Holothyrida: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Order of mites}}
{{Taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Holothyrida
| name = Holothyrida
| image = Sternothyrus braueri 62962027 cropped.jpg
| image = Holothyrus.nitidissimus.svg
| image_caption = ''Holothyrus nitidissimus''<br><small>Thorell, 1882</small>
| image_caption = ''Sternothyrus braueri'', a member of [[Holothyridae]]
| image2 = Diplothyrus-lecorrei-n-sp-Adult-idiosoma-a-male-ventral-view-b-female-ventral.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image2_caption = Underside of male (left) and female (right) of ''Diplothyrus lecorrei'' ([[Neothyridae]])
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
⚫
| taxon = Holothyrida
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| authority =
| classis = [[Arachnida]]
| subclassis = [[Acari]]
⚫
| superordo = [[Parasitiformes]]
⚫
| ordo = '''Holothyrida'''
| ordo_authority =
| diversity_link = Holothyrida
| diversity = 10 genera, > 25 species
| diversity = 10 genera, > 25 species
| range_map =
| range_map =
| range_map_width = 250px
| subdivision_ranks = Families
| subdivision_ranks = Families
| subdivision =
| subdivision = See text.
See text.
}}
}}


The '''Holothyrida''' are a small order of [[mites]] in the superorder [[Parasitiformes]]. No fossils are known. With body lengths of more than 2 mm they are relatively large mites, with a heavily [[Sclerosis (medicine)|sclerotized]] body. They mainly feed on the body fluids of dead [[arthropod]]s. This was possibly the common way of feeding for ticks before they adapted for feeding on the blood of live animals<ref>Walter & Proctor 1998</ref>.
The '''Holothyrida''' are a small order of [[mites]] in the superorder [[Parasitiformes]]. No fossils are known. With body lengths of more than {{cvt|2|mm|in|frac=32}} they are relatively large mites, with a heavily [[Sclerosis (medicine)|sclerotized]] body. It is divided into three families, Allothyridae, Holothyridae, and Neothyridae. In a 1998 experimental study, members of the family Allothyridae were found to ignore living animals but readily fed on the body fluids of dead [[arthropods]], making them [[Scavenger|scavengers]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walter |first=David Evans |last2=Proctor |first2=Heather C. |date=1998 |title=Feeding behaviour and phylogeny: observations on early derivative Acari |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1023/A:1006033407957 |journal=Experimental and Applied Acarology |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=39–50 |doi=10.1023/A:1006033407957}}</ref>


The order has a distribution largely confined to former [[Gondwana]]n landmasses. They are the [[sister group]] to [[Ixodida]] (ticks).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dobson |first=Susan J. |last2=Barker |first2=Stephen C. |date=1999 |title=Phylogeny of the Hard Ticks (Ixodidae) Inferred from 18S rRNA Indicates That the GenusAponommaIs Paraphyletic |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1055790398905656 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |language=en |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=288–295 |doi=10.1006/mpev.1998.0565}}</ref>
Although only 25 species are currently described, many others have been collected.

The order has a [[Gondwana]]n distribution. They are likely the sister group to [[Ixodida]] (ticks)<ref>Dobson & Barker 1999</ref>.


==Systematics==
==Systematics==

===Allothyridae===
===Allothyridae===
[[Allothyridae]] <small>van der Hammen, 1972</small> — [[Australia]]
Allothyridae <small>van der Hammen, 1972</small> — [[Australia]], New Zealand


* ''[[Allothyrus]]'' <small>van der Hammen, 1961</small>
* ''[[Allothyrus]]'' <small>van der Hammen, 1961</small>
Line 38: Line 31:


===Holothyridae===
===Holothyridae===
[[Holothyridae]] <small>Thorell, 1882</small>
Holothyridae <small>Thorell, 1882</small> Sri Lanka, Indian Ocean islands, New Guinea, New Caledonia


* ''[[Sternothyrus]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 1995</small>
* ''[[Sternothyrus]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 1995</small>
:* ''[[Sternothyrus braueri]]'' <small>(Thon, 1905)</small> — [[Seychelles]]
** ''[[Sternothyrus braueri]]'' <small>(Thon, 1905)</small> — [[Seychelles]]


* ''[[Lindothyrus]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 1995</small>
* ''[[Lindothyrus]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 1995</small>
:* ''[[Lindothyrus elongatus]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 1995</small> — [[Lord Howe Island]]
** ''[[Lindothyrus elongatus]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 1995</small> — [[Lord Howe Island]]
:* ''[[Lindothyrus rubellus]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 1995</small> — [[New Caledonia]]
** ''[[Lindothyrus rubellus]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 1995</small> — [[New Caledonia]]


* ''[[Indothyrus]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 1995</small>
* ''[[Indothyrus]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 1995</small>
:* ''[[Indothyrus greeni]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 1995</small> — [[Sri Lanka]]
** ''[[Indothyrus greeni]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 1995</small> — [[Sri Lanka]]


* ''[[Haplothyrus]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 1995</small>
* ''[[Haplothyrus]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 1995</small>
:* ''[[Haplothyrus expolitissimus]]'' <small>(Berlese, 1924)</small> — New Caledonia
**''[[Haplothyrus expolitissimus]]'' <small>(Berlese, 1924)</small> — New Caledonia
:* ''[[Haplothyrus hyatti]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 1995</small> — unknown locality
** ''[[Haplothyrus hyatti]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 1995</small> — unknown locality


* ''[[Holothyrus]]'' <small>Gervais, 1842</small> — [[Mauritius]]
* ''[[Holothyrus]]'' <small>Gervais, 1842</small> — [[Mauritius]]
:* ''[[Holothyrus coccinella]]'' <small>Gervais, 1842</small>
** ''[[Holothyrus coccinella]]'' <small>Gervais, 1842</small>
:* ''[[Holothyrus legendrei]]'' <small>Hammen, 1983</small>
** ''[[Holothyrus legendrei]]'' <small>Hammen, 1983</small>


* ''[[Hammenius]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 1981</small>
* ''[[Hammenius]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 1981</small>
:* ''[[Hammenius armatus]]'' <small>(Canestrini, 1897)</small> — [[Tamara Island]] ([[Aitape]]): New Guinea
** ''[[Hammenius armatus]]'' <small>(Canestrini, 1897)</small> — [[Tamara Island]] ([[Aitape]]): New Guinea
:* ''[[Hammenius berlesei]]'' <small>(Lehtinen, 1995)</small> — New Guinea
** ''[[Hammenius berlesei]]'' <small>(Lehtinen, 1995)</small> — New Guinea
:* ''[[Hammenius braueri]]'' <small>(Thon, 1906)</small>
** ''[[Hammenius braueri]]'' <small>(Thon, 1906)</small>
:* ''[[Hammenius fujuge]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 1981</small> — [[New Guinea]] (Central District, Oro Province)
** ''[[Hammenius fujuge]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 1981</small> — [[New Guinea]] (Central District, Oro Province)
:* ''[[Hammenius grandjeani]]'' <small>(Hammen, 1961)</small> — [[Mount Bosavi]]: New Guinea
** ''[[Hammenius grandjeani]]'' <small>(Hammen, 1961)</small> — [[Mount Bosavi]]: New Guinea
:* ''[[Hammenius holthuisi]]'' <small>van der Hammen, 1983</small>
** ''[[Hammenius holthuisi]]'' <small>van der Hammen, 1983</small>
:* ''[[Hammenius ingii]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 1981</small> — New Guinea
** ''[[Hammenius ingii]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 1981</small> — New Guinea
:* ''[[Hammenius insularis]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 1995</small> — [[Louisiade Archipelago]]: New Guinea
** ''[[Hammenius insularis]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 1995</small> — [[Louisiade Archipelago]]: New Guinea
:* ''[[Hammenius longipes]]'' <small>(Thorell, 1882)</small> — Fly River, New Guinea (?)
** ''[[Hammenius longipes]]'' <small>(Thorell, 1882)</small> — Fly River, New Guinea (?)
:* ''[[Hammenius mendi]]'' <small>(Lehtinen, 1995)</small> — [[Strickland River]]: New Guinea
** ''[[Hammenius mendi]]'' <small>(Lehtinen, 1995)</small> — [[Strickland River]]: New Guinea
:* ''[[Hammenius montanus]]'' <small>Hammen, 1983</small> — [[Irian Jaya]]
** ''[[Hammenius montanus]]'' <small>Hammen, 1983</small> — [[Irian Jaya]]
:* ''[[Hammenius niger]]'' <small>(Thon, 1906)</small>
** ''[[Hammenius niger]]'' <small>(Thon, 1906)</small>


===Neothyridae===
===Neothyridae===
[[Neothyridae]] <small>Lehtinen, 1981</small>
Neothyridae <small>Lehtinen, 1981</small> Northern South America and the Caribbean


* ''[[Diplothyrus]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 1999</small>
* ''[[Diplothyrus]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 1999</small> Brazil, French Guiana
:* ''[[Diplothyrus schubarti]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 1999</small>
** ''[[Diplothyrus schubarti]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 1999</small>
⚫
** ''Diplothyrus lecorrei'' <small>Klompen 2010</small>
** ''Diplothyrus lehtineni'' <small>Vázquez & de Araújo & Feres 2016</small>
⚫
* ''[[Neothyrus]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 1981</small> Peru
** ''[[Neothyrus ana]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 1981</small>
*''[[Caribothyrus]]'' <small>Kontschán & Mahunka 2004</small> Dominican Republic
**[[Caribothyrus|''Caribothyrus barbatus'']] <small>Kontschán & Mahunka 2004</small>


⚫
== Footnotes ==
⚫
* ''[[Neothyrus]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 1981</small>
{{Reflist}}
⚫
:* ''[[Neothyrus ana]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 1981</small>

⚫
==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}


==References==
==References==
*Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog: [http://insects.tamu.edu/research/collection/hallan/Acari/Family/Holothyrida1.htm Holothyrida]
*Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog: [https://web.archive.org/web/20071105225500/http://insects.tamu.edu/research/collection/hallan/acari/Family/Holothyrida1.htm Holothyrida]
* Bruce Halliday: [http://www.australasian-arachnology.org/arachnology/acari/holothyrida/ Order Holothyrida]
* Bruce Halliday: [http://www.australasian-arachnology.org/arachnology/acari/holothyrida/ Order Holothyrida]
*Lehtinen, Pekka T. (1995): Revision of the old world Holothyridae (Arachnida : Anactinotrichida : Holothyrina). ''Invertebrate Taxonomy'' '''9'''(4): 767-826. {{doi|10.1071/IT9950767}}
*Lehtinen, Pekka T. (1995): Revision of the old world Holothyridae (Arachnida : Anactinotrichida : Holothyrina). ''Invertebrate Taxonomy'' '''9'''(4): 767-826. {{doi|10.1071/IT9950767}}
*Walter, D. E. & Proctor, H. C. (1998): Feeding behaviour and phylogeny: observations on early derivative Acari. ''Exp. Appl. Acarol'' '''22''': 39-50.
*Dobson, S. J. & Barker, S. C. (1999): Phylogeny of the hard ticks (Ixodidae) inferred from 18S rRNA indicates that the genus ''[[Aponomma]]'' is paraphyletic. ''Mol. Phylogenet. Evol'' '''11''': 288-295 PMID 10191073


{{commonscat|Holothyrida}}
{{commons category|Holothyrida}}

{{Arachnida}}
{{Acari}}
{{Acari}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1139948}}
⚫
[[Category:Acari]]


⚫
[[Category:Parasitiformes]]
[[es:Holothyrida]]
⚫
[[Category:Arachnid orders]]
[[fr:Holothyrida]]

Latest revision as of 21:58, 29 June 2023

Holothyrida
Sternothyrus braueri, a member of Holothyridae
Underside of male (left) and female (right) of Diplothyrus lecorrei (Neothyridae)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Superorder: Parasitiformes
Order: Holothyrida
Families

See text.

Diversity
10 genera, > 25 species

The Holothyrida are a small order of mites in the superorder Parasitiformes. No fossils are known. With body lengths of more than 2 mm (3⁄32 in) they are relatively large mites, with a heavily sclerotized body. It is divided into three families, Allothyridae, Holothyridae, and Neothyridae. In a 1998 experimental study, members of the family Allothyridae were found to ignore living animals but readily fed on the body fluids of dead arthropods, making them scavengers.[1]

The order has a distribution largely confined to former Gondwanan landmasses. They are the sister group to Ixodida (ticks).[2]

Systematics[edit]

Allothyridae[edit]

Allothyridae van der Hammen, 1972 — Australia, New Zealand

Holothyridae[edit]

Holothyridae Thorell, 1882 Sri Lanka, Indian Ocean islands, New Guinea, New Caledonia

Neothyridae[edit]

Neothyridae Lehtinen, 1981 Northern South America and the Caribbean

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ Walter, David Evans; Proctor, Heather C. (1998). "Feeding behaviour and phylogeny: observations on early derivative Acari". Experimental and Applied Acarology. 22 (1): 39–50. doi:10.1023/A:1006033407957.
  2. ^ Dobson, Susan J.; Barker, Stephen C. (1999). "Phylogeny of the Hard Ticks (Ixodidae) Inferred from 18S rRNA Indicates That the GenusAponommaIs Paraphyletic". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 11 (2): 288–295. doi:10.1006/mpev.1998.0565.

References[edit]

  • Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog: Holothyrida
  • Bruce Halliday: Order Holothyrida
  • Lehtinen, Pekka T. (1995): Revision of the old world Holothyridae (Arachnida : Anactinotrichida : Holothyrina). Invertebrate Taxonomy 9(4): 767-826. doi:10.1071/IT9950767
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Holothyrida.
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