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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}{{More citations needed|date=July 2012}}
:''"Figwort" redirects here. This is also used for some other plants; see [[#Other plants called "figwort"|below]].''
{{Redirect|Figwort|other plants sometimes referred to as figwort|List of plants known as figwort}}
{{Italictitle}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Taxobox
|image = Scrophularia nodosa8.jpg
|image = Scrophularia nodosa8.jpg
|image_caption = ''Scrophularia nodosa''
|image_caption = ''Scrophularia nodosa''
|taxon = Scrophularia
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
|ordo = [[Lamiales]]
|familia = [[Scrophulariaceae]]
|genus = '''''Scrophularia'''''
|genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = About 200, see [[#Selected species|text]]
|subdivision = 289, see [[List of Scrophularia species|List]]
| synonyms = {{hidden begin|title = List}}
* ''Ceramanthe'' <small>(Rchb.) Dumort.</small>
* ''Mosheovia'' <small>Eig</small>
* ''Oreosolen'' <small>Hook.f.</small>
* ''Scrophucephalus'' <small>A.P.Khokhr.</small>
* ''Tomiephyllum'' <small>Fourr.</small>
* ''Tuerckheimocharis'' <small>Urb.</small>
* ''Venilia'' <small>Fourr.</small>
{{hidden end}}
}}
}}


The genus '''''Scrophularia''''' of the family [[Scrophulariaceae]] comprises about 200 species of [[herbaceous]] [[flowering plant]]s commonly known as '''figworts'''. Species of ''Scrophularia'' all share square [[Plant stem|stems]], [[opposite leaves]] and open two-lipped [[flower]]s forming clusters at the end of their stems. The genus is found throughout the [[Northern Hemisphere]], but concentrated in [[Asia]] with only a few species in [[Europe]] and [[North America]].{{cn|date=July 2012}}
The genus '''''Scrophularia''''' of the family [[Scrophulariaceae]] comprises about 200 species of [[herbaceous]] [[flowering plant]]s commonly known as '''figworts'''. Species of ''Scrophularia'' all share square [[Plant stem|stems]], [[opposite leaves]] and open two-lipped [[flower]]s forming clusters at the end of their stems. The genus is found throughout the [[Northern Hemisphere]].


''Scrophularia'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including ''[[Phymatopus|Phymatopus hectoides]]''.{{cn|date=July 2012}}
''Scrophularia'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including ''[[Phymatopus|Phymatopus hectoides]]''.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}


Some species in this genus are known to contain potentially useful substances, such as [[iridoid]]s, and several ''Scrophularia'' species, such as the [[Scrophularia ningpoensis|Ningpo figwort]] or Chinese figwort (''S. ningpoensis''), have been used by [[herbal medicine]] practitioners around the world. The name ''Scrophularia'' comes from [[scrofula]], a form of [[tuberculosis]], because several species have been used to treat this disease.{{cn|date=July 2012}}
Some species in this genus are known to contain potentially useful substances, such as [[iridoid]]s, and several ''Scrophularia'' species, such as the [[Ningpo figwort]] (''S. ningpoensis''), have been used by [[herbal medicine]] practitioners around the world. The name ''Scrophularia'' comes from [[scrofula]], a form of [[tuberculosis]], because several species have been used in herbal medicine for this disease.<ref name="culpeper">{{Cite book |last=Culpeper |first=Nicholas |title=Culpeper's complete herbal: a book of natural remedies for ancient ills |publisher=Wordsworth Editions |year=1998 |isbn=978-1-85326-345-3 |series=Wordsworth reference series |location=Ware}}</ref><ref name="Garran">{{Cite book |last=Garran |first=Thomas Avery |title=Western Herbs according to Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Practitioner's Guide |date=2008-01-22 |publisher=Healing Arts Press |isbn=9781594771910 |language=English}}</ref>

As a herb used in Traditional Chinese Medicine, it has found use in a formula to treat arthritis. The herb has demonstrated a powerful painkilling ability equal to that of cortisone and twice as effective as indomethacin, a popular NSAID used to treat arthritis. Scrophularia exerts these significant analgesic effects with virtually no side effects.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Jim English|year=2010|title=Traditional Chinese Herbs for Arthritis|journal=Nutrition Review|volume=5|issue=2|pages=|url=http://www.nutritionreview.org/library/arthritissupport.php|accessdate=2011-12-29 }}</ref>

Extracts of Scrophularia have been shown to reduce edema, cell infiltration and proliferation of activated T-lymphocytes in joint tissues.<ref>Schinella GR, Tournier HA, Prieto JM, Mordujovich de Buschiazzo P, Ros JL. Antioxidant activity of anti-inflammatory plant extracts. Life Sci. 2002 Jan 18;70(9):1023-33.</ref>Additionally, Scrophularia has been shown to inhibit a number of inflammatory factors, including prosta-glandin E2, leukotriene B4, NO, interleukin-1beta, interleukin-2, interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma, but with no negative effect on the production of interleukin-10, a powerful cytokine involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses.<ref>Li YM, Han ZH, Jiang SH, Jiang Y, Yao SD, Zhu DY. Fast repairing of oxidized OH radical adducts of dAMP and dGMP by phenylpropanoid glycosides from Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2000 Dec;21(12):1125-8.</ref>Moreover, Scrophularia is the source of a unique glycoterpenoid, Verbascosaponin A, which is twice as potent as indomethacin for relieving inflammation and pain. .<ref>Giner RM, Villalba ML, Recio MC, Mñez S, Cerd-Nicols M, Ros J. Anti-inflammatory glycoterpenoids from Scrophularia auriculata, Eur J Pharmacol. 2000 Feb 18;389(2-3):243-52.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Jim English|year=2010|title=Traditional Chinese Herbs for Arthritis|journal=Nutrition Review|volume=5|issue=2|pages=|url=http://www.nutritionreview.org/library/arthritissupport.php|accessdate=2011-12-29 }}</ref>


==Selected species==
==Selected species==
{{Main list|List of Scrophularia species}}
[[Image:Scrophularia nodosa Luc Viatour.JPG|thumb|right|235px|Scrophularia nodosa]]
[[File:Scrophularia umbrosa.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Green Figwort.]]
[[Image:Scrophularia nodosa Luc Viatour.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1.06|Common figwort (''[[Scrophularia nodosa]]'')]]
[[File:Scrophularia umbrosa.JPG|thumb|right|upright=0.9|[[Green figwort]] (''Scrophularia umbrosa'').]]
{|
{|
|- valign=top
|- valign=top
|
|
*''[[Scrophularia aequilabris]]''
* ''[[Scrophularia atrata]]'' – black figwort
*''[[Scrophularia alaschanica]]''
* ''[[Scrophularia auriculata]]'' – water figwort
*''[[Scrophularia amana]]''
* ''[[Scrophularia californica]]'' – California figwort
*''[[Scrophularia amplexicaulis]]''
* ''[[Scrophularia canina]]'' – dog figwort
*''[[Scrophularia aquatica]]''
* ''[[Scrophularia desertorum]]'' – desert figwort
*''[[Scrophularia arguta]]''
* ''[[Scrophularia grandiflora]]''
*''[[Scrophularia atrata]]'' - Black figwort
* ''[[Scrophularia laevis]]'' – smooth figwort
*''[[Scrophularia atropatana]]''
* ''[[Scrophularia lanceolata]]'' – lanceleaf figwort
*''[[Scrophularia auriculata]]'' - Water figwort
* ''[[Scrophularia macrantha]]'' – Mimbres figwort
*''[[Scrophularia balbisii]]''
* ''[[Scrophularia marilandica]]'' – late figwort
*''[[Scrophularia bitlisica]]''
* ''[[Scrophularia ningpoensis]]'' – Ningpo figwort
*''[[Scrophularia buergeriana]]''
* ''[[Scrophularia nodosa]]'' – common figwort
*''[[Scrophularia californica]]'' - California figwort
* ''[[Scrophularia parviflora]]'' – pineland figwort
*''[[Scrophularia candelabrum]]''
* ''[[Scrophularia peregrina]]'' – nettle-leaved figwort
*''[[Scrophularia canina]]'' - Dog figwort
* ''[[Scrophularia sambucifolia]]''
*''[[Scrophularia capillaris]]''
* ''[[Scrophularia scorodonia]]'' – balm-leaved figwort
*''[[Scrophularia carduchorum]]''
* ''[[Scrophularia umbrosa]]'' – green figwort
*''[[Scrophularia catariifolia]]''
* ''[[Scrophularia vernalis]]'' – yellow figwort
*''[[Scrophularia chasmophila]]''
* ''[[Scrophularia villosa]]''
*''[[Scrophularia chlorantha]]''
*''[[Scrophularia chrysantha]]''
*''[[Scrophularia cinerascens]]''
*''[[Scrophularia crenophila]]''
*''[[Scrophularia cryptophila]]''
*''[[Scrophularia delavayi]]''
*''[[Scrophularia dentata]]''
*''[[Scrophularia depauperata]]''
*''[[Scrophularia desertorum]]''
*''[[Scrophularia diplodonta]]''
*''[[Scrophularia divaricata]]''
*''[[Scrophularia elatior]]''
*''[[Scrophularia erzincanica]]''
*''[[Scrophularia fargesii]]''
*''[[Scrophularia floribunda]]''
*''[[Scrophularia formosana]]''
*''[[Scrophularia frigida]]''
*''[[Scrophularia frutescens]]''
*''[[Scrophularia glabrata]]''
*''[[Scrophularia grandiflora]]''
*''[[Scrophularia gypsicola]]''
*''[[Scrophularia henryi]]''
*''[[Scrophularia herminii]]''
*''[[Scrophularia heucheriiflora]]''
*''[[Scrophularia hopii]]''
*''[[Scrophularia hypericifolia]]''
*''[[Scrophularia hypsophila]]''
*''[[Scrophularia hyssopifolia]]''
*''[[Scrophularia ilwensis]]''
*''[[Scrophularia incisa]]''
*''[[Scrophularia juratensis]]''
*''[[Scrophularia kansuensis]]''
*''[[Scrophularia kakudensis]]''
*''[[Scrophularia kiriloviana]]''
*''[[Scrophularia kotschyana]]''
*''[[Scrophularia kurdica]]''
*''[[Scrophularia laevigata]]''
*''[[Scrophularia laevis]]'' - Smooth figwort
*''[[Scrophularia lanceolata]]'' - Lanceleaf figwort
*''[[Scrophularia lepidota]]''
*''[[Scrophularia lhasaensis]]''
*''[[Scrophularia libanotica]]''
*''[[Scrophularia lijiangensis]]''
|
*''[[Scrophularia lucida]]''
*''[[Scrophularia luridiflora]]''
*''[[Scrophularia macrantha]]'' - Mimbres figwort
*''[[Scrophularia macrobotrys]]''
*''[[Scrophularia macrocarpa]]''
*''[[Scrophularia mapienensis]]''
*''[[Scrophularia marilandica]]'' - Late figwort
*''[[Scrophularia meridionalis]]''
*''[[Scrophularia mersinensis]]''
*''[[Scrophularia mesopotamica]]''
*''[[Scrophularia modesta]]''
*''[[Scrophularia moellendorffii]]''
*''[[Scrophularia myriophylla]]''
*''[[Scrophularia nachitschevanica]]''
*''[[Scrophularia nankinensis]]''
*''[[Scrophularia neesii]]''
*''[[Scrophularia ningpoensis]]'' - Ningpo figwort
*''[[Scrophularia nodosa]]'' - Common figwort
*''[[Scrophularia olympica]]''
*''[[Scrophularia orientalis]]''
*''[[Scrophularia paphlagonica]]''
*''[[Scrophularia parviflora]]'' - Pineland figwort
*''[[Scrophularia pauciflora]]''
*''[[Scrophularia pegaea]]''
*''[[Scrophularia peregrina]]'' - Nettle-leaved figwort
*''[[Scrophularia peyronii]]''
*''[[Scrophularia pinardii]]''
*''[[Scrophularia pruinosa]]''
*''[[Scrophularia przewalskii]]''
*''[[Scrophularia pulverulenta]]''
*''[[Scrophularia pumilio]]''
*''[[Scrophularia rimarum]]''
*''[[Scrophularia rubricaulis]]''
*''[[Scrophularia sambucifolia]]''
*''[[Scrophularia scariosa]]''
*''[[Scrophularia schmitzii]]''
*''[[Scrophularia scopolii]]''
*''[[Scrophularia scorodonia]]'' - Balm-leaved figwort
*''[[Scrophularia serratifolia]]''
*''[[Scrophularia sosnowskyi]]''
*''[[Scrophularia souliei]]''
*''[[Scrophularia spicata]]''
*''[[Scrophularia striata]]''
*''[[Scrophularia stylosa]]''
*''[[Scrophularia subaequiloba]]''
*''[[Scrophularia sublyrata]]''
*''[[Scrophularia taihangshanensis]]''
*''[[Scrophularia thesioides]]''
*''[[Scrophularia trichopoda]]''
*''[[Scrophularia umbrosa]]'' - Green figwort
*''[[Scrophularia urticifolia]]''
*''[[Scrophularia variegata]]''
*''[[Scrophularia vernalis]]'' - Yellow figwort
*''[[Scrophularia versicolor]]''
*''[[Scrophularia villosa]]''
*''[[Scrophularia xanthoglossa]]''
*''[[Scrophularia xylorrhiza]]''
*''[[Scrophularia yoshimurae]]''
*''[[Scrophularia yunnanensis]]''
*''[[Scrophularia zuvandica]]''
|}
|}


==References==
==Other plants called "figwort"==
{{Commons category|Scrophularia}}
Some other plants - mainly [[Lamiales]] formerly or still in the [[Scrophulariaceae]] - are also called "figwort". These include:{{cn|date=July 2012}}
* ''[[Euphrasia officinalis]]'' ([[Red eyebright]])
* ''[[Veronica officinalis]]'' ([[Common speedwell]])
* ''[[Veronica anagallis-aquatica]]'' ([[Water speedwell]])
* ''[[Gratiola officinalis]]'' ([[Common hedgehyssop]])
* ''[[Bacopa monnieri]]'' ([[Coastal waterhyssop]])
* ''[[Scoparia dulcis]]'' ([[Sweet broomweed]])
* ''[[Ilysanthes riparia]]'' ([[False pimpernel]])


==References==
{{commonscat|Scrophularia}}
{{Refimprove|date=July 2012}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q53470}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Scrophularia| ]]
[[Category:Scrophularia| ]]
[[Category:Scrophulariaceae genera]]

Latest revision as of 20:36, 28 February 2024

"Figwort" redirects here. For other plants sometimes referred to as figwort, see List of plants known as figwort.

Scrophularia
Scrophularia nodosa
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Scrophulariaceae
Tribe: Scrophularieae
Genus: Scrophularia
L.
Species

289, see List

Synonyms
List
  • Ceramanthe (Rchb.) Dumort.
  • Mosheovia Eig
  • Oreosolen Hook.f.
  • Scrophucephalus A.P.Khokhr.
  • Tomiephyllum Fourr.
  • Tuerckheimocharis Urb.
  • Venilia Fourr.

The genus Scrophularia of the family Scrophulariaceae comprises about 200 species of herbaceous flowering plants commonly known as figworts. Species of Scrophularia all share square stems, opposite leaves and open two-lipped flowers forming clusters at the end of their stems. The genus is found throughout the Northern Hemisphere.

Scrophularia species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Phymatopus hectoides.[citation needed]

Some species in this genus are known to contain potentially useful substances, such as iridoids, and several Scrophularia species, such as the Ningpo figwort (S. ningpoensis), have been used by herbal medicine practitioners around the world. The name Scrophularia comes from scrofula, a form of tuberculosis, because several species have been used in herbal medicine for this disease.[1][2]

Selected species[edit]

For a more comprehensive list, see List of Scrophularia species.
Common figwort (Scrophularia nodosa)
Green figwort (Scrophularia umbrosa).

References[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scrophularia.
  1. ^ Culpeper, Nicholas (1998). Culpeper's complete herbal: a book of natural remedies for ancient ills. Wordsworth reference series. Ware: Wordsworth Editions. ISBN 978-1-85326-345-3.
  2. ^ Garran, Thomas Avery (2008-01-22). Western Herbs according to Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Practitioner's Guide. Healing Arts Press. ISBN 9781594771910.
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