Eidothea zoexylocarya: Difference between revisions

Eidothea zoexylocarya
	Eidothea zoexylocarya leaves, Atherton CSIRO
Conservation status
	; Vulnerable (EPBC Act)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Order:	Proteales
Family:	Proteaceae
Genus:	Eidothea
Species:	E. zoexylocarya
Binomial name
	Eidothea zoexylocarya; A.W.Douglas & B.Hyland

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Eidothea zoexylocarya is a species of tall rainforest trees endemic to north-eastern Queensland, Australia and constituting part of the plant family Proteaceae.^[3] In European–Australian science, these trees were only recognised in recent decades, first from the slopes of Mount Bartle Frere, the Queensland mountain which reaches the highest altitude. In 1995, scientific descriptions of the trees, as this genus and type species, were published for the first time by Andrew W. Douglas and Bernie Hyland.^[1]^[2]^[4] The species name refers to the almost identical fossil fruit Xylocaryon lockii F.Muell. (picture below), from Ballarat, southern Australia, still extant (zoe means life) in this north-eastern Australian species.

Eidothea zoexylocarya's rare, endemic, geographically isolated distribution has obtained the conservation status "vulnerable", officially listed in the regulation current as of 27 September 2013^[update], of the Queensland government legislation, the Nature Conservation Act 1992.^[5]

Description[edit]

They grow naturally to tall trees up to 40 metres (130 ft) tall, with one main trunk, up to 80 cm (31 in) diameter at breast height and without the coppice shoots around the base typical of Eidothea hardeniana.^[1]^[4]^[6] They have ash–grey bark with pale lenticels.^[7]

They have mostly hairless, simple leaves 45–145×15–55 mm (1.77–5.71×0.59–2.17 in), arranged opposite to each other or in whorls of 3–8.^[1]^[3]^[6] E. zoexylocarya is the only known Proteaceae to possess giant cuticular pores in its leaves (diameter 1 μm, density 120000/mm²),^[8] which could play a role in absorbing more water from mist after periods of water stress.

From Sep. to May flowering occurs in axillary or terminal clusters, 1.5–2 cm (0.6–0.8 in) long, of 6–10 flowers; each flower has white or cream perianth parts 8–9 mm (0.31–0.35 in) long, fragrant and insect pollinated.^[1]^[3]^[6]

The fruits have a globose or ovoid shape, green to yellowish or brown, 2.1–6.0 cm (0.83–2.36 in) long x 1.8–6.5 cm (0.7–2.6 in) wide and ripen from Aug.–May.^[1]^[6] Each seed is contained in a hard woody brown endocarp with several longitudinal ribs on its inside corresponding to longitudinal intrusions in the seed surface. Giant white-tailed rats eat the seeds both on the tree and the ground. The hollowed out woody endocarps often remain around the base of the parent tree as they break down slowly.^[1]

Distribution and habitat[edit]

They grow naturally in rainforests from Mount Bartle Frere (headwaters of the Mulgrave River and Russell River) to Thornton Peak and Mount Pieter Botte (headwaters of the Bloomfield River), north-eastern Queensland. They grow naturally in soils derived from metamorphic or granitic geological parent materials, in complex mesophyll (leaf area) to simple notophyll vine forests, at altitude 430–1,480 m (1,410–4,860 ft) and have records from several conservation areas.

Fruit picture[edit]

Xylocaryon lockii fossil nuts figured by Ferdinand von Mueller (1883)

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Douglas, Andrew W.; Hyland, Bernie P. M. (1995). "Eidothea zoexylocarya A.W.Douglas & B.Hyland" (PDF). In McCarthy, P. M. (ed.). Flora of Australia: Volume 16: Eleagnaceae, Proteaceae 1 (PDF). Flora of Australia series. CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pages 473, 128, Fig. 46, Map 119. ISBN 978-0-643-05692-3. Archived from the original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 4 Nov 2013.
^ ^a ^b "Eidothea zoexylocarya A.W.Douglas & B.Hyland". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 3 Nov 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c F.A. Zich; B.P.M Hyland; T. Whiffen; R.A. Kerrigan (2020). "Eidothea zoexylocarya". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants, Edition 8. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). Retrieved 5 March 2021.
^ ^a ^b Weston, P. H.; Kooyman, R. M. (2002). "Systematics of Eidothea (Proteaceae), with the description of a new species, E. hardeniana, from the Nightcap Range, north-eastern New South Wales" (PDF). Telopea. 9 (4): 821–832. doi:10.7751/telopea20024022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-10-04.
^ Queensland Government (27 Sep 2013). "Nature Conservation (Wildlife) Regulation 2006" (PDF). Nature Conservation Act 1992. Online, accessed from www.legislation.qld.gov.au. Australia. p. 49. Retrieved 28 Nov 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Cooper, Wendy; Cooper, William T. (June 2004). Fruits of the Australian Tropical Rainforest. Clifton Hill, Victoria, Australia: Nokomis Editions. p. 410. ISBN 9780958174213. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
^ Douglas, Andrew W.; Hyland, Bernie P. M. (1995). "Eidothea A.W.Douglas & B.Hyland". In McCarthy, P. M. (ed.). Flora of Australia: Volume 16: Eleagnaceae, Proteaceae 1. Flora of Australia series. CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pages 472, 127-128. ISBN 978-0-643-05692-3. Retrieved 4 Nov 2013.
^ Carpenter, Raymond; Jordan, Gregory J.; Leigh, Andrea; Brodribb, Timothy J. (Aug 2007). "Giant cuticular pores in Eidothea zoexylocarya (Proteaceae) leaves". American Journal of Botany. 94 (8): 1282–1288. doi:10.3732/ajb.94.8.1282. hdl:10453/12780. PMID 21636494.

External links[edit]

Media related to Eidothea zoexylocarya at Wikimedia Commons

[Douglas-Hyland-1995-Fl-Australia-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Douglas, Andrew W.; Hyland, Bernie P. M. (1995). "Eidothea zoexylocarya A.W.Douglas & B.Hyland" (PDF). In McCarthy, P. M. (ed.). Flora of Australia: Volume 16: Eleagnaceae, Proteaceae 1 (PDF). Flora of Australia series. CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pages 473, 128, Fig. 46, Map 119. ISBN 978-0-643-05692-3. Archived from the original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 4 Nov 2013.

[APNI-2] "Eidothea zoexylocarya A.W.Douglas & B.Hyland". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 3 Nov 2013.

[RFK8-3] F.A. Zich; B.P.M Hyland; T. Whiffen; R.A. Kerrigan (2020). "Eidothea zoexylocarya". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants, Edition 8. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). Retrieved 5 March 2021.

[Weston-Kooyman-2002-4] Weston, P. H.; Kooyman, R. M. (2002). "Systematics of Eidothea (Proteaceae), with the description of a new species, E. hardeniana, from the Nightcap Range, north-eastern New South Wales" (PDF). Telopea. 9 (4): 821–832. doi:10.7751/telopea20024022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-10-04.

[QLD-NatureConWiR06-5] Queensland Government (27 Sep 2013). "Nature Conservation (Wildlife) Regulation 2006" (PDF). Nature Conservation Act 1992. Online, accessed from www.legislation.qld.gov.au. Australia. p. 49. Retrieved 28 Nov 2013.

[COOPER2-6] Cooper, Wendy; Cooper, William T. (June 2004). Fruits of the Australian Tropical Rainforest. Clifton Hill, Victoria, Australia: Nokomis Editions. p. 410. ISBN 9780958174213. Retrieved 5 March 2021.

[Douglas-Hyland-1995-Fl-Australia-genus-7] Douglas, Andrew W.; Hyland, Bernie P. M. (1995). "Eidothea A.W.Douglas & B.Hyland". In McCarthy, P. M. (ed.). Flora of Australia: Volume 16: Eleagnaceae, Proteaceae 1. Flora of Australia series. CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pages 472, 127-128. ISBN 978-0-643-05692-3. Retrieved 4 Nov 2013.

[Carpenter-etal.-2007-8] Carpenter, Raymond; Jordan, Gregory J.; Leigh, Andrea; Brodribb, Timothy J. (Aug 2007). "Giant cuticular pores in Eidothea zoexylocarya (Proteaceae) leaves". American Journal of Botany. 94 (8): 1282–1288. doi:10.3732/ajb.94.8.1282. hdl:10453/12780. PMID 21636494.

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@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 }}
-'''''Eidothea zoexylocarya''''' is a species of tall rainforest trees [[Endemism|endemic]] to north-eastern [[Queensland]], Australia and constituting part of the plant family [[Proteaceae]].<ref name=AustTRFPK6.1/> In European–Australian science, these trees were only recognised in recent decades, first from the slopes of [[Mount Bartle Frere]], the [[Queensland]] mountain which reaches the highest altitude. In 1995, scientific descriptions of the trees, as this [[genus]] and type species, were published for the first time by Andrew W. Douglas and [[Bernard Hyland|Bernie Hyland]].<ref name=Douglas-Hyland-1995-Fl-Australia/><ref name=APNI/><ref name=Weston-Kooyman-2002/> The species name refers to the almost identical fossil fruit ''[[Xylocaryon lockii]]'' {{Au|F.Muell.}} (picture below), from [[Ballarat]], southern Australia, still extant (''zoe'' means life) in this north-eastern Australian species.
+'''''Eidothea zoexylocarya''''' is a species of tall rainforest trees [[Endemism|endemic]] to north-eastern [[Queensland]], Australia and constituting part of the plant family [[Proteaceae]].<ref name="RFK8"/> In European–Australian science, these trees were only recognised in recent decades, first from the slopes of [[Mount Bartle Frere]], the [[Queensland]] mountain which reaches the highest altitude. In 1995, scientific descriptions of the trees, as this [[genus]] and type species, were published for the first time by Andrew W. Douglas and [[Bernard Hyland|Bernie Hyland]].<ref name=Douglas-Hyland-1995-Fl-Australia/><ref name=APNI/><ref name=Weston-Kooyman-2002/> The species name refers to the almost identical fossil fruit ''[[Xylocaryon lockii]]'' {{Au|F.Muell.}} (picture below), from [[Ballarat]], southern Australia, still extant (''zoe'' means life) in this north-eastern Australian species.
 ''Eidothea zoexylocarya'''s rare, endemic, geographically isolated distribution has obtained the conservation status "[[Vulnerable species|vulnerable]]", officially listed in the regulation current {{as of|2013|Sept|27|lc=y}}, of the Queensland government legislation, the ''[[Nature Conservation Act 1992]]''.<ref name=QLD-NatureConWiR06/>
 ==Description==
-They grow naturally to tall trees up to {{Convert|40|m}} tall, with one main trunk, up to {{Convert|80|cm|abbr=on}} diameter at breast height and without the coppice shoots around the base typical of ''[[Eidothea hardeniana]]''.<ref name=Douglas-Hyland-1995-Fl-Australia/><ref name=Weston-Kooyman-2002/><ref name=Coopers-2004/> They have ash–grey bark with pale lenticels.<ref name=Douglas-Hyland-1995-Fl-Australia-genus/>
+They grow naturally to tall trees up to {{Convert|40|m}} tall, with one main trunk, up to {{Convert|80|cm|abbr=on}} diameter at breast height and without the coppice shoots around the base typical of ''[[Eidothea hardeniana]]''.<ref name=Douglas-Hyland-1995-Fl-Australia/><ref name=Weston-Kooyman-2002/><ref name="COOPER2"/> They have ash–grey bark with pale lenticels.<ref name=Douglas-Hyland-1995-Fl-Australia-genus/>
-They have mostly hairless, simple leaves {{Convert|45|-|145|*|15|-|55|mm|in|abbr=on}}, arranged opposite to each other or in whorls of 3–8.<ref name=Douglas-Hyland-1995-Fl-Australia/><ref name=AustTRFPK6.1/><ref name=Coopers-2004/> ''E. zoexylocarya'' is the only known [[Proteaceae]] to possess giant [[Plant cuticle|cuticular]] pores in its leaves (diameter 1 μm, density 120000/mm{{Super|2}}),<ref name=Carpenter-etal.-2007/> which could play a role in absorbing more water from mist after periods of water stress.
+They have mostly hairless, simple leaves {{Convert|45|-|145|*|15|-|55|mm|in|abbr=on}}, arranged opposite to each other or in whorls of 3–8.<ref name=Douglas-Hyland-1995-Fl-Australia/><ref name="RFK8"/><ref name="COOPER2"/> ''E. zoexylocarya'' is the only known [[Proteaceae]] to possess giant [[Plant cuticle|cuticular]] pores in its leaves (diameter 1 μm, density 120000/mm{{Super|2}}),<ref name=Carpenter-etal.-2007/> which could play a role in absorbing more water from mist after periods of water stress.
-From Sep. to May flowering occurs in axillary or terminal clusters, {{Convert|1.5|–|2|cm|1|abbr=on}} long, of 6–10 flowers; each flower has white or cream [[perianth]] parts {{Convert|8|-|9|mm|abbr=on}} long, fragrant and insect pollinated.<ref name=Douglas-Hyland-1995-Fl-Australia/><ref name=AustTRFPK6.1/><ref name=Coopers-2004/>
+From Sep. to May flowering occurs in axillary or terminal clusters, {{Convert|1.5|–|2|cm|1|abbr=on}} long, of 6–10 flowers; each flower has white or cream [[perianth]] parts {{Convert|8|-|9|mm|abbr=on}} long, fragrant and insect pollinated.<ref name=Douglas-Hyland-1995-Fl-Australia/><ref name="RFK8"/><ref name="COOPER2"/>
-The fruits have a globose or ovoid shape, green to yellowish or brown, {{Convert|2.1|-|6.0|cm|abbr=on}} long x {{Convert|1.8|-|6.5|cm|1|abbr=on}} wide and ripen from Aug.–May.<ref name=Douglas-Hyland-1995-Fl-Australia/><ref name=Coopers-2004/> Each seed is contained in a hard woody brown [[endocarp]] with several longitudinal ribs on its inside corresponding to longitudinal intrusions in the seed surface. [[Giant white-tailed rat]]s eat the seeds both on the tree and the ground. The hollowed out woody endocarps often remain around the base of the parent tree as they break down slowly.<ref name=Douglas-Hyland-1995-Fl-Australia/>
+The fruits have a globose or ovoid shape, green to yellowish or brown, {{Convert|2.1|-|6.0|cm|abbr=on}} long x {{Convert|1.8|-|6.5|cm|1|abbr=on}} wide and ripen from Aug.–May.<ref name=Douglas-Hyland-1995-Fl-Australia/><ref name="COOPER2"/> Each seed is contained in a hard woody brown [[endocarp]] with several longitudinal ribs on its inside corresponding to longitudinal intrusions in the seed surface. [[Giant white-tailed rat]]s eat the seeds both on the tree and the ground. The hollowed out woody endocarps often remain around the base of the parent tree as they break down slowly.<ref name=Douglas-Hyland-1995-Fl-Australia/>
 ==Distribution and habitat==
@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 ==References==
-{{Reflist | 27em | refs=
+{{Reflist| refs=
-<ref name=Douglas-Hyland-1995-Fl-Australia>
+<ref name=Douglas-Hyland-1995-Fl-Australia>{{Cite book
+ | last1= Douglas
-{{Cite book
- | last1= Douglas | first1= Andrew W.
+ | first1= Andrew W.
- | last2= Hyland | first2= Bernie P. M. | authorlink2= Bernard Hyland
+ | last2= Hyland
+ | first2= Bernie P. M.
+ | author-link2= Bernard Hyland
  | year= 1995
  | contribution= ''Eidothea zoexylocarya'' A.W.Douglas & B.Hyland
- | format= online version
+ | format= PDF
  | contribution-url= http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/online-resources/flora/stddisplay.xsql?pnid=44710
- | editor1-last= McCarthy | editor1-first= P. M.
+ | editor1-last= McCarthy
+ | editor1-first= P. M.
  | title= Flora of Australia: Volume 16: Eleagnaceae, Proteaceae 1
  | url= http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/6c3c64a0-7c3f-4e5a-b04f-4287f7e18433/files/flora-australia-16-elaeagnaceae-proteaceae-1.pdf
  | series= Flora of Australia series
  | at= pages 473, 128, Fig. 46, Map 119
  | publisher= CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study
  | isbn= 978-0-643-05692-3
- | accessdate= 4 Nov 2013
+ | access-date= 4 Nov 2013
+ | url-status= dead
-}}
+ | archive-date= 22 October 2017
-</ref>
+ | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171022141335/http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/6c3c64a0-7c3f-4e5a-b04f-4287f7e18433/files/flora-australia-16-elaeagnaceae-proteaceae-1.pdf
+ }}</ref>
 <ref name=Douglas-Hyland-1995-Fl-Australia-genus>
@@ Line 60: / Line 65: @@
  | year= 1995
  | contribution= ''Eidothea'' A.W.Douglas & B.Hyland
- | format= online version
  | contribution-url= http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/online-resources/flora/stddisplay.xsql?pnid=44709
  | editor1-last= McCarthy | editor1-first= P. M.
  | title= Flora of Australia: Volume 16: Eleagnaceae, Proteaceae 1
- | url= <!--http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/flora-of-australia/vol16.html -->
+ | url= http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/flora-of-australia/vol16.html
  | series= Flora of Australia series
  | at= pages 472, 127-128
  | publisher= CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study
  | isbn= 978-0-643-05692-3
- | accessdate= 4 Nov 2013
+ | access-date= 4 Nov 2013
 }}
 </ref>
 <ref name=APNI>
-{{APNI | name = ''Eidothea zoexylocarya'' {{Au|A.W.Douglas & B.Hyland}} | id = 122508 | accessdate= 3 Nov 2013 }}
+{{APNI | name = ''Eidothea zoexylocarya'' {{Au|A.W.Douglas & B.Hyland}} | id = 122508 | access-date= 3 Nov 2013 }}
 </ref>
@@ Line 94: / Line 98: @@
 |archive-date=2009-10-04
 |doi=10.7751/telopea20024022
+ |doi-access=free
  }}
 </ref>
 <ref name=QLD-NatureConWiR06>
-{{Cite web | url= http://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/LEGISLTN/CURRENT/N/NatureConWiR06.pdf | author= Queensland Government | date= 27 Sep 2013 | title= Nature Conservation (Wildlife) Regulation 2006 | page= 49 | work= Nature Conservation Act 1992 | location= Australia | publisher= | version= Online, accessed from www.legislation.qld.gov.au | accessdate= 28 Nov 2013 }}
+{{Cite web | url= http://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/LEGISLTN/CURRENT/N/NatureConWiR06.pdf | author= Queensland Government | date= 27 Sep 2013 | title= Nature Conservation (Wildlife) Regulation 2006 | page= 49 | work= Nature Conservation Act 1992 | location= Australia | version= Online, accessed from www.legislation.qld.gov.au | access-date= 28 Nov 2013 }}
 </ref>
-<ref name=Coopers-2004>{{Cite book
+<ref name="COOPER2">{{Cite book
- |last1            = Cooper
+|last1=Cooper
- |first1           = Wendy
+|first1=Wendy
- |last2            = Cooper
+|last2=Cooper
- |first2           = William T.
+|first2=William T.
- |authorlink2      = William T. Cooper
+|author-link2=William T. Cooper
- |date             = June 2004
+|date=June 2004
+|title=Fruits of the Australian Tropical Rainforest
- |contribution     = ''Eidothea zoexylocarya'' A.W.Douglas & B.Hyland
+|place=Clifton Hill, Victoria, Australia
- |contribution-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=s0JFAQAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22Eidothea+zoexylocarya%22
+|publisher=Nokomis Editions
- |title            = Fruits of the Australian Tropical Rainforest
+|isbn=9780958174213
- |page             = 410
+|url=https://www.nokomis.com.au/product/nokomis-published-books/fruits-australian-tropical-rainforest/
- |place            = Clifton Hill, Victoria, Australia
+|access-date=5 March 2021
- |publisher        = Nokomis Editions
+|page=410
- |isbn             = 9780958174213
+}}</ref>
- |url              = http://nokomis.com.au/fruits.html
- |accessdate       = 4 Nov 2013
+<ref name=RFK8>{{cite web
- |archive-url      = https://web.archive.org/web/20130409002522/http://nokomis.com.au/fruits.html
+|url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/eidothea_zoexylocarya.htm
- |archive-date     = 2013-04-09
+|title=Eidothea zoexylocarya
- |url-status         = dead
+|author=F.A. Zich |author2=B.P.M Hyland |author3=T. Whiffen |author4=R.A. Kerrigan |website=[[Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants]], Edition 8 |year=2020 |publisher=[[Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation]] (CSIRO)
+|access-date=5 March 2021
 }}</ref>
-<ref name=AustTRFPK6.1>
-{{AustTRFPK6.1 | url= http://keys.trin.org.au:8080/key-server/data/0e0f0504-0103-430d-8004-060d07080d04/media/Html/taxon/Eidothea_zoexylocarya.htm | name= Eidothea zoexylocarya | noHyl= y | accessdate= 4 Nov 2013 }}
-</ref>
 <ref name=Carpenter-etal.-2007>
-{{Cite journal | last1= Carpenter | first1= Raymond | last2= Jordan | first2= Gregory J. | last3= Leigh | first3= Andrea | last4= Brodribb | first4= Timothy J. |date=Aug 2007 | title= Giant cuticular pores in ''Eidothea zoexylocarya'' (Proteaceae) leaves | journal= American Journal of Botany | volume= 94 | issue= 8 | pages= 1282–1288 | url= http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/94/8/1282 | accessdate= 3 Nov 2013 | doi=10.3732/ajb.94.8.1282 | pmid=21636494| hdl= 10453/12780 | hdl-access= free }}
+{{Cite journal | last1= Carpenter | first1= Raymond | last2= Jordan | first2= Gregory J. | last3= Leigh | first3= Andrea | last4= Brodribb | first4= Timothy J. |date=Aug 2007 | title= Giant cuticular pores in ''Eidothea zoexylocarya'' (Proteaceae) leaves | journal= American Journal of Botany | volume= 94 | issue= 8 | pages= 1282–1288 | doi=10.3732/ajb.94.8.1282 | pmid=21636494| hdl= 10453/12780 | hdl-access= free }}
 </ref>
@@ Line 135: / Line 139: @@
 * {{Commons category-inline|Eidothea zoexylocarya|''Eidothea zoexylocarya''}}
-{{Proteaceae|eido}}
 {{Taxonbar|from=Q5348822}}
-[[Category:Proteaceae]]
+[[Category:Proteoideae]]
 [[Category:Proteales of Australia]]
 [[Category:Flora of Queensland]]