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'''Bertrand de Saint-Martin''' (died March 28 or 29, 1278) was a French [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]].
'''Bertrand de Saint-Martin''' (died 28 or 29 March 1278) was a French [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]].


He was born in Arles.
He was born in [[Arles]].


==Career in the Church==
⚫
He entered the Order of [[Benedictines]] and by 1238 was dean of the abbey of Saint-André de Villeneuve at Avignon.<ref>J. Albanés, ''Gallia christiana novissima: Aix, Apt, Fréjus, Gap, Riez et Sisteron'' (Montbeliard 1899), p. 354, n. 1. Ulysse Chevalier and J. Albanés, ''Gallia christiana novissima. Arles'' (Valence 1901), p. 488.</ref> In 1248 he was elected [[bishop of Fréjus]] (1248-1264) by the Cathedral Chapter. He was already consecrated on 9 August, when he participated in the dedication of the Dominican convent of Baume in Sisteron.<ref>J. Albanés, ''Gallia christiana novissima: Aix, Apt, Fréjus, Gap, Riez et Sisteron'' (Montbeliard 1899), p. 354.</ref> He had already been named Coadjutor of the Archbishop of Aix by 20 February, 1250.<ref>J. Albanés, ''Gallia christiana novissima: Aix, Apt, Fréjus, Gap, Riez et Sisteron'' (Montbeliard 1899), Instrumenta, p. 29.</ref> In July, 1252, he took part in the final negotiations for a peace between Aix and Marseille. On 13 July, 1257, he was present at Brignoles at a ceremony of infeudation, between Charles, Count of Anjou, and Gilbert de Baux.<ref>J. Albanés, ''Gallia christiana novissima: Aix, Apt, Fréjus, Gap, Riez et Sisteron'' (Montbeliard 1899), p. 354.</ref> In 1264 he was transferred to the [[see of Avignon]], and in 1266 to the metropolitan [[see of Arles]].<ref>Ulysse Chevalier and J. Albanés, ''Gallia christiana novissima. Arles'' (Paris 1901), p. 488.</ref>


⚫
He entered the Order of [[Benedictines]] and by 1238 was dean of the abbey of Saint-André de Villeneuve at [[Avignon]].<ref>J. Albanés, ''Gallia christiana novissima: Aix, Apt, Fréjus, Gap, Riez et Sisteron'' (Montbeliard 1899), p. 354, n. 1. Ulysse Chevalier and J. Albanés, ''Gallia christiana novissima. Arles'' (Valence 1901), p. 488.</ref> In 1248 he was elected [[bishop of Fréjus]] (1248-1264) by the Cathedral Chapter. He was already [[Consecration|consecrated]] on 9 August, when he participated in the dedication of the [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] convent of Baume in [[Sisteron]].<ref>J. Albanés, ''Gallia christiana novissima: Aix, Apt, Fréjus, Gap, Riez et Sisteron'' (Montbeliard 1899), p. 354.</ref> He had already been named [[Coadjutor bishop|Coadjutor]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Aix|Archbishop of Aix]] by 20 February 1250.<ref>J. Albanés, ''Gallia christiana novissima: Aix, Apt, Fréjus, Gap, Riez et Sisteron'' (Montbeliard 1899), Instrumenta, p. 29.</ref> In July 1252 he took part in the final negotiations for a peace between Aix and Marseille. On 13 July 1257, he was present at [[Brignoles]] at a ceremony of [[Feoffment|infeudation]], between [[Charles I of Anjou|Charles, Count of Anjou]], and Gilbert de Baux.<ref>J. Albanés, ''Gallia christiana novissima: Aix, Apt, Fréjus, Gap, Riez et Sisteron'' (Montbeliard 1899), p. 354.</ref> In 1264 he was transferred to the [[see of Avignon]], and in 1266 to the metropolitan [[see of Arles]].<ref>Ulysse Chevalier and J. Albanés, ''Gallia christiana novissima. Arles'' (Paris 1901), p. 488.</ref>
⚫
[[Pope Gregory X]] (1271-1276) created him [[Cardinal-Bishop of Sabina]] on 3 June, 1273.<ref>Conradus Eubel, ''Hierarchia catholica medii aevi'', I, editio altera (Monasterii 1913), p. 8. </ref> He was Legate in Lombardy, perhaps at the time of his creation in June, 1273.<ref>''Annales Veronenses'', in ''Antiche croniche Veronesi ''I ed. C. Cipolla (Venezia 1890) p. 416. It would make more sense for him to be appointed after he became Cardinal Bishop of Sabina. He documentation produced by Albanés indicates that Archbishop Bertrand was doing regular work for the Pope in southern France in 1273 and 1274, including examining and consecrating bishops. He was certainly in Lyon between March, 1274, and the end of April, 1275.</ref> He participated in the [[Second Council of Lyon]] (1274).<ref>Jean Baptiste Martin, ''L' Église de Lyon, des origines au XIV siècle'' (Lyon 1905), p. 25.</ref> His name appears among signatories of the papal bulls between 7 March, 1274 and 23 March, 1275.<ref>August Potthast, ''Regesta Pontificum Romanorum'' II (Berlin 1875), no. 21008 (23 March, 1275).</ref> He pronounced the decision in an arbitration, along with Cardinal Vicedomino de Vicedominis, at Lyon on 25 April, 1275.<ref>Ulysse Chevalier and J. Albanés, ''Gallia christiana novissima. Arles'' (Paris 1901), p. 503, no. 1277.</ref> On 7 June, 1275, at Bellicadri, he was assigned the Roman titulus of S. Marcello ''in commendam''<ref>Otto Posse, ''Analecta Vaticana'' (Oeniponti, 1878), p. 68, no. 848.</ref> He apparently did not accompany Pope Gregory X in the return trip from Lyon to Rome. His name is not mentioned among the cardinals at Lausanne, who witnessed the oath of fealty of King Rudolf I.<ref> Pietro Campi, ''Dell' historia ecclesiastica di Piacenza'' II (Piacenza 1662), p. 483. It may have been around this time that Cardinal Bertrand was sent to Lombardy.</ref> He had joined the Curia, however, by the time it was in Arezzo, since he was one of the three Cardinal-bishops who were present at the death of Gregory X on 10 January, 1276.<ref>Richard Sternfeld , ''Der Kardinal Johann Gaetan Orsini (Papst Nikolaus III) 1244-1277'' (Berlin 1905), p. 239</ref>


==Cardinal==
⚫
He participated in the three papal conclaves in 1276. The first Conclave began in the Episcopal Palace in Arezzo on 21 January, in accordance with the Constitution "[[Ubi Periculum]]" of Gregory X. The conclave was the shortest imaginable. On 21 January, on the first ballot, the cardinals unanimously elected Cardinal Peter of Tarantaise in Savoy, OP,<ref>Marie-Hyacinthe Laurent, Ciro Giannelli and Louis Bertrant Gillon, ''Le Bienheureux Innocent V (Pierre de Tarentaise) et son temps'' (Città del Vaticano 1947).</ref> the senior Cardinal-Bishop.<ref>[http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1276.html Sede Vacante and Conclave, 10-21 January, 1276 (Dr. J. P. Adams).] &nbsp; ''Fritz Walter, Die Politik der Kurie unter Gregor X'' (Berlin 1894), 8-32; 107-111.</ref> The new Pope, Innocent V, died on 22 June, 1276, after a reign of five months and one day. The ''Annals of Verona'' state that he had been poisoned, on orders of King Charles I of Sicily.<ref>''Annales Veronenses'', in ''Antiche croniche Veronesi'' I ed. C. Cipolla (Venezia 1890) p. 418.</ref>


⚫
[[Pope Gregory X]] (1271-1276) created him [[Cardinal-Bishop of Sabina]] on 3 June 1273.<ref>Conradus Eubel, ''Hierarchia catholica medii aevi'', I, editio altera (Monasterii 1913), p. 8.</ref> He was Legate in [[Lombardy]], perhaps after the time of his creation in June 1273.<ref>''Annales Veronenses'', in ''Antiche croniche Veronesi ''I ed. C. Cipolla (Venezia 1890) p. 416. It would make more sense for him to be appointed after he became Cardinal Bishop of Sabina. He documentation produced by Albanés indicates that Archbishop Bertrand was doing regular work for the Pope in southern France in 1273 and 1274, including examining and consecrating bishops. He was certainly in Lyon between March 1274 and the end of April 1275, which would argue for a date of 1275-1276.</ref> He participated in the [[Second Council of Lyon]] (1274).<ref>Jean Baptiste Martin, ''L' Église de Lyon, des origines au XIV siècle'' (Lyon 1905), p. 25.</ref> His name appears among signatories of the [[papal bull]]s between 7 March 1274 and 23 March 1275.<ref>August Potthast, ''Regesta Pontificum Romanorum'' II (Berlin 1875), no. 21008 (23 March 1275).</ref> He pronounced the decision in an arbitration, along with Cardinal [[Vicedomino de Vicedominis]], at [[Lyon]] on 25 April 1275.<ref>Ulysse Chevalier and J. Albanés, ''Gallia christiana novissima. Arles'' (Paris 1901), p. 503, no. 1277.</ref> On 7 June 1275, at Bellicadri, he was assigned the Roman titulus of S. Marcello ''in commendam''<ref>Otto Posse, ''Analecta Vaticana'' (Oeniponti, 1878), p. 68, no. 848.</ref> He apparently did not accompany Pope Gregory X in the return trip from Lyon to [[Rome]]. His name is not mentioned among the cardinals at [[Lausanne]], who witnessed the oath of fealty of [[Rudolf I of Germany|King Rudolf I]].<ref>Pietro Campi, ''Dell' historia ecclesiastica di Piacenza'' II (Piacenza 1662), p. 483. It may have been around this time that Cardinal Bertrand was sent to Lombardy.</ref> He had joined the [[Curia]], however, by the time it was in [[Arezzo]], since he was one of the three Cardinal-bishops who were present at the death of Gregory X on 10 January 1276.<ref>Richard Sternfeld , ''Der Kardinal Johann Gaetan Orsini (Papst Nikolaus III) 1244-1277'' (Berlin 1905), p. 239</ref>
⚫
The second Conclave of 1276 opened in Rome, in the Lateran Palace, on 2 July. There were thirteen cardinals in attendance; Cardinal Simon de Brion was acting as Legate in France. This time the Conclave lasted ten days. A struggle developed between the cardinals who favored the Angevin Charles of Sicily and the cardinals who were hostile to his influence. Charles had been in Rome since 8 January, and, as Senator of Rome, he was the Governor of the Conclave. He was partisan, and was using pressure to have one of his supporters elected. On 11 July the cardinals settled on Cardinal Ottobono Fieschi of Genoa, the nephew of Pope Innocent IV, who took the name Adrian V. He was not yet a priest, let alone a bishop. He died on 18 August, 1276, after only thirty-nine days in office. He had not been consecrated a bishop, and had not been crowned pope.<ref>[http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1276b.html Sede Vacante and Conclave, 2-11 July, 1276 (Dr. J. P. Adams).]</ref> There was a rumor circulating in German monasteries that he too had been poisoned, along with Cardinal Riccardo Annibaldi.<ref>The Cronica S. Petri Erfordensis Moderna in the ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' Scriptorum, Volume 30, 413): ''Hoc anno, quod mirabile dictu est, tres pap(a)e, videlicet Gregorius papa X et Innocencius papa quintus et Adrianus papa quintus, infra dimidium annum immatura morte defuncti sunt. Sed iste predictus Adrianus papa et Richardus cardinalis [Annibaldi] pariter intoxicati sunt.'' </ref>


==1276==
⚫
During his brief tenure of the Apostolic throne, Adrian V appointed Cardinal Bertrand de Saint-Martin and two other cardinals to go to King Charles I of Sicily, who was in Rome, and invite him to come to Viterbo to swear his feudal oath of allegiance to the pope.<ref>F. Cristofori, ''Le tombe dei pape in Viterbo'' (Siena 1887), p. 175. Reg. Vat. 29 B, Epistola CXXI</ref>


⚫
He participated in the three papal conclaves in 1276. The [[January 1276 papal conclave|first conclave]] began in the [[Episcopal Palace (Arezzo)|Episcopal Palace]] in Arezzo on 21 January, in accordance with the Constitution "[[Ubi Periculum]]" of Gregory X. The conclave was brief. On 21 January, on the first ballot, the cardinals unanimously elected Cardinal [[Pope Innocent V|Peter of Tarantaise]] in [[Savoy]], OP,<ref>Marie-Hyacinthe Laurent, Ciro Giannelli and Louis Bertrant Gillon, ''Le Bienheureux Innocent V (Pierre de Tarentaise) et son temps'' (Città del Vaticano 1947).</ref> the senior Cardinal-Bishop.<ref>[http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1276.html Sede Vacante and Conclave, 10-21 January 1276 (Dr. J. P. Adams).] &nbsp; ''Fritz Walter, Die Politik der Kurie unter Gregor X'' (Berlin 1894), 8-32; 107-111.</ref> The new Pope, [[Pope Innocent V|Innocent V]], died on 22 June 1276, after a reign of five months and one day. The ''Annals of Verona'' state that he had been poisoned, on orders of King Charles I of Sicily.<ref>''Annales Veronenses'', in ''Antiche croniche Veronesi'' I ed. C. Cipolla (Venezia 1890) p. 418.</ref>
⚫
The third Conclave of 1276, should have begun ten days after the death of Pope Adrian, according to the Constitution of Gregory X, "[[Ubi Periculum]]". The date should have been 28 August or 29 August. But Pope Adrian had suspended that very constitution while he was still in Rome, shortly after his election. He had summoned a Consistory, in which all the cardinals were present except Vicedomino de Vicedominis, Uberto d'Elci, Guillaume de Bray, and Simon de Brion (who was serving as papal Legate in France). The meeting discussed the problems that had been encountered in the two conclaves that year, and it was agreed that adjustments and additions were needed. Pope Adrian agreed to rework "Ubi periculum" and issue a new constitution. But in the meantime "Ubi periculum" was suspended.<ref>A. Tomassetti (Editor), ''Bullarum Diplomatum et Privilegiorum Sanctorum Romanorum Pontificum'' Tomus IV (Turin 1859), pp. 37-38.</ref> The Conclave did not begin, therefore, in accordance with the regulations of Gregory X. In any case, there were people in Viterbo who were unhappy at the way business was being done. The people of Verona were involved in rioting, but the leaders were prelates and members of the papal Curia. A long drawn out Conclave, like the one of 1268-1271, was neither to their taste nor to their pocketbooks. Without a pope, bishops could not be appointed, benefices could not be granted, privileges and concessions could not be granted, and the curia could not collect its fees for those transactions or benefit in them themselves. The Conclave did not begin voting, therefore, until 8 September, 1276, but its work was accomplished quickly. On the first ballot, ten cardinals elected the eleventh, the Dominican cardinal, Peter of Lisbon, who took the name John XXI (despite the fact that there had been no John XX). John XXI (XX) was crowned in the Cathedral of St. Lorenzo in Viterbo on 20 September, 1276, by Cardinal Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, the Cardinal Protodeacon.<ref>[http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1276c.html Conclave of September, 1276 (Dr. J. P. Adams).]</ref>


⚫
The second Conclave of 1276 opened in Rome, in the [[Lateran Palace]], on 2 July. There were thirteen cardinals in attendance; Cardinal [[Pope Martin IV|Simon de Brion]] was acting as [[Papal legate|Legate]] in [[France]]. This time the Conclave lasted ten days. A struggle developed between the cardinals who favored the Angevin [[Charles of Anjou|Charles of Sicily]] and the cardinals who were hostile to his influence. Charles had been in Rome since 8 January, and, as Senator of Rome, he was the Governor of the Conclave. He was partisan, and was using pressure to have one of his supporters elected. On 11 July the cardinals settled on Cardinal Ottobono Fieschi of Genoa, the nephew of Pope Innocent IV, who took the name [[Adrian V]]. He was not yet a [[Priesthood in the Catholic Church|priest]], let alone a [[bishop]]. He died on 18 August 1276, after only thirty-nine days in office. He had not been consecrated a bishop, and nor had he been crowned pope.<ref>[http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1276b.html Sede Vacante and Conclave, 2-11 July 1276 (Dr. J. P. Adams).]</ref> A rumor circulated in German monasteries that he had been poisoned, along with Cardinal [[Riccardo Annibaldi]].<ref>The ''Cronica S. Petri Erfordensis Moderna'' in the ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' Scriptorum, Volume 30, 413): ''Hoc anno, quod mirabile dictu est, tres pap(a)e, videlicet Gregorius papa X et Innocencius papa quintus et Adrianus papa quintus, infra dimidium annum immatura morte defuncti sunt. Sed iste predictus Adrianus papa et Richardus cardinalis [Annibaldi] pariter intoxicati sunt.''</ref>
Cardinal Bertrand became ''prior episcoporum'' in September 1276, as the only cardinal-bishop in the College at that time, and one of only eleven cardinals. No cardinals had been appointed since the Consistory on 3 June, 1273, in which Bertrand himself and four others had been elevated.


⚫
During his brief tenure of the Apostolic throne, Adrian V appointed Cardinal Bertrand de Saint-Martin and two other cardinals to go to [[Charles of Anjou|King Charles I of Sicily]], who was in Rome, and invite him to come to [[Viterbo]] to swear his feudal oath of allegiance to the pope.<ref>F. Cristofori, ''Le tombe dei pape in Viterbo'' (Siena 1887), p. 175. Reg. Vat. 29 B, Epistola CXXI</ref>
⚫
For a long time it was thought that he died during the Second Council of Lyon in 1274 or in 1275, and shortly thereafter was succeeded in the see of Sabina by Giovanni Visconti, nephew of Gregory X. However, modern research has established that cardinal Giovanni Visconti never existed, while Bertrand is attested in the papal documents until the pontificate of [[John XXI]] (1276–77).<ref>R. Stapper, ''Papst Johannes XXI, Kirchengeschichtliche Studien,'' Munster 1898, p. 34-36</ref> His death has been registered in the contemporary necrologies under March 28 or March 29.<ref>Ulysse Chevalier and J. Albanés, ''Gallia christiana novissima. Arles'' (Paris 1901), p. 504 no. 1278: March 29, Necrology of S. André: ''v. kal. aprilis Depositio Domni Bertrandi de S. Martino, cardinalis episcopi Sabinensis, monachi nostri, pro quo fiat sicut pro abbate''</ref> The most probable year of his death seems to be 1278, because contemporary sources mention him as participant in the [[papal election, 1277]], which took place between May and November,<ref>''Annales Placentini Ghibellini'', in G. Pertz (editor), ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica'', Scriptorum, XVIII (Hannover 1863), p. 569: ''Episcopus vero Sabinensis cardinalis tenet mediam viam, nec declinat ad unam nec ad aliam. ''</ref> and in the first consistory of Pope Nicholas III on March 12, 1278. No new cardinal-bishop of Sabina had been appointed to replace him, although all the other episcopal seats had been filled.<ref>[http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1277.html Sede Vacante 1277]. It should be remembered that in many places in the Middle Ages the date of New Year's Day was 25 March, the Spring Equinox. Thus, the year 1278 in the modern calendar, was, in earlier times, 1277 until 25 March, and then 1278 after that date.</ref>


⚫
The third Conclave of 1276, should have begun in Viterbo ten days after the death of Pope Adrian V, according to the Constitution of Gregory X, "[[Ubi Periculum]]". The date should have been 28 August or 29 August. However, Pope Adrian had suspended that very constitution while he was still in Rome, shortly after his election. He had summoned a Consistory, in which all the cardinals were present except [[Vicedomino de Vicedominis]], [[Uberto d'Elci]], [[Guillaume de Bray]], and [[Simon de Brion]] (who was serving as papal Legate in France). The meeting discussed the problems that had been encountered in the two conclaves that year, and it was agreed that adjustments and additions were needed. Pope Adrian agreed to rework "Ubi periculum" and issue a new constitution. But in the meantime "Ubi periculum" was suspended.<ref>A. Tomassetti (Editor), ''Bullarum Diplomatum et Privilegiorum Sanctorum Romanorum Pontificum'' Tomus IV (Turin 1859), pp. 37-38.</ref> The Conclave did not begin, therefore, in accordance with the regulations of Gregory X. In any case, there were people in Viterbo who were unhappy at the way business was being done. Popular riots erupted in Viterbo, but the leaders were [[prelate]]s and members of the papal Curia. A long drawn out Conclave, like the one of 1268-1271, was neither to their taste nor to their pocketbooks. Without a pope, bishops could not be appointed, benefices could not be granted, privileges and concessions could not be granted, and the curia could not collect its fees for those transactions or benefit in them themselves. The Conclave did not begin voting, therefore, until 8 September 1276, but its work was accomplished quickly. On the first ballot, ten cardinals elected the eleventh, the Portuguese cardinal, Peter of [[Lisbon]], who took the name [[John XXI]] (despite the fact that there had been no John XX). John XXI (XX) was crowned in the Cathedral of [[Saint Lawrence|St. Lorenzo]] in Viterbo on 20 September 1276, by Cardinal Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, the Cardinal Protodeacon.<ref>[http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1276c.html Conclave of September 1276 (Dr. J. P. Adams).]</ref>
⚫
Cardinal Bertrand is spoken of as deceased in a letter of Nicholas III of 5 April, 1278. <ref>Jules Gay, ''Registres de Nicolas III'' (Paris 1898), no. 51, p. 13</ref>

Cardinal Bertrand became ''prior episcoporum'' in September 1276, upon the election of Peter of Lisbon, the Cardinal Bishop of Tusculum to the Papacy. Bertrand was the only cardinal-bishop in the College at that time, and one of only eleven cardinals. No cardinals had been appointed since the Consistory on 3 June 1273, in which Bertrand himself and four others had been elevated. Pope John XXI had an immediate job for Cardinal Bertrand. He was assigned to lead the investigation into the persons responsible for the disorders which took place during the [[Sede vacante|Sede Vacante]]. The Pope wanted confessions, and not the sacramental sort. He believed that scriptores and procurators in the Curia were the ringleaders, and if their confessions were not forthcoming within a week, Cardinal Bertrand was to proceed to [[inquisition]].<ref>A. Theiner (ed.), ''Caesaris Baronii Annales Ecclesiastici'' Tomus 22 (Bar-le-Duc 1870), under the year 1276, § 31-33; August Potthast, ''Regesta Pontificum Romanorum'' II (Berlin 1875), no. 21152</ref>

==Death==

Pope John XXI was killed suddenly, when the roof of a room in the Episcopal Palace in Viterbo, which had recently been constructed, happened to fall on him. He lingered for a few days, and died on 20 May 1277. The Conclave probably began on 30 or 31 May, but it was no easy business to elect a pope. There were only seven cardinals (Simon de Brion was still Legate in France), and they were bitterly divided, three in the Angevin party, and three in the Imperial.<ref>''[[Annales Placentini Ghibellini]]'' in ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' Volume 18, p. 569: ''Eodem tempore maxima discordia erat inter cardinales Rom(a)e de electione pastoris in civitate Viterbii, et ibi sunt tantum VII cardinales: tres tenent unam viam scilicet dominus Johannes Gaytanus [Orsini], Jacobus de Sivello et Mattheus Rubeus [Orsini]; alii tres scilicet dominus Anserius [Pantaleoni], Symonus de Tursso et dominus Guillelmus cardinales tenent aliam viam.... Episcopus vero Sabinensis cardinalis tenet mediam viam nec declinat ad unam nec ad aliam''.</ref> The seventh was the Bishop of Sabina, Bertrand de Saint-Martin, who favored neither party. The chronicle lists Symonus de Tursso (de Brion) as present, and does not mention Geoffrey d'Alatri at all; it is Geoffrey who was present and Simon who was absent. It was not until 25 November that a successful election took place. Cardinal Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, a Roman, became [[Pope Nicholas III]].

⚫
For a long time it was thought that Cardinal Bertrand de Saint-Martin died during the [[Second Council of Lyon]] in 1274 or in 1275, and shortly thereafter was succeeded in the see of Sabina by [[Giovanni Visconti (bishop)|Giovanni Visconti]], nephew of Gregory X. However, modern research has established that "cardinal Giovanni Visconti" never existed, while Bertrand is attested in the papal documents until the Sede Vacante following the pontificate of [[John XXI]] (died in Viterbo on 16 May 1277).<ref>R. Stapper, ''Papst Johannes XXI, Kirchengeschichtliche Studien,'' Munster 1898, p. 34-36</ref> His death has been registered in the contemporary necrologies under 28 March or 29 March.<ref>Ulysse Chevalier and J. Albanés, ''Gallia christiana novissima. Arles'' (Paris 1901), p. 504 no. 1278: 29 March, Necrology of S. André: ''v. kal. aprilis Depositio Domni Bertrandi de S. Martino, cardinalis episcopi Sabinensis, monachi nostri, pro quo fiat sicut pro abbate''</ref> The most probable year of his death seems to be 1278, because contemporary sources mention him as participant in the [[papal election, 1277]], which took place between May and November,<ref>''Annales Placentini Ghibellini'', in G. Pertz (editor), ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica'', Scriptorum, XVIII (Hannover 1863), p. 569: ''Episcopus vero Sabinensis cardinalis tenet mediam viam, nec declinat ad unam nec ad aliam. ''</ref> and (by inference) in the first consistory of Pope Nicholas III on 12 March 1278. At that Consistory, no new cardinal-bishop of Sabina had been appointed to replace him, although all the other episcopal seats were then filled. It would seem that Bertrand was still holding his.<ref>[http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1277.html Sede Vacante 1277]. It should be remembered that in many places in the Middle Ages the date of New Year's Day was 25 March, the Spring Equinox. Thus, the year 1278 in the modern calendar, was, in earlier times, 1277 until 25 March, and then 1278 after that date.</ref>

⚫
Cardinal Bertrand is spoken of as deceased in a letter of Nicholas III of 5 April 1278.<ref>Jules Gay, ''Registres de Nicolas III'' (Paris 1898), no. 51, p. 13</ref>


==Notes==
==Notes==
Line 25: Line 36:


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1273.htm#Saintmartin The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: biographical entry of Bertrand de Saint-Martin]
* {{cite web|last=Miranda|first=Salvador|authorlink=Salvador Miranda (historian)|title= SAINT-MARTIN, O.S.B., Bertrand de (?- 1275 or ca. 1277) |url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1273.htm#Saintmartin|work=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church|publisher=[[Florida International University]]|oclc=53276621 }}
* [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k941649/f195.table Joseph Hyacinthe Albanés: Gallica christiana novissima]
* [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k941649/f195.table Joseph Hyacinthe Albanés: Gallica christiana novissima]
* [http://www.araldicavaticana.com/cadsaintmartin.htm Araldica Vaticana]
* [http://www.araldicavaticana.com/cadsaintmartin.htm Araldica Vaticana]


{{authority control}}
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->

| NAME =Saint-Martin, Bertrand De
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Catholic cardinal
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1278
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint-Martin, Bertrand De}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint-Martin, Bertrand De}}
[[Category:1278 deaths]]
[[Category:1278 deaths]]
[[Category:13th-century Roman Catholic archbishops]]
[[Category:13th-century French cardinals]]
[[Category:French cardinals]]
[[Category:Cardinal-bishops of Sabina]]
[[Category:Cardinal-bishops of Sabina]]
[[Category:Archbishops of Arles]]
[[Category:Archbishops of Arles]]

Latest revision as of 19:42, 8 April 2022

Bertrand de Saint-Martin (died 28 or 29 March 1278) was a French cardinal.

He was born in Arles.

Career in the Church[edit]

He entered the Order of Benedictines and by 1238 was dean of the abbey of Saint-André de Villeneuve at Avignon.[1] In 1248 he was elected bishop of Fréjus (1248-1264) by the Cathedral Chapter. He was already consecrated on 9 August, when he participated in the dedication of the Dominican convent of Baume in Sisteron.[2] He had already been named Coadjutor of the Archbishop of Aix by 20 February 1250.[3] In July 1252 he took part in the final negotiations for a peace between Aix and Marseille. On 13 July 1257, he was present at Brignoles at a ceremony of infeudation, between Charles, Count of Anjou, and Gilbert de Baux.[4] In 1264 he was transferred to the see of Avignon, and in 1266 to the metropolitan see of Arles.[5]

Cardinal[edit]

Pope Gregory X (1271-1276) created him Cardinal-Bishop of Sabina on 3 June 1273.[6] He was Legate in Lombardy, perhaps after the time of his creation in June 1273.[7] He participated in the Second Council of Lyon (1274).[8] His name appears among signatories of the papal bulls between 7 March 1274 and 23 March 1275.[9] He pronounced the decision in an arbitration, along with Cardinal Vicedomino de Vicedominis, at Lyon on 25 April 1275.[10] On 7 June 1275, at Bellicadri, he was assigned the Roman titulus of S. Marcello in commendam[11] He apparently did not accompany Pope Gregory X in the return trip from Lyon to Rome. His name is not mentioned among the cardinals at Lausanne, who witnessed the oath of fealty of King Rudolf I.[12] He had joined the Curia, however, by the time it was in Arezzo, since he was one of the three Cardinal-bishops who were present at the death of Gregory X on 10 January 1276.[13]

1276[edit]

He participated in the three papal conclaves in 1276. The first conclave began in the Episcopal Palace in Arezzo on 21 January, in accordance with the Constitution "Ubi Periculum" of Gregory X. The conclave was brief. On 21 January, on the first ballot, the cardinals unanimously elected Cardinal Peter of Tarantaise in Savoy, OP,[14] the senior Cardinal-Bishop.[15] The new Pope, Innocent V, died on 22 June 1276, after a reign of five months and one day. The Annals of Verona state that he had been poisoned, on orders of King Charles I of Sicily.[16]

The second Conclave of 1276 opened in Rome, in the Lateran Palace, on 2 July. There were thirteen cardinals in attendance; Cardinal Simon de Brion was acting as Legate in France. This time the Conclave lasted ten days. A struggle developed between the cardinals who favored the Angevin Charles of Sicily and the cardinals who were hostile to his influence. Charles had been in Rome since 8 January, and, as Senator of Rome, he was the Governor of the Conclave. He was partisan, and was using pressure to have one of his supporters elected. On 11 July the cardinals settled on Cardinal Ottobono Fieschi of Genoa, the nephew of Pope Innocent IV, who took the name Adrian V. He was not yet a priest, let alone a bishop. He died on 18 August 1276, after only thirty-nine days in office. He had not been consecrated a bishop, and nor had he been crowned pope.[17] A rumor circulated in German monasteries that he had been poisoned, along with Cardinal Riccardo Annibaldi.[18]

During his brief tenure of the Apostolic throne, Adrian V appointed Cardinal Bertrand de Saint-Martin and two other cardinals to go to King Charles I of Sicily, who was in Rome, and invite him to come to Viterbo to swear his feudal oath of allegiance to the pope.[19]

The third Conclave of 1276, should have begun in Viterbo ten days after the death of Pope Adrian V, according to the Constitution of Gregory X, "Ubi Periculum". The date should have been 28 August or 29 August. However, Pope Adrian had suspended that very constitution while he was still in Rome, shortly after his election. He had summoned a Consistory, in which all the cardinals were present except Vicedomino de Vicedominis, Uberto d'Elci, Guillaume de Bray, and Simon de Brion (who was serving as papal Legate in France). The meeting discussed the problems that had been encountered in the two conclaves that year, and it was agreed that adjustments and additions were needed. Pope Adrian agreed to rework "Ubi periculum" and issue a new constitution. But in the meantime "Ubi periculum" was suspended.[20] The Conclave did not begin, therefore, in accordance with the regulations of Gregory X. In any case, there were people in Viterbo who were unhappy at the way business was being done. Popular riots erupted in Viterbo, but the leaders were prelates and members of the papal Curia. A long drawn out Conclave, like the one of 1268-1271, was neither to their taste nor to their pocketbooks. Without a pope, bishops could not be appointed, benefices could not be granted, privileges and concessions could not be granted, and the curia could not collect its fees for those transactions or benefit in them themselves. The Conclave did not begin voting, therefore, until 8 September 1276, but its work was accomplished quickly. On the first ballot, ten cardinals elected the eleventh, the Portuguese cardinal, Peter of Lisbon, who took the name John XXI (despite the fact that there had been no John XX). John XXI (XX) was crowned in the Cathedral of St. Lorenzo in Viterbo on 20 September 1276, by Cardinal Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, the Cardinal Protodeacon.[21]

Cardinal Bertrand became prior episcoporum in September 1276, upon the election of Peter of Lisbon, the Cardinal Bishop of Tusculum to the Papacy. Bertrand was the only cardinal-bishop in the College at that time, and one of only eleven cardinals. No cardinals had been appointed since the Consistory on 3 June 1273, in which Bertrand himself and four others had been elevated. Pope John XXI had an immediate job for Cardinal Bertrand. He was assigned to lead the investigation into the persons responsible for the disorders which took place during the Sede Vacante. The Pope wanted confessions, and not the sacramental sort. He believed that scriptores and procurators in the Curia were the ringleaders, and if their confessions were not forthcoming within a week, Cardinal Bertrand was to proceed to inquisition.[22]

Death[edit]

Pope John XXI was killed suddenly, when the roof of a room in the Episcopal Palace in Viterbo, which had recently been constructed, happened to fall on him. He lingered for a few days, and died on 20 May 1277. The Conclave probably began on 30 or 31 May, but it was no easy business to elect a pope. There were only seven cardinals (Simon de Brion was still Legate in France), and they were bitterly divided, three in the Angevin party, and three in the Imperial.[23] The seventh was the Bishop of Sabina, Bertrand de Saint-Martin, who favored neither party. The chronicle lists Symonus de Tursso (de Brion) as present, and does not mention Geoffrey d'Alatri at all; it is Geoffrey who was present and Simon who was absent. It was not until 25 November that a successful election took place. Cardinal Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, a Roman, became Pope Nicholas III.

For a long time it was thought that Cardinal Bertrand de Saint-Martin died during the Second Council of Lyon in 1274 or in 1275, and shortly thereafter was succeeded in the see of Sabina by Giovanni Visconti, nephew of Gregory X. However, modern research has established that "cardinal Giovanni Visconti" never existed, while Bertrand is attested in the papal documents until the Sede Vacante following the pontificate of John XXI (died in Viterbo on 16 May 1277).[24] His death has been registered in the contemporary necrologies under 28 March or 29 March.[25] The most probable year of his death seems to be 1278, because contemporary sources mention him as participant in the papal election, 1277, which took place between May and November,[26] and (by inference) in the first consistory of Pope Nicholas III on 12 March 1278. At that Consistory, no new cardinal-bishop of Sabina had been appointed to replace him, although all the other episcopal seats were then filled. It would seem that Bertrand was still holding his.[27]

Cardinal Bertrand is spoken of as deceased in a letter of Nicholas III of 5 April 1278.[28]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ J. Albanés, Gallia christiana novissima: Aix, Apt, Fréjus, Gap, Riez et Sisteron (Montbeliard 1899), p. 354, n. 1. Ulysse Chevalier and J. Albanés, Gallia christiana novissima. Arles (Valence 1901), p. 488.
  2. ^ J. Albanés, Gallia christiana novissima: Aix, Apt, Fréjus, Gap, Riez et Sisteron (Montbeliard 1899), p. 354.
  3. ^ J. Albanés, Gallia christiana novissima: Aix, Apt, Fréjus, Gap, Riez et Sisteron (Montbeliard 1899), Instrumenta, p. 29.
  4. ^ J. Albanés, Gallia christiana novissima: Aix, Apt, Fréjus, Gap, Riez et Sisteron (Montbeliard 1899), p. 354.
  5. ^ Ulysse Chevalier and J. Albanés, Gallia christiana novissima. Arles (Paris 1901), p. 488.
  6. ^ Conradus Eubel, Hierarchia catholica medii aevi, I, editio altera (Monasterii 1913), p. 8.
  7. ^ Annales Veronenses, in Antiche croniche Veronesi I ed. C. Cipolla (Venezia 1890) p. 416. It would make more sense for him to be appointed after he became Cardinal Bishop of Sabina. He documentation produced by Albanés indicates that Archbishop Bertrand was doing regular work for the Pope in southern France in 1273 and 1274, including examining and consecrating bishops. He was certainly in Lyon between March 1274 and the end of April 1275, which would argue for a date of 1275-1276.
  8. ^ Jean Baptiste Martin, L' Église de Lyon, des origines au XIV siècle (Lyon 1905), p. 25.
  9. ^ August Potthast, Regesta Pontificum Romanorum II (Berlin 1875), no. 21008 (23 March 1275).
  10. ^ Ulysse Chevalier and J. Albanés, Gallia christiana novissima. Arles (Paris 1901), p. 503, no. 1277.
  11. ^ Otto Posse, Analecta Vaticana (Oeniponti, 1878), p. 68, no. 848.
  12. ^ Pietro Campi, Dell' historia ecclesiastica di Piacenza II (Piacenza 1662), p. 483. It may have been around this time that Cardinal Bertrand was sent to Lombardy.
  13. ^ Richard Sternfeld , Der Kardinal Johann Gaetan Orsini (Papst Nikolaus III) 1244-1277 (Berlin 1905), p. 239
  14. ^ Marie-Hyacinthe Laurent, Ciro Giannelli and Louis Bertrant Gillon, Le Bienheureux Innocent V (Pierre de Tarentaise) et son temps (Città del Vaticano 1947).
  15. ^ Sede Vacante and Conclave, 10-21 January 1276 (Dr. J. P. Adams).   Fritz Walter, Die Politik der Kurie unter Gregor X (Berlin 1894), 8-32; 107-111.
  16. ^ Annales Veronenses, in Antiche croniche Veronesi I ed. C. Cipolla (Venezia 1890) p. 418.
  17. ^ Sede Vacante and Conclave, 2-11 July 1276 (Dr. J. P. Adams).
  18. ^ The Cronica S. Petri Erfordensis Moderna in the Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptorum, Volume 30, 413): Hoc anno, quod mirabile dictu est, tres pap(a)e, videlicet Gregorius papa X et Innocencius papa quintus et Adrianus papa quintus, infra dimidium annum immatura morte defuncti sunt. Sed iste predictus Adrianus papa et Richardus cardinalis [Annibaldi] pariter intoxicati sunt.
  19. ^ F. Cristofori, Le tombe dei pape in Viterbo (Siena 1887), p. 175. Reg. Vat. 29 B, Epistola CXXI
  20. ^ A. Tomassetti (Editor), Bullarum Diplomatum et Privilegiorum Sanctorum Romanorum Pontificum Tomus IV (Turin 1859), pp. 37-38.
  21. ^ Conclave of September 1276 (Dr. J. P. Adams).
  22. ^ A. Theiner (ed.), Caesaris Baronii Annales Ecclesiastici Tomus 22 (Bar-le-Duc 1870), under the year 1276, § 31-33; August Potthast, Regesta Pontificum Romanorum II (Berlin 1875), no. 21152
  23. ^ Annales Placentini Ghibellini in Monumenta Germaniae Historica Volume 18, p. 569: Eodem tempore maxima discordia erat inter cardinales Rom(a)e de electione pastoris in civitate Viterbii, et ibi sunt tantum VII cardinales: tres tenent unam viam scilicet dominus Johannes Gaytanus [Orsini], Jacobus de Sivello et Mattheus Rubeus [Orsini]; alii tres scilicet dominus Anserius [Pantaleoni], Symonus de Tursso et dominus Guillelmus cardinales tenent aliam viam.... Episcopus vero Sabinensis cardinalis tenet mediam viam nec declinat ad unam nec ad aliam.
  24. ^ R. Stapper, Papst Johannes XXI, Kirchengeschichtliche Studien, Munster 1898, p. 34-36
  25. ^ Ulysse Chevalier and J. Albanés, Gallia christiana novissima. Arles (Paris 1901), p. 504 no. 1278: 29 March, Necrology of S. André: v. kal. aprilis Depositio Domni Bertrandi de S. Martino, cardinalis episcopi Sabinensis, monachi nostri, pro quo fiat sicut pro abbate
  26. ^ Annales Placentini Ghibellini, in G. Pertz (editor), Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptorum, XVIII (Hannover 1863), p. 569: Episcopus vero Sabinensis cardinalis tenet mediam viam, nec declinat ad unam nec ad aliam.
  27. ^ Sede Vacante 1277. It should be remembered that in many places in the Middle Ages the date of New Year's Day was 25 March, the Spring Equinox. Thus, the year 1278 in the modern calendar, was, in earlier times, 1277 until 25 March, and then 1278 after that date.
  28. ^ Jules Gay, Registres de Nicolas III (Paris 1898), no. 51, p. 13

External links[edit]

  • Miranda, Salvador. "SAINT-MARTIN, O.S.B., Bertrand de (?- 1275 or ca. 1277)". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Florida International University. OCLC 53276621.
  • Joseph Hyacinthe Albanés: Gallica christiana novissima
  • Araldica Vaticana
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