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{{Short description|Genus of fungi}}
{{Short description|Genus of fungi}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Taxobox
| image = Histoplasma pas-d.jpg
|image =Histoplasma capsulatum (8538519681).jpg
| image_caption = ''Histoplasma'' (bright red, small, circular). [[PAS diastase]] stain
|image_caption = Tuberculate macroconidia of ''[[Histoplasma capsulatum]]''
⚫
|taxon = Histoplasma
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
⚫
|authority = [[Samuel Taylor Darling|Darling]] (1906)
| divisio = [[Ascomycota]]
| classis = [[Ascomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Onygenales]]
| familia = [[Ajellomycetaceae]]
⚫
| genus = '''''Histoplasma'''''
⚫
| genus_authority = [[Samuel Taylor Darling|Darling]] (1906)
| type_species = ''Histoplasma capsulatum''
| type_species = ''Histoplasma capsulatum''
| type_species_authority = Darling (1906)
| type_species_authority = Darling (1906)
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =''[[Histoplasma capsulatum]]''<br />
| subdivision = ''[[Histoplasma capsulatum]]''<br />
''[[Histoplasma duboisii]]''
''[[Histoplasma duboisii]]''<br>
''[[Histoplasma mississippiense]]'' <small>([[Validly published name|nom. inval.]])</small><br>
''[[Histoplasma ohiense]]'' <small>([[Validly published name|nom. inval.]])</small><br>
''[[Histoplasma suramericanum]]'' <small>([[Validly published name|nom. inval.]])</small><br>
}}
}}


'''''Histoplasma''''' is a [[genus]] of [[Polymorphism (biology)|dimorphic]] [[fungi]] commonly found in bird and bat fecal material.<ref name=Baron>{{cite book | author = Giannella RA | title = Salmonella. ''In:'' Baron's Medical Microbiology ''(Baron S ''et al'', eds.)| edition = 4th | publisher = Univ of Texas Medical Branch | year = 1996 | isbn = 0-9631172-1-1| id = [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.section.3910#3919 (via NCBI Bookshelf)] }}</ref> ''Histoplasma'' contains a few species, including—''[[Histoplasma capsulatum]]''—the causative agent of [[histoplasmosis]];<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book |editor1=Ryan KJ|editor2=Ray CG | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-8385-8529-9 }}</ref> and ''Histoplasma capsulatum var. farciminosum'' (old term, ''Histoplasma farciminosum''), causing [[Equine Lymphangitis|epizootic lymphangitis]] in horses.<ref>OIE ''Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals'' 2004 Chapter 2.5.13, {{cite web |url=http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/mmanual/A_00091.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-06-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804182644/http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/MMANUAL/A_00091.htm |archivedate=2007-08-04 }}</ref>
'''''Histoplasma''''' is a [[genus]] of [[fungi]] in the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Onygenales]].<ref name="Jiang2018"/> [[Species]] are known [[human pathogen]]s producing [[yeast]]-like states under pathogenic conditions. They are the causative agents of [[histoplasmosis]] in humans and [[Equine Lymphangitis|epizootic lymphangitis]] in horses.<ref>OIE ''Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals'' 2004 Chapter 2.5.13, {{cite web |url=http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/mmanual/A_00091.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-06-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804182644/http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/MMANUAL/A_00091.htm |archivedate=2007-08-04 }}</ref>


⚫
== Forms and stages ==
⚫
This fungus is mainly found in the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys in the United States as well as Central/South America, Africa, Asia and Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=28 October 2020|title=Histoplasmosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/histoplasmosis/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=27 January 2021|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref>
⚫
''Histoplasma'' species have two forms: their environmental form is [[Hypha|hyphal]] with micro[[conidia]] and tuberculate macroconidia while their pathogenic form is a small intracellular yeast with a narrow neck and no bud with no capsule.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hutton|first=JP|date=April 1985|title=Hyphal forms of ''Histoplasma capsulatum''. A common manifestation of intravascular infections|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3885898/|journal=Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine|volume=109|issue=4|pages=330–332|pmid=3885898|via=Pubmed}}</ref> Infection occurs through inhalation of microconidia or small [[mycelium|mycelial]] fragments. The dimorphic mold-yeast transforms and enters host [[Macrophage|macrophages]] and proliferates within them. Infections are most often seen in [[Immunodeficiency|immunodeficient]] individuals.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lopez|first=CE|date=Oct 2006|title=Dimorphism and pathogenesis of ''Histoplasma capsulatum''|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17370580/|journal=Revista Argentina de Microbiologia|volume=38|issue=4|pages=235–242|pmid=17370580|via=Pubmed}}</ref>


⚫
Species are mainly found in the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys in the United States (''[[Histoplasma ohiense|H.ohiense]]'' and ''[[Histoplasma mississippiense|H. mississippiense]]'') as well as Central (''[[Histoplasma capsulatum|H. capsulatum]]'') and South America (''[[Histoplasma suramericanum|H. suramericanum]]''), Africa (''[[Histoplasma duboisii|H. duboisii]]''), Asia, and Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=28 October 2020|title=Histoplasmosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/histoplasmosis/index.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=27 January 2021|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref><ref name="Sepúlveda2017"/>
⚫
== Forms / Stages ==
⚫
Histoplasma capsulatum has two forms: its environmental form is [[Hypha|hyphae]] with microconidia and tuberculate macroconidia while its tissue form is a small intracellular yeast with a narrow neck and no bud with no capsule<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hutton|first=JP|date=April 1985|title=Hyphal forms of Histoplasma capsulatum. A common manifestation of intravascular infections|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3885898/|journal=Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine|volume=109|issue=4|pages=330–332|pmid=3885898|via=Pubmed}}</ref> and can be detected in aerobic [[blood culture]] bottle.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Salimnia|first=Hossein|date=August 2021|title=Hyphal and yeast forms of Histoplasma capsulatum growing within 5 days in an automated bacterial blood culture system|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22649016/|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=50|issue=8|pages=2833–2834|doi=10.1128/JCM.00663-12|pmid=22649016|pmc=3421511|via=Pubmed}}</ref> In the saprophytic stage, it bears features of both microconidia and macroconidia. Infection occurs through inhalation of the small microconidia or small mycelia fragments. The dimorphic mold-yeast transforms and enters host [[Macrophage|macrophages]] and proliferates within them most often seen in [[Immunodeficiency|immunodeficient]] individuals.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lopez|first=CE|date=Oct 2006|title=Dimorphism and Pathogenesis of Histoplasma capsulatum|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17370580/|journal=Revista Argentina de Microbiologia|volume=38|issue=4|pages=235–242|pmid=17370580|via=Pubmed}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Jiang2018">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jiang Y, Dukik K, Munoz JF, Sigler L, Schwartz IS, Govender NP, Kenyon C, Feng P, van den Ende BG, Stielow JB, Stchigel AM, Lu H, de Hoog S |title=Phylogeny, ecology and taxonomy of systemic pathogens and their relatives in Ajellomycetaceae (Onygenales): ''Blastomyces'', ''Emergomyces'', ''Emmonsia'', ''Emmonsiellopsis'' |journal=Fungal Diversity |year=2018 |volume=90 |pages=245–291 |doi=10.1007/s13225-018-0403-y|doi-access=free |hdl=10067/1520590151162165141 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Sepúlveda2017">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sepúlveda VE, Márquez R, Turissini DA, Goldman WE, Matute DR |year=2017 |title=Genome sequences reveal cryptic speciation in the human pathogen ''Histoplasma capsulatum'' |journal=mBio |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=e01339-17 |doi=10.1128/mbio.01339-17 |doi-access=free |pmid=29208741 |pmc=5717386 }}</ref>

}}


==External links==
* [http://www.doctorfungus.org/thefungi/histoplasma.htm ''Histoplasma'' information] from doctorfungus.org


{{Taxonbar|from=Q10941019}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q10941019}}


[[Category:Onygenales]]
[[Category:Onygenales]]
[[Category:Ascomycota genera]]
[[Category:Eurotiomycetes genera]]
[[Category:Taxa described in 1906]]
[[Category:Taxa described in 1906]]


Latest revision as of 22:51, 28 February 2024

Histoplasma
Tuberculate macroconidia of Histoplasma capsulatum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Eurotiomycetes
Order: Onygenales
Family: Ajellomycetaceae
Genus: Histoplasma
Darling (1906)
Type species
Histoplasma capsulatum
Darling (1906)
Species

Histoplasma capsulatum
Histoplasma duboisii
Histoplasma mississippiense (nom. inval.)
Histoplasma ohiense (nom. inval.)
Histoplasma suramericanum (nom. inval.)

Histoplasma is a genus of fungi in the order Onygenales.[1] Species are known human pathogens producing yeast-like states under pathogenic conditions. They are the causative agents of histoplasmosis in humans and epizootic lymphangitis in horses.[2]

Forms and stages[edit]

Histoplasma species have two forms: their environmental form is hyphal with microconidia and tuberculate macroconidia while their pathogenic form is a small intracellular yeast with a narrow neck and no bud with no capsule.[3] Infection occurs through inhalation of microconidia or small mycelial fragments. The dimorphic mold-yeast transforms and enters host macrophages and proliferates within them. Infections are most often seen in immunodeficient individuals.[4]

Species are mainly found in the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys in the United States (H.ohiense and H. mississippiense) as well as Central (H. capsulatum) and South America (H. suramericanum), Africa (H. duboisii), Asia, and Australia.[5][6]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Jiang Y, Dukik K, Munoz JF, Sigler L, Schwartz IS, Govender NP, Kenyon C, Feng P, van den Ende BG, Stielow JB, Stchigel AM, Lu H, de Hoog S (2018). "Phylogeny, ecology and taxonomy of systemic pathogens and their relatives in Ajellomycetaceae (Onygenales): Blastomyces, Emergomyces, Emmonsia, Emmonsiellopsis". Fungal Diversity. 90: 245–291. doi:10.1007/s13225-018-0403-y. hdl:10067/1520590151162165141.
  2. ^ OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals 2004 Chapter 2.5.13, "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-08-04. Retrieved 2007-06-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  3. ^ Hutton, JP (April 1985). "Hyphal forms of Histoplasma capsulatum. A common manifestation of intravascular infections". Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine. 109 (4): 330–332. PMID 3885898 – via Pubmed.
  4. ^ Lopez, CE (Oct 2006). "Dimorphism and pathogenesis of Histoplasma capsulatum". Revista Argentina de Microbiologia. 38 (4): 235–242. PMID 17370580 – via Pubmed.
  5. ^ "Histoplasmosis". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 28 October 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  6. ^ Sepúlveda VE, Márquez R, Turissini DA, Goldman WE, Matute DR (2017). "Genome sequences reveal cryptic speciation in the human pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum". mBio. 8 (6): e01339-17. doi:10.1128/mbio.01339-17. PMC 5717386. PMID 29208741.



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