1864 United States presidential election and Category:American people by descent: Difference between pages

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This category includes articles on American people who immigrated to the United States from other countries and their descendants as well as American people born to binational parents. It also includes articles on aboriginal Americans.
{{Infobox Election
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| election_name = United States presidential election, 1864
| country = United States
| type = presidential
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = United States presidential election, 1860
| previous_year = 1860
| next_election = United States presidential election, 1868
| next_year = 1868
| election_date = November 8, 1864
| image1 = [[Image:Abraham Lincoln head on shoulders photo portrait.jpg|147px]]
| nominee1 = [[Abraham Lincoln]]
| party1 = National Union Party (United States)
| home_state1 = [[Illinois]]
| running_mate1 = '''[[Andrew Johnson]]'''
| electoral_vote1 = 212
| states_carried1 = '''22'''
| popular_vote1 = '''2,218,388'''
| percentage1 = '''55.0%'''
| image2 = [[Image:GeorgeMcClellan.jpeg|154px]]
| nominee2 = [[George B. McClellan]]
| party2 = Democratic Party (United States)
| home_state2 = [[Pennsylvania]]
| running_mate2 = [[George Hunt Pendleton]]
| electoral_vote2 = 21
| states_carried2 = 3
| popular_vote2 = 1,812,807
| percentage2 = 45.0%
| map_image = 1864_Electoral_Map.png
| map_size = 350px
| map_caption = Presidential election results map. <font color=red>Red</font> denotes states won by Lincoln/Johnson, <font color=darkblue>Blue</font> denotes those won by McClellan/Pendleton, <font color=brown>Brown</font> denotes Confederate States. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
| title = President
| before_election = [[Abraham Lincoln]]
| before_party = Republican Party (United States)
| after_election = [[Abraham Lincoln]]
| after_party = National Union Party (United States)
}}


This category does NOT include articles on American people who have emigrated to other countries. For them, see [[:Category:People of American descent]].
In the '''United States Presidential election of 1864''', [[Abraham Lincoln]] was re-elected as president. Lincoln had been a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] but he ran under the [[National Union Party (United States)|National Union Party]] banner against his former top Civil War general, the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] candidate, [[George B. McClellan]], and the [[Radical Republican (USA)|Radical Republican Party]] candidate, [[John C. Frémont]]. McClellan was the "peace candidate" but did not personally believe in his party's platform. Frémont abandoned his political campaign in September 1864, after he brokered a political deal in which Lincoln removed U.S. Postmaster General [[Montgomery Blair]] from office.


Categories included in various regional/continental sub-categories are also directly included in this category.
The election of 1864 was conducted during the [[United States Civil War|Civil War]], and as such, none of the states controlled by governments loyal to the [[Confederate States of America]] participated. This was the first time any nation held a national election in the midst of a civil war.


Style note: There is no consensus to add a hyphen to those categories which lack it ("Fooian Americans"); there was some consensus to add a hyphen to those categories that have it ("Fooian-Americans"). See: [[Hyphenated American]]
Republicans across the country were jittery during the summer of 1864. Confederate forces had triumphed at the [[Battle of Mansfield]] and the [[Battle of the Crater]]. In addition, the war was continuing to take a very high toll. The prospect of a long, never-ending war started to make the "negotiated peace" offered by the Democrats look more desirable. But then the Democrats had to confront the severe internal strains within their party at the [[1864 Democratic National Convention|Democratic National Convention]]. Finally, with [[William Tecumseh Sherman]] marching inexorably toward [[Atlanta]] and [[Ulysses S. Grant]] pushing Lee into the outer defenses of [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]], it became increasingly obvious that a Union military victory was inevitable and close at hand.


{{Demographics of the United States}}
The Lincoln/Johnson ticket ran with the slogan “Don't change horses in the middle of a stream.” Republicans loyal to Lincoln, in opposition to a group of Republican dissidents who nominated [[John C. Frémont]], joined with a number of Democrats to form the [[National Union Party (United States)|National Union Party]], to appeal to War Democrats; the new name vanished after the election. Johnson, however, never became a Republican.


[[Category:American people| Ethnicity]]
The Republican/Union party made an all-out effort to depict the Democrats in the worst way possible. They ridiculed McClellan for his pacifist platform and denounced Democrats as traitorous [[Copperheads (politics)|Copperheads]]. On November 8, Lincoln won by over 400,000 popular votes and easily clinched an electoral majority. Several states allowed their citizens serving as soldiers in the field to cast ballots, a first in United States history. Soldiers in the [[Union Army|Army]] gave Lincoln more than 70% of their vote.
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States| ]]
[[Category:People by ethnic or national origin]]


[[cy:Categori:Americanwyr yn ôl tras ethnig neu genedlaethol]]
== Nominations ==
[[da:Kategori:Etniske grupper i USA]]

[[es:Categoría:Estadounidenses por grupo étnico]]
[[Image:1864 US election poster.jpg|thumb|right|National Union (Republican) Party poster for Pennsylvania in 1864]]
[[fa:رده:اهالی آمریکا بر اساس تبار]]

[[fr:Catégorie:Personnalité américaine par origine ethnique ou nationale]]
=== "National Union Party" nomination ===
[[it:Categoria:Oriundi negli Stati Uniti]]

[[ko:분류:미국의 인종별 또는 국적별 사람]]
Abraham Lincoln was nominated by the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], which was replaced before the 1864 election by the [[National Union Party (United States)|"National Union Party”]]. Lincoln's nomination was not unanimous, however, as 22 disgruntled opponents of Lincoln voted for [[Ulysses S. Grant]], who was not a candidate. Seeing an opportunity to work with the [[War Democrats]] under the Union banner, the convention nominated Military-Governor [[Andrew Johnson]] of Tennessee, a War Democrat, as Lincoln's running mate over incumbent Vice President [[Hannibal Hamlin]] and three other War Democrats - former New York Senator [[Daniel S. Dickinson]], Buchanan cabinet member [[Joseph Holt]] and General [[Benjamin Franklin Butler (politician)|Ben Butler]].
[[hu:Kategória:Amerikaiak származás szerint]]

[[nl:Categorie:Amerikaans immigrant]]
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
[[ja:Category:民族別のアメリカ合衆国の人物]]
| colspan="3" | '''Presidential Ballot'''
[[no:Kategori:Etniske grupper i USA]]
|-
[[ru:Категория:Иммигранты США]]
!Ballot !!1st Before Shifts!! 1st After Shifts
[[sl:Kategorija:Američani po rasi]]
|-
[[tr:Kategori:Etnik kökenlerine göre ABD'liler]]
![[Abraham Lincoln]] !!484!! 506
[[zh:Category:各族群美国人]]
|-
![[Ulysses S. Grant]] !!22!! 0
|}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="3" | '''Vice Presidential Ballot'''
|-
!Ballot !!1st !! 2nd
|-
![[Andrew Johnson]] !!200!! 494
|-
![[Hannibal Hamlin]] !!150!! 9
|-
![[Daniel Dickinson]] !!108!! 17
|-
![[Benjamin Franklin Butler (politician)|Benjamin Butler]] !!28!! 0
|-
![[Lovell Rousseau]] !!21!! 0
|-
![[Schuyler Colfax]] !!6!! 0
|-
![[Ambrose Burnside]] !!2!! 0
|-
![[Joseph Holt]] !!2!! 0
|-
![[Preston King]] !!1!! 0
|-
![[David Tod]] !!1!! 1
|}

=== Democratic Party nomination ===

Democratic candidates

* [[George B. McClellan]], Army major general from [[New Jersey]]
* [[Charles O'Conor]], lawyer from [[New York]]
* [[Horatio Seymour]], [[Governor of New York]] and candidate for the 1860 nomination
* [[Thomas H. Seymour]], former U.S. representative from [[Connecticut]]

<gallery>
Image:GeorgeMcClellan.jpeg|[[General (United States)|General]] '''[[George B. McClellan]]''' of [[New Jersey]]
Image:CO'Conor.jpg|'''[[Charles O'Conor]]''' of [[New York]]
Image:Horatio Seymour - Brady-Handy.jpg|[[List of Governors of New York|Governor]] '''[[Horatio Seymour]]''' of [[New York]]
Image:ThomasHartSeymour.jpg|[[United States House of Representatives|Former Congressman]] '''[[Thomas H. Seymour]]''' of [[Connecticut]]
</gallery>

The [[History of the United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]] was bitterly split between the War Democrats and the anti-war Copperheads. The compromise was to nominate pro-war General [[George B. McClellan]] along with an anti-war platform. McClellan defeated [[Horatio Seymour]] and others for the nomination; he and ticketmate [[George H. Pendleton]] were nominated on a peace platform<ref>[http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29578 1864 Democratic Platform]</ref> — a platform McClellan personally rejected.<ref name=Ohio>{{cite web |url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=258 |title=George B. McClellan |publisher=Ohio History Central |accessdate=2007-03-06}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="5" | '''Presidential Ballot'''
|-
!Ballot !!1st Before Shifts!! 1st After Shifts
|-
![[George B. McClellan]] !!174!! 202.5
|-
![[Thomas H. Seymour]]!!38!! 23.5
|-
![[Horatio Seymour]] !!12!! 0
|-
!Abstaining !!1.5!! 0
|-
![[Charles O'Conor]] !!.5!! 0
|}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="3" | '''Vice Presidential Ballot'''
|-
!Ballot !!1st Before Shifts!! 1st After Shifts
|-
![[James Guthrie (American politician)|James Guthrie]] !!65.5!! 0
|-
![[George H. Pendleton]]!!55.5!! 226
|-
![[Lazarus W. Powell]] !!32.5!! 0
|-
![[George Washington Cass|George W. Cass]] !!26!! 0
|-
![[John Dean Caton]] !!16!! 0
|-
![[Daniel W. Voorhees]]!!13!! 0
|-
![[Augustus C. Dodge]] !!9!! 0
|-
![[John S. Phelps]] !!8!! 0
|-
!Abstaining !!.5!! 0
|}

== General election ==

The 1864 election was the first time since 1812 that a presidential election took place during a war. For much of 1864, Lincoln himself believed he had little chance of being re-elected. Early on, McClellan was thought to be a heavy favorite to win the election. But McClellan's chances of victory faded after Union victories in Georgia and Virginia, followed by the negotiated withdrawal of [[John C. Frémont]]'s Radical Republican Party candidacy.

A foretaste of the national election came in the state elections held in the months prior to the presidential election. In these six state elections (Oregon on 6/5, Vermont on 9/6, Maine on 9/11, Ohio and Pennsylvania on 10/10, and West Virginia on 10/26), the Union Republican Party won a sweeping victory. These six states elected 44 Union Republicans in U.S. House races, compared to just 10 Democrats, for a net gain of 18 seats for the Union Republicans. The stage had been set for Lincoln.

=== Results ===

Only 24 states participated, because 11 had seceded from the Union and claimed to have formed their own nation: the Confederate States of America (CSA). Three new states participated for the first time: [[Nevada]], [[West Virginia]], and [[Kansas]]. The reconstructed portions of Tennessee and Louisiana elected presidential Electors, although Congress did not count their votes.

{{start U.S. presidential ticket box|pv_footnote=<sup>(a)</sup>|ev_footnote=<sup>(a), (b)</sup>}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row|name=[[Abraham Lincoln]]|vp_name=[[Andrew Johnson]]<sup>(c)</sup>|party=[[National Union Party (United States)|National Union]]<sup>(c)</sup>|state=[[Illinois]]|vp_state=[[Tennessee]]|pv=2,218,388|pv_pct=55.0%|ev=212}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box row|name=[[George B. McClellan|George Brinton McClellan]]|vp_name=[[George H. Pendleton|George Hunt Pendleton]]|party=[[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]]|state=[[New Jersey]]|vp_state=[[Ohio]]|pv=1,812,807|pv_pct=45.0%|ev=21}}
{{U.S. presidential ticket box other|footnote=|pv=692|pv_pct=0.0%}}
{{end U.S. presidential ticket box|pv=4,031,887|ev=233|to_win=117}}

'''Source (Popular Vote):''' {{Leip PV source| year=1864| as of=July 27, 2005}}
'''Source (Electoral Vote):''' {{National Archives EV source| year=1864| as of=July 31, 2005}}

<sup>(a)</sup> ''The states in rebellion did not participate in the election of 1864.''<br>
<sup>(b)</sup> ''One Elector from Nevada did not vote''<br>
<sup>(c)</sup> ''Andrew Johnson had been a Democrat, and after 1869 was a Democrat. The Republicans did not run a presidential candidate in 1864 but formed the National Union Party to accommodate the War Democrats.''

== See also ==

* [[American election campaigns in the 19th century]]
* [[History of the United States (1849–1865)]]
* [[Third Party System]]
* [[United States House elections, 1864]]

== References ==

* Harold M. Dudley. "The Election of 1864," ''Mississippi Valley Historical Review'', Vol. 18, No. 4 (Mar., 1932), pp. 500-518 full text in JSTOR
* David E. Long. ''Jewel of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln's Re-election and the End of Slavery'' (1994)
* Merrill, Louis Taylor. "General Benjamin F. Butler in the Presidential Campaign of 1864." ''Mississippi Valley Historical Review'' 33 (March 1947): 537-70 full text in JSTOR
* Nelson, Larry E. ''Bullets, Ballots, and Rhetoric: Confederate Policy for the United States Presidential Contest of 1864'' University of Alabama Press, 1980.
* Nevins, Allan. ''Ordeal of the Union: The War for the Union'' vol 8 (1971)
* Randall, James G. and Richard N. Current. ''Lincoln the President: Last Full Measure''. Vol. 4 of Lincoln the President. 1955.
* Vorenberg, Michael. "'The Deformed Child': Slavery and the Election of 1864" ''Civil War History'' 2001 47(3): 240-257. ISSN 0009-8078 full text in JSTOR
* Jack Waugh ''Reelecting Lincoln: The Battle for the 1864 Presidency'' (1998), a popular study
* White, Jonathan W. "Canvassing the Troops: the Federal Government and the Soldiers' Right to Vote" ''Civil War History'' 2004 50(3): 291-317. ISSN 0009-8078

== Notes ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://geoelections.free.fr/USA/elec_comtes/1864.htm 1864 popular vote by counties]
* [http://www.multied.com/elections/1864Pop.html 1864 State-by-state popular results]
* Transcript of the 1864 [http://www.sonofthesouth.net/union-generals/mcclellan/democratic-platform-1864.htm Democratic Party Platform]
* [http://elections.harpweek.com/1864/Overview-1864-2.htm Harper Weekly - Overview]
* [http://13thamendment.harpweek.com/HubPages/CommentaryPage.asp?Commentary=05Election1864 more from Harper Weekly]
* [http://www.msu.edu/~sheppa28/elections.html#1864 How close was the 1864 election?] - Michael Sheppard, Michigan State University
* [http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/lincoln/ Abraham Lincoln: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress]

== Navigation ==

{{USPresidentialElections}}

[[Category:History of the United States (1849–1865)]]
[[Category:United States presidential election, 1864]]

[[de:Präsidentschaftswahl in den Vereinigten Staaten 1864]]
[[fr:Élection présidentielle américaine de 1864]]
[[nl:Amerikaanse presidentsverkiezingen 1864]]
[[ja:1864年アメリカ合衆国大統領選挙]]
[[ru:Президентские выборы в США (1864)]]

Revision as of 22:29, 12 October 2008

This category includes articles on American people who immigrated to the United States from other countries and their descendants as well as American people born to binational parents. It also includes articles on aboriginal Americans. Jump to: navigation, search

This category does NOT include articles on American people who have emigrated to other countries. For them, see Category:People of American descent.

Categories included in various regional/continental sub-categories are also directly included in this category.

Style note: There is no consensus to add a hyphen to those categories which lack it ("Fooian Americans"); there was some consensus to add a hyphen to those categories that have it ("Fooian-Americans"). See: Hyphenated American

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