Yoshikawa Akimasa: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox person |
{{Infobox person |
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|honorific_prefix= Count |
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|name = Yoshikawa Akimasa <br> 芳川顕正 |
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|image = YOSHIKAWA Akimasa.jpg |
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|image_size = |
|image_size = |
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|birth_date = {{birth date|1842|1|21}} |
|birth_date = {{birth date|1842|1|21}} |
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|birth_place = [[Awa Province (Tokushima)|Awa Province]], [[Japan]] |
|birth_place = [[Awa Province (Tokushima)|Awa Province]], [[Japan]] |
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|occupation = Cabinet Minister |
|occupation = Cabinet Minister |
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{{family name hatnote|Yoshikawa|lang=Japanese}} |
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Count {{nihongo|'''Yoshikawa Akimasa'''|芳川顕正||extra= January 21, 1842 – January 10, 1920}} was a bureaucrat, statesman and cabinet minister, active in |
[[Count]] {{nihongo|'''Yoshikawa Akimasa'''|芳川顕正||extra= January 21, 1842 – January 10, 1920}} was a Japanese bureaucrat, statesman and cabinet minister, active in [[Meiji period|Meiji]]- and [[Taishō period|Taishō]]-period [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]. |
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==Biography== |
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Yoshikawa was born in [[Yamakawa, Tokushima|Yamakawa]], [[Awa Province (Tokushima)|Awa Province]] (currently [[Yoshinogawa, Tokushima]]) as the son of a local ''[[samurai]]''. After the [[Meiji |
Yoshikawa was born in [[Yamakawa, Tokushima|Yamakawa]], [[Awa Province (Tokushima)|Awa Province]] (currently [[Yoshinogawa, Tokushima]]) as the son of a local ''[[samurai]]''. After the [[Meiji Restoration]], he went to [[Tokyo]] and entered into service of the new [[Meiji government]], rising to become head of the [[National Printing Bureau]] under the [[Ministry of Finance (Japan)|Ministry of Finance]] in 1872. |
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He was a close protégé of [[Yamagata Aritomo]] and at |
He was a close protégé of [[Yamagata Aritomo]] and at Yamagata's urging, served as [[Governor of Tokyo]] from July 1882 to June 1885. As Governor, Yoshikawa submitted a plan for the complete redevelopment of Tokyo based on the redevelopment of [[Paris]] under [[Napoleon III]]. Yoshikawa's plan called for a system of wide boulevards and canals radiating out from the [[Tokyo Imperial Palace]].<ref>Fujitani. ''Splendid Monarchy''. Pages 74–75</ref> He also called for an expansion of the train system to a [[terminal station|terminus]] in an expanded [[Tokyo Station]]. Although some elements of the “Yoshikawa Plan” were eventually implemented, most remained on paper due to completing plans raised by other politicians, notably [[Inoue Kaoru]].<ref>Fraser. ''Trains, Culture, and Mobility''. Page 245–246</ref> |
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Yoshikawa then worked as Deputy Director of the [[Home Ministry (Japan)|Home Ministry]] from March 1886 to May 1890. When Yamagata became [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]], Yoshikawa was appointed to his cabinet as [[Minister of Education (Japan)|Minister of Education]], a post which he held from May 1890 to June 1891. [[Emperor Meiji]] expressed reservations over the appointment, but was convinced by Yamagata that the choice of the conservative Yoshikawa was suitable. |
Yoshikawa then worked as Deputy Director of the [[Home Ministry (Japan)|Home Ministry]] from March 1886 to May 1890. When Yamagata became [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]], Yoshikawa was appointed to his cabinet as [[Minister of Education (Japan)|Minister of Education]], a post which he held from May 1890 to June 1891. [[Emperor Meiji]] expressed reservations over the appointment, but was convinced by Yamagata that the choice of the conservative Yoshikawa was suitable.<ref>Keene. ''Emperor Meiji and his World''. Page 434</ref> During this period, he played an important role in writing the [[Imperial Rescript on Education]], which articulated government policy on the guiding principles of education in the Empire of Japan, and which had to be memorized by all students. |
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In 1893, under the 2nd [[Itō Hirobumi]] administration, Yoshikawa was appointed [[Minister of Justice (Japan)|Minister of Justice]]. He continued in the same position through the 2nd [[Matsukata Masayoshi]] administration. In February 1896, while still holding the position of Minister of Justice, he was concurrently appointed Home Minister. He also served as a [[chamberlain (office)|chamberlain]] in the [[Imperial Household Agency|Imperial Household]]. |
In 1893, under the 2nd [[Itō Hirobumi]] administration, Yoshikawa was appointed [[Minister of Justice (Japan)|Minister of Justice]]. He continued in the same position through the 2nd [[Matsukata Masayoshi]] administration. In February 1896, while still holding the position of Minister of Justice, he was concurrently appointed Home Minister. He also served as a [[chamberlain (office)|chamberlain]] in the [[Imperial Household Agency|Imperial Household]]. |
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In 1898, under the 1st [[Ōkuma Shigenobu]] administration, he was reappointed as Home Minister, and under the 2nd Yamagata administration in November |
In 1898, under the 1st [[Ōkuma Shigenobu]] administration, he was reappointed as Home Minister, and under the 2nd Yamagata administration in November 1898, was made [[Ministry of Communications (Japan)|Minister of Communications]]. That same year, he was elevated to the ''[[kazoku]]'' peerage with the title of ''shishaku'' ([[viscount]]). |
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In 1901, under the 1st [[Katsura Tarō]] administration, he was reappointed as Minister of Communications. After his term ended in July 1903, he announced that he would be leaving public service; however, he accepted the post of Home Minister again in February 1904, serving until September 1905. In 1907, he became the 1st chairman of the Japan Society for Prevention of Sexually-transmitted Disease. He was subsequently elevated to ''hakushaku'' ([[count]]). |
In 1901, under the 1st [[Katsura Tarō]] administration, he was reappointed as Minister of Communications. After his term ended in July 1903, he announced that he would be leaving public service; however, he accepted the post of Home Minister again in February 1904, serving until September 1905. In 1907, he became the 1st chairman of the Japan Society for Prevention of Sexually-transmitted Disease. He was subsequently elevated to ''hakushaku'' ([[count]]). |
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In 1912, Yoshikawa became deputy secretary of the [[Privy Council (Japan)|Privy Council]]. However, in 1917, he was forced to resign his positions and retire from public life over a major scandal caused by his 4th daughter Kamako. |
In 1912, Yoshikawa became deputy secretary of the [[Privy Council (Japan)|Privy Council]]. However, in 1917, he was forced to resign his positions and retire from public life over a major scandal caused by his 4th daughter Kamako. |
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Yoshikawa had four daughters but no sons, he adopted a younger son of [[Sone Arasuke]], who married his Yoshikawa's 4th daughter Kamako. The son, Hiroharu, became a prominent businessman. However, Kamako had an affair with her chauffeur, with whom she attempted a double suicide by throwing themselves in front of a train. The chauffeur died instantly, but Kamako survived with serious injuries. The revelation of her adultery across class lines brought vehement condemnation from the press and |
Yoshikawa had four daughters but no sons, he adopted a younger son of [[Sone Arasuke]], who married his Yoshikawa's 4th daughter Kamako. The son, Hiroharu, became a prominent businessman. However, Kamako had an affair with her chauffeur, with whom she attempted a double suicide by throwing themselves in front of a train. The chauffeur died instantly, but Kamako survived with serious injuries. The revelation of her adultery across class lines brought vehement condemnation from the press and Yoshikawa's peers, and forced his retirement from public life.<ref>Sato. ''The New Japanese Woman'' page 109–110</ref> |
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Yoshikawa's birthplace in [[Yoshinogawa, Tokushima]] is preserved as a house museum. His grave is located at [[Aoyama Cemetery]] in Tokyo. |
Yoshikawa's birthplace in [[Yoshinogawa, Tokushima]] is preserved as a house museum. His grave is located at [[Aoyama Cemetery]] in Tokyo. |
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== References == |
== References == |
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* [[Donald Keene|Keene, Donald]]. ''Emperor Of Japan: Meiji And His World, 1852–1912''. Columbia University Press (2005). ISBN |
* [[Donald Keene|Keene, Donald]]. ''Emperor Of Japan: Meiji And His World, 1852–1912''. Columbia University Press (2005). {{ISBN|0-231-12341-8}} |
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* Franser, Benjamin. ''Trains, Culture, and Mobility: Riding the Rails''. Lexington Books (2001). ISBN |
* Franser, Benjamin. ''Trains, Culture, and Mobility: Riding the Rails''. Lexington Books (2001). {{ISBN|0739167499}} |
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* Fujitani, Takashi. (1998). ''Splendid Monarchy: Power and Pageantry in Modern Japan.''. Berkeley: [[University of California Press]]. |
* Fujitani, Takashi. (1998). ''Splendid Monarchy: Power and Pageantry in Modern Japan.''. Berkeley: [[University of California Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-520-20237-5}}; {{OCLC|246558189}}—Reprint edition, 1998. {{ISBN|0-520-21371-8}}|page 74–75 |
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* Sims, Richard. ''Japanese Political History Since the Meiji Renovation |
* Sims, Richard. ''Japanese Political History Since the Meiji Renovation 1868–2000''. Palgrave Macmillan. {{ISBN|0-312-23915-7}} |
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* Sato, Barbara. ''The New Japanese Woman: Modernity, Media, and Women in Interwar Japan''. Duke University Press (2003). ISBN |
* Sato, Barbara. ''The New Japanese Woman: Modernity, Media, and Women in Interwar Japan''. Duke University Press (2003). {{ISBN|082233044X}}. |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{ |
{{Commons category|Yoshikawa Akimasa}} |
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*[http://www.city.yoshinogawa.lg.jp/docs/2010100700999/ Yoshinogawa city home page] |
*[http://www.city.yoshinogawa.lg.jp/docs/2010100700999/ Yoshinogawa city home page] |
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*[http://ndl.go.jp/portrait/e/datas/471.html?cat=180 National Diet Library Bio and Photo] |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{s-off}} |
{{s-off}} |
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{{succession box | before=[[Katsura |
{{succession box | before=[[Katsura Tarō]] | title=[[Home Ministry (Japan)|Home Minister]] | years=February 20, 1904 – September 16, 1905| after=[[Kiyoura Keigo]]}} |
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{{succession box | before=[[Hara Kei]] | title=[[Ministry of Communications (Japan)|Communications Minister]] | years=June 2, 1901 – July 17, 1903| after=[[Hoshi Toru]]}} |
{{succession box | before=[[Hara Kei]] | title=[[Ministry of Communications (Japan)|Communications Minister]] | years=June 2, 1901 – July 17, 1903| after=[[Hoshi Toru]]}} |
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{{succession box | before=[[Nomura Yasushi]] | title=[[Home Ministry (Japan)|Home Minister]] | years=February 3, 1896 – April 14, 1896| after=[[Itagaki Taisuke]]}} |
{{succession box | before=[[Nomura Yasushi]] | title=[[Home Ministry (Japan)|Home Minister]] | years=February 3, 1896 – April 14, 1896| after=[[Itagaki Taisuke]]}} |
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{{succession box | before=[[Inoue Kaoru]] | title=[[Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology|Minister of Education]] (acting) | years= August 29, 1894 – October 3, 1894| after=[[Saionji Kinmochi]]}} |
{{succession box | before=[[Inoue Kaoru]] | title=[[Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology|Minister of Education]] (acting) | years= August 29, 1894 – October 3, 1894| after=[[Saionji Kinmochi]]}} |
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{{succession box | before=[[ |
{{succession box | before=[[Itō Hirobumi]] | title=[[Minister of Justice (Japan)|Minister of Justice]] | years=March 16, 1893 – September 26, 1896| after=[[Kiyoura Keigo]]}} |
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{{succession box | before=[[Enomoto |
{{succession box | before=[[Enomoto Takeaki]] | title=[[Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology|Minister of Education]] | years= May 17, 1890 – June 1, 1891| after=[[Ōki Takatō]]}} |
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{{succession box | before=[[Hayashi Yūzō]] | title=[[Ministry of Communications (Japan)|Communications Minister]] | years=November 8, 1898 – October 19, 1900| after=[[Sone Arasuke]]}} |
{{succession box | before=[[Hayashi Yūzō]] | title=[[Ministry of Communications (Japan)|Communications Minister]] | years=November 8, 1898 – October 19, 1900| after=[[Sone Arasuke]]}} |
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{{succession box | before=[[Kabayama Sukenori]] | title=[[Home Ministry (Japan)|Home Minister]] | years=January 12, 1898 – June 30, 1898| after=[[Itagaki Taisuke]]}} |
{{succession box | before=[[Kabayama Sukenori]] | title=[[Home Ministry (Japan)|Home Minister]] | years=January 12, 1898 – June 30, 1898| after=[[Itagaki Taisuke]]}} |
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{{s-end}} |
{{s-end}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{Persondata |
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| NAME = Yoshikawa, Akimasa |
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| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = |
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| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Japanese politician |
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| DATE OF BIRTH = January 21, 1842 |
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| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Yoshinogawa, Tokushima]], [[Japan]] |
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| DATE OF DEATH = January 10, 1920 |
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| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Tokyo]], Japan |
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}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT: Yoshikawa, Akimasa}} |
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[[Category:1842 births]] |
[[Category:1842 births]] |
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[[Category:1920 deaths]] |
[[Category:1920 deaths]] |
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[[Category:People of Meiji-period Japan]] |
[[Category:People of Meiji-period Japan]] |
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[[Category:Ministers of Home Affairs of Japan]] |
[[Category:Ministers of Home Affairs of Japan]] |
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[[Category:Governors of Tokyo]] |
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[[ja:芳川顕正]] |
Latest revision as of 08:33, 19 January 2023
Count Yoshikawa Akimasa 芳川顕正 | |
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Born | |
Died | January 10, 1920 Tokyo, Japan | (aged 77)
Nationality | Japanese |
Occupation | Cabinet Minister |
Count Yoshikawa Akimasa (芳川顕正, January 21, 1842 – January 10, 1920) was a Japanese bureaucrat, statesman and cabinet minister, active in Meiji- and Taishō-period Japan.
Biography[edit]
Yoshikawa was born in Yamakawa, Awa Province (currently Yoshinogawa, Tokushima) as the son of a local samurai. After the Meiji Restoration, he went to Tokyo and entered into service of the new Meiji government, rising to become head of the National Printing Bureau under the Ministry of Finance in 1872.
He was a close protégé of Yamagata Aritomo and at Yamagata's urging, served as Governor of Tokyo from July 1882 to June 1885. As Governor, Yoshikawa submitted a plan for the complete redevelopment of Tokyo based on the redevelopment of Paris under Napoleon III. Yoshikawa's plan called for a system of wide boulevards and canals radiating out from the Tokyo Imperial Palace.[1] He also called for an expansion of the train system to a terminus in an expanded Tokyo Station. Although some elements of the “Yoshikawa Plan” were eventually implemented, most remained on paper due to completing plans raised by other politicians, notably Inoue Kaoru.[2]
Yoshikawa then worked as Deputy Director of the Home Ministry from March 1886 to May 1890. When Yamagata became Prime Minister, Yoshikawa was appointed to his cabinet as Minister of Education, a post which he held from May 1890 to June 1891. Emperor Meiji expressed reservations over the appointment, but was convinced by Yamagata that the choice of the conservative Yoshikawa was suitable.[3] During this period, he played an important role in writing the Imperial Rescript on Education, which articulated government policy on the guiding principles of education in the Empire of Japan, and which had to be memorized by all students.
In 1893, under the 2nd Itō Hirobumi administration, Yoshikawa was appointed Minister of Justice. He continued in the same position through the 2nd Matsukata Masayoshi administration. In February 1896, while still holding the position of Minister of Justice, he was concurrently appointed Home Minister. He also served as a chamberlain in the Imperial Household.
In 1898, under the 1st Ōkuma Shigenobu administration, he was reappointed as Home Minister, and under the 2nd Yamagata administration in November 1898, was made Minister of Communications. That same year, he was elevated to the kazoku peerage with the title of shishaku (viscount).
In 1901, under the 1st Katsura Tarō administration, he was reappointed as Minister of Communications. After his term ended in July 1903, he announced that he would be leaving public service; however, he accepted the post of Home Minister again in February 1904, serving until September 1905. In 1907, he became the 1st chairman of the Japan Society for Prevention of Sexually-transmitted Disease. He was subsequently elevated to hakushaku (count).
In 1912, Yoshikawa became deputy secretary of the Privy Council. However, in 1917, he was forced to resign his positions and retire from public life over a major scandal caused by his 4th daughter Kamako.
Yoshikawa had four daughters but no sons, he adopted a younger son of Sone Arasuke, who married his Yoshikawa's 4th daughter Kamako. The son, Hiroharu, became a prominent businessman. However, Kamako had an affair with her chauffeur, with whom she attempted a double suicide by throwing themselves in front of a train. The chauffeur died instantly, but Kamako survived with serious injuries. The revelation of her adultery across class lines brought vehement condemnation from the press and Yoshikawa's peers, and forced his retirement from public life.[4]
Yoshikawa's birthplace in Yoshinogawa, Tokushima is preserved as a house museum. His grave is located at Aoyama Cemetery in Tokyo.
References[edit]
- Keene, Donald. Emperor Of Japan: Meiji And His World, 1852–1912. Columbia University Press (2005). ISBN 0-231-12341-8
- Franser, Benjamin. Trains, Culture, and Mobility: Riding the Rails. Lexington Books (2001). ISBN 0739167499
- Fujitani, Takashi. (1998). Splendid Monarchy: Power and Pageantry in Modern Japan.. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20237-5; OCLC 246558189—Reprint edition, 1998. ISBN 0-520-21371-8|page 74–75
- Sims, Richard. Japanese Political History Since the Meiji Renovation 1868–2000. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-23915-7
- Sato, Barbara. The New Japanese Woman: Modernity, Media, and Women in Interwar Japan. Duke University Press (2003). ISBN 082233044X.