lewis B., ''Weights and Measures Standards of the United States: A brief history'', [[NIST|NBS]] Special Publication 447, orig. iss. October 1963, updated March 1976 ([http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP447/sp447.pdf 46 page PDF file] or [http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP447/contents.html table of contents]).
*{{amg name|2:64988}}
*Jacques J. Proot's [http://users.aol.com/jackproot/met/spvolas.html Anglo-Saxon weights & measures] page.
*Rowlett's [http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/index.html A Dictionary of Units of Measurement]


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|NAME= Shaye, Lin
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Shaye, Linda
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= Actress
|DATE OF BIRTH= 1944
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Detroit, Michigan]], [[United States]]
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}


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[[Category:Customary units in the United States| ]]
[[Category:Imperial units]]
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Systems of units]]
[[Category:American film actors]]
[[Category:American Jews]]
[[Category:American stage actors]]
[[Category:American television actors]]
[[Category:American video game actors]]
[[Category:Jewish actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Michigan alumni]]
[[Category:People from Detroit, Michigan]]


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Revision as of 05:57, 13 October 2008

Lin Shaye
File:SonyaShaye.jpg
Born
Linda Shaye
OccupationActress
Years active1975-present
Spouse(s)Marshall Rubinoff (? - July 7, 1968) (his death)
Clayton Landey (January 1, 1988 - 2007)
Websitehttp://www.safesearching.com/linshaye/home.html

Linda "Lin" Shaye (born 1944) is an American film and television actress.

Biography

Early life

Born in Detroit, Michigan, Shaye is the daughter of Dorothy (née Katz), a homemaker, and Max Mendle Shaye, a painter and supermarket owner. Her brother is film executive Robert Shaye.[1][2]Shaye, who is Jewish,[3]studied acting at the University of Michigan before she moved to New York to appear in Off Broadway productions. In 1977, she moved to Los Angeles to further pursue her acting career.[4]

Career

In 1975, she made her film debut with a small role in Hester Street, followed by small roles in several movies and television shows. In 1978, she appeared in the Jack Nicholson-directed Western Goin' South in 1978. She has since appeared in a large number of character roles. Many were for her brother, Robert Shaye, co-founder and former co-CEO of New Line Cinema, such as her role as Mrs. Flynn in the 1990 film Book of Love, which Robert Shaye directed. Her breakout comedy role was the part of Mrs. Nuegeboren in the Farrelly Brothers' Dumb and Dumber (1994). Shaye also appeared in the Farrelly's 1996 comedy Kingpin, and then got a role as Cameron Diaz's overtanned neighbor Magda in their 1998 hit There's Something About Mary. She followed this with 1999's Detroit Rock City as an uptight mother waging a personal war against the band Kiss.

Shaye has also appeared in four films by director Walter Hill: The Long Riders (1980), Brewster's Millions (1985), Extreme Prejudice (1987) and Last Man Standing (1996). In 2003, she appeared alongside Ray Wise and Alexandra Holden in the cult horror film Dead End as Laura Harrington, and as Jenny Buono, the mother of 1970s Los Angeles serial killer Angelo Buono in The Hillside Strangler. Most recently, she was seen in the thriller Snakes on a Plane. She also appeared in the film 2001 Maniacs as the part of Granny Boone.

In 2007, she appeared in the short films Sponsored By, Under The Gun, Midnight Snack, Time Upon a Once, Old Home Boyz, Backseat Driving Test, and The Yes Men which were directed by contestants on the reality show On the Lot.

Personal life

Shaye has been married twice. Her first husband died in 1973. In 1988, she married actor Clayton Landey, with whom she appeared in 2002's Wish You Were Dead. The couple had two children[1][4] before divorcing in 2007.

Selected filmography

Film
Year Film Role Notes
1982 Alone in the Dark Receptionist at Haven
1984 A Nightmare on Elm Street Teacher
1986 Critters Sally
1987 Slam Dance Librarian
1988 Critters 2: The Main Course Sal
1993 Loaded Weapon 1 Witness
1994 Corrina, Corrina Repeat Nanny
1995 The Nature of the Beast Carol Powell Alternative titles: Bad Company & Hatchet Man
1998 Living Out Loud Lisa's Nurse
2001 Say It Isn't So Nurse Bautista
2002 Boat Trip Sonya
2003 Who's Your Daddy? Ms. Harding
2004 A Cinderella Story Mrs. Wells
2005 Drop Dead Sexy Ma Muzzy
2006 Bachelor Party Vegas Cassandra
2008 American Cowslip Lou Anne
Television
Year Title Role Notes
1977 Eight Is Enough 1 episode
1985 The New Twilight Zone Kate Simmons 1 episode
1991 Life Goes On Parent #2 1 episode
1996 Frasier Anne 1 episode
1997 Perversions of Science The Nurse 1 episode
1998 Becker Mrs. Cooper 1 episode
2004 Crossing Jordan Leather Lauren 1 episode
2006 My Name Is Earl Paul's Mom 1 episode
2007 Dirty Sexy Money Leslie Donovan 1 episode

Awards and nominations

Year Result Award Category Film or series
1999 Nominated Blockbuster Entertainment Awards Favorite Supporting Actress - Comedy There's Something About Mary
2002 Won Method Fest Independent Film Festival Best Supporting Actress
-
2004 Peñíscola Comedy Film Festival Best Actress Dead End

References

  1. ^ a b "Lin Shaye Biography (1944-)". filmreference.com.
  2. ^ "Robert Shaye Biography (1939-)". filmreference.com.
  3. ^ "Lin Shaye Spooked By '2001' REAL Ghosts?!". bloody-disgusting.com. 2004-12-03.
  4. ^ a b "Kissing Fool". People. 1998-09-14. Retrieved 2008-10-05. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

External links

Template:Persondata

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