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{{Short description|Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to Western Australia}}
{{Taxobox
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
| color = lightgreen
{{Speciesbox
| name = ''Dryandra longifolia''
|image = FloraAustralasica 0011b Dryandra longifolia.tif
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|image_caption = ''B. prolata'' from [[Robert Sweet (botanist)|Robert Sweet]]'s 1828 ''[[Flora Australasica]]''
| divisio = [[flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
|genus = Banksia
| classis = [[dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]
|display_parents = 2
| ordo = [[Proteales]]
|parent = Banksia ser. Dryandra
| familia = [[Proteaceae]]
|species = prolata
| genus = ''[[Dryandra]]''
|authority = [[Austin Mast|A.R.Mast]] & [[Kevin Thiele|K.R.Thiele]]<ref name="APC">{{cite web |title=''Banksia prolata'' |url=https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/204999|website=Australian Plant Census |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref>
| subgenus = [[Dryandra subg. Dryandra|''Dryandra'' subg. ''Dryandra'']]
|synonyms_ref = <ref name="APC" />
| series = [[Dryandra ser. Armatae|''Dryandra'' ser. ''Armatae'']]
|synonyms =
| species = '''''D.&nbsp;longifolia'''''
| binomial = Dryandra longifolia
* ''Dryandra longifolia'' <small>[[R.Br.]]</small>
* ''Josephia longifolia'' <small>(R.Br.) [[Poir.]]</small>
| binomial_authority = [[Robert Brown (botanist)|R.Br.]]
}}
}}
[[File:Banksiaprolataoakdale.JPG|thumb|Habit in cultivation]]


'''''Banksia prolata''''' is a species of bushy shrub that is [[Endemism|endemic]] to Western Australia. It has linear, serrated or [[wikt:pinnatifid|pinnatifid]] leaves, yellow flowers in heads of between 150 and 250, and egg-shaped [[Follicle (fruit)|follicles]].
'''''Dryandra longifolia''''' is a [[shrub]] endemic to [[Western Australia]].

==Description==
''Banksia prolata'' is a bushy shrub that grows to a height of {{cvt|0.4–3|m}} but does not form a [[lignotuber]]. It has linear, serrated or pinnatifid leaves that are {{cvt|110–300|mm}} long and {{cvt|12–18|mm}} wide on a [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]] {{cvt|5–30|mm}} long. There are between six and twenty-one sharply-pointed, triangular teeth on each side of the leaves. The flowers are yellow and borne in heads of between 150 and 250 with hairy, lance-shaped [[Bract#Involucral bracts|involucral bracts]] up to {{cvt|14–30|mm}} long at the base of each head. The [[perianth]] is {{cvt|23–40|mm}} long and the [[Gynoecium#Pistils|pistil]] {{cvt|28–48|mm}} long. Flowering occurs from April to October, and the follicles are egg-shaped and {{cvt|8–12|mm}} long.<ref name=FloraBase>{{FloraBase|name=''Banksia prolata''|id=32143}}</ref><ref name="George1999">{{cite book |last1=George |first1=Alex S. |title=Flora of Australia |volume=17B |date=1999 |publisher=Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra |location=Canberra |pages=280–281 |url=https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/6d8c5c3b-8545-437e-b9b3-944ac95ee07a/files/flora-australia-17b-proteaceae-3-hakea-dryandra.pdf |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="A.S.George">{{cite journal |last1=George |first1=Alex |title=New taxa and a new infrageneric classification in ''Dryandra'' R.Br. (Proteaceae : Grevilleoideae) |journal=Nuytsia |date=1996 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=341–343 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/224945#page/35/mode/1up|access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref>

==Taxonomy and naming==
This species was first formally described in 1810 by [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]] who gave it the name ''Dryandra longifolia'' and published the description in ''[[Linnean Society of London#Publications|Transactions of the Linnean Society of London]]'' from material collected near [[Lucky Bay]].<ref name=APNI1>{{cite web|title=''Dryandra longifolia''|url= https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/528197|publisher=APNI|access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="R.Br.">{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Robert |title=On the Proteaceae of Jussieu |journal=Transactions of the Linnean Society of London |date=1810 |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=215 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13720#page/225/mode/1up |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> The [[Botanical name|specific epithet]] (''longifolia'') is derived from the [[Latin]] words ''longus'', "long" and ''folium'', "leaf".<ref name="Backer">Backer, C.A. (1936). ''Verklarend woordenboek der wetenschappelijke namen van de in Nederland en Nederlandsch-Indië in het wild groeiende en in tuinen en parken gekweekte varens en hoogere planten'' (Edition Nicoline van der Sijs).</ref>

In 1996, [[Alex George (botanist)|Alex George]] described three subspecies of ''Dryandra longifolia'' in the journal ''[[Nuytsia (journal)|Nuytsia]]'':<ref name="A.S.George" />
* ''Dryandra longifolia'' subsp. ''archeos'' <small>A.S.George</small> has flowers with larger organs than those of the other two subspecies, including bracts that are {{cvt|25–30|mm}} long;
* ''Dryandra longifolia'' subsp. ''calcicola'' <small>A.S.George</small> is similar to the [[Autonym (botany)|autonym]] but has straight bracts up to {{cvt|20|mm}} long;
* ''Dryandra longifolia'' <small>R.Br.</small> subsp. ''longifolia'' has bracts up to {{cvt|20|mm}} long that curve downwards.

In 2007 [[Austin Mast]] and [[Kevin Thiele]] transferred all dryandras to the genus ''Banksia'', but since the name ''Banksia longifolia'' had already been used (''Banksia longifolia'' <small>[[James Donn|Donn]] ex [[Friedrich Gottlieb Dietrich|F.Dietr.]]</small>),<ref name=APNIa>{{cite web|title=''Banksia longifolia''|url= https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/538532|publisher=APNI|access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> Mast and Thiele gave this species the name ''Banksia prolata''.<ref name=APNI>{{cite web|title=''Banksia prolata''|url= https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/614057|publisher=APNI|access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> The epithet (''prolata'') is from a Latin word meaning "drawn out".<ref name="Sharr1">{{cite book |author=Francis Aubie Sharr |author-link=Francis Aubie Sharr |title=Western Australian Plant Names and their Meanings |date=2019 |publisher=Four Gables Press |location=Kardinya, Western Australia |isbn=9780958034180 |page=284}}</ref> The subspecies were named [[Banksia prolata subsp. archeos|''archeos'']], [[Banksia prolata subsp. calcicola|''calcicola'']] and [[Banksia prolata subsp. prolata|''prolata'']] respectively.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mast | first1 = Austin R. | author-link1=Austin Mast | first2 = Kevin | last2 = Thiele | author-link2 = Kevin Thiele | year = 2007 | title = The transfer of ''Dryandra'' R.Br. to ''Banksia'' L.f. (Proteaceae) | journal = [[Australian Systematic Botany]] | volume = 20 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–71 | doi = 10.1071/SB06016}}</ref> The names of the subspecies are accepted by the [[Australian Plant Census]].<ref name="APC2">{{cite web |title=''Banksia prolata'' subsp. ''archeos'' |url=https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/205153|website=Australian Plant Census |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="APC3">{{cite web |title=''Banksia prolata'' subsp. ''calcicola'' |url=https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/205154|website=Australian Plant Census |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="APC4">{{cite web |title=''Banksia prolata'' subsp. ''prolata'' |url=https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/205152|website=Australian Plant Census |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
Subspecies ''archeos'' grows among boulders in dense scrub on Mount Arid in the [[Cape Arid National Park]], subspecies ''calcicola'' in scrub to the west of [[Esperance Bay]] and subspecies ''longifolia'' in scrub near granite slopes between [[Cape Le Grand National Park|Cape Le Grand]] to Cape Paisley in the [[Cape Le Grand National Park]] and on Mondrain Island in the [[Recherche Archipelago]].<ref name="George1999" /><ref name=FloraBase1>{{FloraBase|name=''Banksia prolata'' subsp. ''archeos''|id=32146}}</ref><ref name=FloraBase2>{{FloraBase|name=''Banksia prolata'' subsp. ''calcicola''|id=32145}}</ref><ref name=FloraBase3>{{FloraBase|name=''Banksia prolata'' subsp. ''prolata''|id=32144}}</ref>

==Conservation status==
''Banksia prolata'' is listed as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government [[Department of Parks and Wildlife (Western Australia)|Department of Parks and Wildlife]] but subspecies ''archeos'' is listed as "[[Declared Rare and Priority Flora List|Priority Two]]"<ref name="FloraBase1" /> meaning that it is poorly known and from only one or a few locations, subspecies ''calcicola'' as "[[Declared Rare and Priority Flora List|Priority Four]]" meaning that is rare or near threatened<ref name="FloraBase2" /> and subspecies ''prolata'' as "[[Declared Rare and Priority Flora List|Priority Three]]"<ref name="FloraBase3" /> meaning that it is poorly known and known from only a few locations but is not under imminent threat.<ref name=codes>{{cite web|title=Conservation codes for Western Australian Flora and Fauna|url=https://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/images/documents/plants-animals/threatened-species/Listings/Conservation%20code%20definitions.pdf|publisher=Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife|access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{Flora of Western Australia|name=Dryandra longifolia|level=s|f=090|id=1912}}
* {{cite book | author = Cavanagh, Tony and Margaret Pieroni | year = 2006 | title = The Dryandras | publisher = Melbourne: Australian Plants Society (SGAP Victoria); Perth: Wildflower Society of Western Australia | isbn = 1-876473-54-1 | oclc = 149312882}}


{{Commons category|Banksia prolata}}
⚫
[[Category:Dryandra|Longifolia]]


{{Taxonbar|from=Q4856676}}


⚫
[[Category:Banksia ser. Dryandra|prolata]]
{{Proteaceae-stub}}
[[Category:Plants described in 1810]]
{{WesternAustralia-stub}}
[[Category:Taxa named by Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)]]

Latest revision as of 20:39, 31 July 2022

Banksia prolata
B. prolata from Robert Sweet's 1828 Flora Australasica
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Proteales
Family: Proteaceae
Genus: Banksia
Subgenus: Banksia subg. Banksia
Series: Banksia ser. Dryandra
Species:
B. prolata
Binomial name
Banksia prolata
Synonyms[1]
  • Dryandra longifolia R.Br.
  • Josephia longifolia (R.Br.) Poir.
Habit in cultivation

Banksia prolata is a species of bushy shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has linear, serrated or pinnatifid leaves, yellow flowers in heads of between 150 and 250, and egg-shaped follicles.

Description[edit]

Banksia prolata is a bushy shrub that grows to a height of 0.4–3 m (1 ft 4 in – 9 ft 10 in) but does not form a lignotuber. It has linear, serrated or pinnatifid leaves that are 110–300 mm (4.3–11.8 in) long and 12–18 mm (0.47–0.71 in) wide on a petiole 5–30 mm (0.20–1.18 in) long. There are between six and twenty-one sharply-pointed, triangular teeth on each side of the leaves. The flowers are yellow and borne in heads of between 150 and 250 with hairy, lance-shaped involucral bracts up to 14–30 mm (0.55–1.18 in) long at the base of each head. The perianth is 23–40 mm (0.91–1.57 in) long and the pistil 28–48 mm (1.1–1.9 in) long. Flowering occurs from April to October, and the follicles are egg-shaped and 8–12 mm (0.31–0.47 in) long.[2][3][4]

Taxonomy and naming[edit]

This species was first formally described in 1810 by Robert Brown who gave it the name Dryandra longifolia and published the description in Transactions of the Linnean Society of London from material collected near Lucky Bay.[5][6] The specific epithet (longifolia) is derived from the Latin words longus, "long" and folium, "leaf".[7]

In 1996, Alex George described three subspecies of Dryandra longifolia in the journal Nuytsia:[4]

  • Dryandra longifolia subsp. archeos A.S.George has flowers with larger organs than those of the other two subspecies, including bracts that are 25–30 mm (0.98–1.18 in) long;
  • Dryandra longifolia subsp. calcicola A.S.George is similar to the autonym but has straight bracts up to 20 mm (0.79 in) long;
  • Dryandra longifolia R.Br. subsp. longifolia has bracts up to 20 mm (0.79 in) long that curve downwards.

In 2007 Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele transferred all dryandras to the genus Banksia, but since the name Banksia longifolia had already been used (Banksia longifolia Donn ex F.Dietr.),[8] Mast and Thiele gave this species the name Banksia prolata.[9] The epithet (prolata) is from a Latin word meaning "drawn out".[10] The subspecies were named archeos, calcicola and prolata respectively.[11] The names of the subspecies are accepted by the Australian Plant Census.[12][13][14]

Distribution and habitat[edit]

Subspecies archeos grows among boulders in dense scrub on Mount Arid in the Cape Arid National Park, subspecies calcicola in scrub to the west of Esperance Bay and subspecies longifolia in scrub near granite slopes between Cape Le Grand to Cape Paisley in the Cape Le Grand National Park and on Mondrain Island in the Recherche Archipelago.[3][15][16][17]

Conservation status[edit]

Banksia prolata is listed as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife but subspecies archeos is listed as "Priority Two"[15] meaning that it is poorly known and from only one or a few locations, subspecies calcicola as "Priority Four" meaning that is rare or near threatened[16] and subspecies prolata as "Priority Three"[17] meaning that it is poorly known and known from only a few locations but is not under imminent threat.[18]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "Banksia prolata". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  2. ^ "Banksia prolata". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
  3. ^ a b George, Alex S. (1999). Flora of Australia (PDF). Vol. 17B. Canberra: Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra. pp. 280–281. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  4. ^ a b George, Alex (1996). "New taxa and a new infrageneric classification in Dryandra R.Br. (Proteaceae : Grevilleoideae)". Nuytsia. 10 (3): 341–343. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  5. ^ "Dryandra longifolia". APNI. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  6. ^ Brown, Robert (1810). "On the Proteaceae of Jussieu". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 10 (1): 215. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  7. ^ Backer, C.A. (1936). Verklarend woordenboek der wetenschappelijke namen van de in Nederland en Nederlandsch-Indië in het wild groeiende en in tuinen en parken gekweekte varens en hoogere planten (Edition Nicoline van der Sijs).
  8. ^ "Banksia longifolia". APNI. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  9. ^ "Banksia prolata". APNI. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  10. ^ Francis Aubie Sharr (2019). Western Australian Plant Names and their Meanings. Kardinya, Western Australia: Four Gables Press. p. 284. ISBN 9780958034180.
  11. ^ Mast, Austin R.; Thiele, Kevin (2007). "The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 20 (1): 63–71. doi:10.1071/SB06016.
  12. ^ "Banksia prolata subsp. archeos". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  13. ^ "Banksia prolata subsp. calcicola". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  14. ^ "Banksia prolata subsp. prolata". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  15. ^ a b "Banksia prolata subsp. archeos". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
  16. ^ a b "Banksia prolata subsp. calcicola". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
  17. ^ a b "Banksia prolata subsp. prolata". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
  18. ^ "Conservation codes for Western Australian Flora and Fauna" (PDF). Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  • Cavanagh, Tony and Margaret Pieroni (2006). The Dryandras. Melbourne: Australian Plants Society (SGAP Victoria); Perth: Wildflower Society of Western Australia. ISBN 1-876473-54-1. OCLC 149312882.
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