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{{Short description|Ruler of the early Western Zhou dynasty}} |
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{{Distinguish|King Wen of Zhou}} |
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{{Infobox royalty |
{{Infobox royalty |
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| name = Dan, Duke of Zhou 周公旦 |
| name = Dan, Duke of Zhou 周公旦 |
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| title = Duke of Zhou |
| title = Duke of Zhou |
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| full name = [[Chinese ancestral name|Ancestral name]]: [[Ji (surname)|Ji]] (姬)<br/>[[Given name]]: Dan (旦) |
| full name = [[Chinese ancestral name|Ancestral name]]: [[Ji (Zhou dynasty ancestral surname)|Ji]] (姬)<br/>[[Given name]]: Dan (旦) |
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| image = Zhou gong.jpg |
| image = Zhou gong.jpg |
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| image_size = 180px |
| image_size = 180px |
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| father = [[King Wen of Zhou]] |
| father = [[King Wen of Zhou]] |
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| mother = [[Tai Si]] |
| mother = [[Tai Si]] |
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| issue = [[Bo Qin]]<br/>Junchen, Duke Ping of Zhou<br>Fan |
| issue = [[Bo Qin]]<br/>Junchen, Duke Ping of Zhou<br>Elder of Fan (凡伯)<br>Jiang Boling<br>Yin Pengshu <Br> Mao Shu<Br>Zuo Bo<br>Ji Bo |
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| succession = Regent of [[Zhou Dynasty]] |
| succession = Regent of [[Zhou Dynasty]] |
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| reign= |
| reign=1042–1035 BC <br> alongside [[Duke of Shao]] and [[Jiang Ziya]] |
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}} |
}} |
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{{infobox Chinese |
{{infobox Chinese |
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| poj2 = Ki Tàn |
| poj2 = Ki Tàn |
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| oc-bs2 = *{{IPA|[k](r)ə [d]ˤa[n]ʔ}} |
| oc-bs2 = *{{IPA|[k](r)ə [d]ˤa[n]ʔ}} |
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| ci = {{IPAc-yue|z|au|1||g|ung|1||d|aan|3}} |
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}} |
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'''Dan, Duke Wen of Zhou''' ({{zh|c=周文公旦|p=Zhōu Wén Gōng Dàn}}), commonly known as the '''Duke of Zhou''' ({{zh|c=周公|p=Zhōu Gōng}}), was a member of the royal family of the early [[Zhou dynasty]] who played a major role in consolidating the kingdom established by his elder brother [[King Wu of Zhou|King Wu]].<ref name="Birrell1999">{{cite book|author=Anne Birrell|title=Chinese Mythology: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_D_vC6a_CoQC&pg=PA254 |date=7 April 1999|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-6183-3|pages=254–}}</ref><ref name="Lee2004">{{cite book|author=Thomas H. C. Lee|title=The New and the Multiple: Sung Senses of the Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WMhzF0OfadwC&pg=PA475 |date=January 2004|publisher=Chinese University Press|isbn=978-962-996-096-4|pages=208–}}</ref> He was renowned for acting as a capable and loyal regent for his young nephew [[King Cheng of Zhou|King Cheng]], and for successfully suppressing the [[Rebellion of the Three Guards]] and establishing firm rule of the Zhou dynasty over eastern China. He is also a Chinese [[culture hero]] credited with writing the ''[[I Ching]]'' and the ''[[Book of Poetry]]'',<ref>Hinton, David. (2008). Classical Chinese Poetry: an Anthology. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. {{ISBN|0-374-10536-7}}</ref> establishing the ''[[Rites of Zhou]]'' |
'''Dan, Duke Wen of Zhou''' ({{zh|c=周文公旦|p=Zhōu Wén Gōng Dàn|w=Chou<sup>1</sup> Wên<sup>2</sup> Kung<sup>1</sup> Tan<sup>4</sup>}}), commonly known as the '''Duke of Zhou''' ({{zh|c=周公|p=Zhōu Gōng|w=Chou<sup>1</sup> Kung<sup>1</sup>}}), was a member of the royal family of the early [[Zhou dynasty]] who played a major role in consolidating the kingdom established by his elder brother [[King Wu of Zhou|King Wu]].<ref name="Birrell1999">{{cite book|author=Anne Birrell|title=Chinese Mythology: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_D_vC6a_CoQC&pg=PA254 |date=7 April 1999|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-6183-3|pages=254–}}</ref><ref name="Lee2004">{{cite book|author=Thomas H. C. Lee|title=The New and the Multiple: Sung Senses of the Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WMhzF0OfadwC&pg=PA475 |date=January 2004|publisher=Chinese University Press|isbn=978-962-996-096-4|pages=208–}}</ref> He was renowned for acting as a capable and loyal regent for his young nephew [[King Cheng of Zhou|King Cheng]], and for successfully suppressing the [[Rebellion of the Three Guards]] and establishing firm rule of the Zhou dynasty over eastern China. He is also a Chinese [[culture hero]] credited with writing the ''[[I Ching]]'' and the ''[[Book of Poetry]]'',<ref>Hinton, David. (2008). Classical Chinese Poetry: an Anthology. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. {{ISBN|0-374-10536-7}}</ref> and establishing the ''[[Rites of Zhou]]''. |
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==Life== |
==Life== |
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[[File:Painting of the Duke of Zhou by Kanō Sansetsu.jpg|thumb|left|230px|Painting of the Duke of Zhou by [[Kanō Sansetsu]].<br>{{small|Japan, Edo period, 1632.}}]] |
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His personal name was '''Dan''' ({{lang|zh|旦}}). He was the fourth son of [[King Wen of Zhou]] and Queen [[Tai Si]]. His eldest brother [[Bo Yikao]] predeceased their father (supposedly a victim of cannibalism); the second-eldest defeated the [[Shang Dynasty]] at the [[Battle of Muye]] around 1046 BC, ascending the throne as [[King Wu of Zhou|King Wu]]. King Wu distributed many fiefs to his relatives and followers and Dan received the ancestral territory of Zhou near present-day [[Luoyang]]. |
His personal name was '''Dan''' ({{lang|zh|旦}}). He was the fourth son of [[King Wen of Zhou]] and Queen [[Tai Si]]. His eldest brother [[Bo Yikao]] predeceased their father (supposedly a victim of cannibalism); the second-eldest defeated the [[Shang Dynasty]] at the [[Battle of Muye]] around 1046 BC, ascending the throne as [[King Wu of Zhou|King Wu]]. King Wu distributed many fiefs to his relatives and followers and Dan received the ancestral territory of Zhou near present-day [[Luoyang]]. |
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Only |
Only three years after assuming power, King Wu died and left the kingdom to his young son [[King Cheng of Zhou|King Cheng]].<ref name="Chin, Annping 2007">[[Annping Chin|Chin, Annping]]. (2007). The Authentic Confucius. Scribner. {{ISBN|0-7432-4618-7}}</ref><ref name="John Keay">{{cite book|last=Keay|first=John|title=China A History|author-link=John Keay|publisher=Harper Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-00-722178-3}}</ref>{{rp|52}} The Duke of Zhou successfully attained the regency and administered the kingdom himself,<ref name="John Keay"/>{{rp|54}} leading to revolts not only from disgruntled Shang partisans but also from his own relatives, particularly his older brother [[Guan Shu]].<ref>Edward L. Shaughnessy in Cambridge History of Ancient China, page 311.</ref> Within five years, the Duke of Zhou had managed to defeat the [[Three Guards]] and other rebellions<ref name="Chin, Annping 2007"/> and his armies pushed east, bringing more land under Zhou control. |
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[[File:The Duke of Zhou who founded the city of Zhou Luoyi c. 1036 BCE.jpg|thumb |
[[File:The Duke of Zhou who founded the city of Zhou Luoyi c. 1036 BCE.jpg|thumb|Statue of the Duke of Zhou who founded a city on the site of modern [[Luoyang]] {{circa|lk=no|1038}} BCE<ref name=squarecity/>]] |
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The Duke of Zhou was credited with elaborating the doctrine of the [[Mandate of Heaven]], which countered Shang propaganda that as descendants of the god [[Shangdi]] they should be restored to power. According to this doctrine, Shang injustice and decadence had so grossly offended [[Tian|Heaven]] that Heaven had removed their authority and commanded the reluctant Zhou to replace the Shang and restore order.<ref>Hucker, Charles O. (1978). China to 1850: a short history. Stanford University Press. {{ISBN|0-8047-0958-0}}</ref> |
The Duke of Zhou was credited with elaborating the doctrine of the [[Mandate of Heaven]], which countered Shang propaganda that as descendants of the god [[Shangdi]] they should be restored to power. According to this doctrine, Shang injustice and decadence had so grossly offended [[Tian|Heaven]] that Heaven had removed their authority and commanded the reluctant Zhou to replace the Shang and restore order.<ref>Hucker, Charles O. (1978). China to 1850: a short history. Stanford University Press. {{ISBN|0-8047-0958-0}}</ref> |
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On a more practical level, the Duke of Zhou expanded and codified his brother's [[fengjian|feudal system]],<ref name="Chin, Annping 2007"/> granting titles to loyal Shang clansmen and even establishing a new |
On a more practical level, the Duke of Zhou expanded and codified his brother's [[fengjian|feudal system]],<ref name="Chin, Annping 2007"/> granting titles to loyal Shang clansmen and even establishing a new holy city at [[Chengzhou]] around 1038 BC.<ref name=squarecity>Schinz, Alfred. ''The Magic Square: Cities in Ancient China'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=qhcRYkz-I3YC&lpg=PA69 pp. 69 ff.] Axel Menges (Stuttgart), 1996. Accessed 8 Jan 2014.</ref> Laid out [[ancient Chinese urban planning|according to exact geomantic principles]], Chengzhou was the home of King Cheng, the Shang nobility, and the [[nine tripod cauldrons]] symbolic of imperial rule, while the Duke continued to administer the kingdom from the former capital of [[Haojing]]. Once Cheng came of age, the Duke of Zhou dutifully gave up the throne without trouble. |
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==Legacy== |
==Legacy== |
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[[File:Portraits of Famous Men - Zhou Gong.jpg|thumb|As depicted in the album '' Portraits of Famous Men'' {{circa}} 1900 CE, housed in the Philadelphia Museum of Art]] |
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The duke's eight sons all received land from the king. The eldest son received [[Lu (state)|Lu]]; the second succeeded to his father's fief.<ref>[http://jiangshizugen.com/showart.asp?id=923&B_ID=12 姬伯龄为周公第四子---中华蒋氏祖根文化网] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713104619/http://jiangshizugen.com/showart.asp?id=923&B_ID=12 |date=2011-07-13 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.chinazhou.cn/dispbbs.asp?boardid=31&id=697 《元圣裔周氏族谱》世系表] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707013653/http://www.chinazhou.cn/dispbbs.asp?boardid=31&id=697 |date=July 7, 2011 }}</ref> |
The duke's eight sons all received land from the king. The eldest son received [[Lu (state)|Lu]]; the second succeeded to his father's fief, [[Predynastic Zhou|Zhou]].<ref>[http://jiangshizugen.com/showart.asp?id=923&B_ID=12 姬伯龄为周公第四子---中华蒋氏祖根文化网] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713104619/http://jiangshizugen.com/showart.asp?id=923&B_ID=12 |date=2011-07-13 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.chinazhou.cn/dispbbs.asp?boardid=31&id=697 《元圣裔周氏族谱》世系表] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707013653/http://www.chinazhou.cn/dispbbs.asp?boardid=31&id=697 |date=July 7, 2011 }}</ref> |
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In later centuries, subsequent emperors considered the Duke of Zhou a paragon of virtue and honored him with [[posthumous name]]s. The empress [[Wu Zetian]] named her short-lived 8th-century [[Second Zhou Dynasty]] after him and called him the '''Honorable and Virtuous King''' ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|褒|德|王}}}}, ''Bāodé Wáng'').<ref>''[[Old Book of Tang]]''. 《旧唐书》记载为天授三年追封.</ref> In 1008, the [[Emperor Zhenzong of Song|Zhenzong Emperor]] gave the Duke the posthumous title '''King of Exemplary Culture''' ( |
In later centuries, subsequent emperors considered the Duke of Zhou a paragon of virtue and honored him with [[posthumous name]]s. The empress [[Wu Zetian]] named her short-lived 8th-century [[Second Zhou Dynasty]] after him and called him the '''Honorable and Virtuous King''' ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|褒|德|王}}}}, ''Bāodé Wáng'').<ref>''[[Old Book of Tang]]''. 《旧唐书》记载为天授三年追封.</ref> In 1008, the [[Emperor Zhenzong of Song|Zhenzong Emperor]] gave the Duke the posthumous title '''King of Exemplary Culture''' ({{zh|labels=yes|first=t|t=文憲王|s=文宪王|p=Wénxiàn Wáng}}). He was also known as the '''First Sage''' ({{zh|first=t|lanels=no|t=元聖|s=元圣|p=Yuán Shèng}}). |
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In 2004, Chinese archaeologists reported that they may have found his tomb complex in [[Qishan County]], [[Shaanxi]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/2004/Jun/97656.htm | title=Shaanxi Tombs a Fantastic Find}}</ref> |
In 2004, Chinese archaeologists reported that they may have found his tomb complex in [[Qishan County]], [[Shaanxi]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/2004/Jun/97656.htm | title=Shaanxi Tombs a Fantastic Find}}</ref> |
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===God of Dreams=== |
===God of Dreams=== |
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Duke of Zhou is also known as the "God of Dreams". ''[[The Analects]]'' record [[Confucius]] saying, "How I have gone downhill! It has been such a long time since I dreamt of the Duke of Zhou."<ref>{{cite book|last=Confucius|author-link=Confucius|title=The Analects|url=https://archive.org/details/analects00conf|url-access=registration|others=vii, 5, trans. D. C. Lau}}</ref> This was meant as a lamentation of how the governmental ideals of the Duke of Zhou had faded, but was later taken literally. In Chinese legends, if an important thing is going to happen to someone, the Duke of Zhou will let the person know through dreams: hence the Chinese expression "Dreaming of Zhou Gong".{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} ''Zhou Gong's'' ''Explanations of Dreams'' (Chinese: 周 |
Duke of Zhou is also known as the "God of Dreams". ''[[The Analects]]'' record [[Confucius]] saying, "How I have gone downhill! It has been such a long time since I dreamt of the Duke of Zhou."<ref>{{cite book|last=Confucius|author-link=Confucius|title=The Analects|url=https://archive.org/details/analects00conf|url-access=registration|others=vii, 5, trans. D. C. Lau|year=1995|isbn=9780486284842}}</ref> This was meant as a lamentation of how the governmental ideals of the Duke of Zhou had faded, but was later taken literally. In Chinese legends, if an important thing is going to happen to someone, the Duke <ref>{{Cite book |last=Bushin |first=Nikita |title=The Duke of Zhou's Interpretation of Dreams |publisher=Purple Cloud Press |year=2022 |isbn=979-8733174020 |location=Auckland}}</ref> of Zhou will let the person know through dreams: hence the Chinese expression "Dreaming of Zhou Gong".{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} ''Zhou Gong's'' ''Explanations of Dreams'' (Chinese: 周公解夢, pinyin: ''Zhōu gōng jiěmèng'') is attributed to him.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daoism Series 26: Duke of Zhou's Explanations of Dreams – Purple Cloud|date=17 October 2020|url=https://purplecloudinstitute.com/daoism-series-26-duke-of-zhous-explanations-of-dreams/|access-date=2020-10-27|language=en-AU}}</ref> |
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===Descendants=== |
===Descendants=== |
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[[w:zh:東野家族大宗世系|東野家族大宗世系 Family Tree of the descendants of the Duke of Zhou in Chinese]] |
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The main line of the Duke of Zhou's descendants came from his firstborn son, the [[State of Lu]] ruler [[Bo Qin]]'s third son Yu ({{lang|zh|魚}}) whose descendants adopted the surname Dongye ({{lang|zh-Hant|東野}}). The Duke of Zhou's offspring held the title of Wujing Boshi ([[w:zh:五經博士|五經博士]]; Wǔjīng Bóshì).<ref name="BrunnertHagelstrom2013">{{cite book|author1=H.S. Brunnert|author2=V.V. Hagelstrom|title=Present Day Political Organization of China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s0wrdzMXPZ8C&pg=PA493 |date=15 April 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-79795-9|pages=493–494}}</ref> One of the Duke of Zhou's 72 generation descendants family tree was examined and commented on by [[Song Lian]].<ref name="Lee2004 2">{{cite book|author=Thomas H. C. Lee|title=The New and the Multiple: Sung Senses of the Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WMhzF0OfadwC&pg=PA337 |date=January 2004|publisher=Chinese University Press|isbn=978-962-996-096-4|pages=337–}}</ref> |
The main line of the Duke of Zhou's descendants came from his firstborn son, the [[State of Lu]] ruler [[Bo Qin]]'s third son Yu ({{lang|zh|魚}}) whose descendants adopted the surname Dongye ({{lang|zh-Hant|東野}}). The Duke of Zhou's offspring held the title of Wujing Boshi ([[w:zh:五經博士|五經博士]]; Wǔjīng Bóshì).<ref name="BrunnertHagelstrom2013">{{cite book|author1=H.S. Brunnert|author2=V.V. Hagelstrom|title=Present Day Political Organization of China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s0wrdzMXPZ8C&pg=PA493 |date=15 April 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-79795-9|pages=493–494}}</ref> One of the Duke of Zhou's 72 generation descendants family tree was examined and commented on by [[Song Lian]].<ref name="Lee2004 2">{{cite book|author=Thomas H. C. Lee|title=The New and the Multiple: Sung Senses of the Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WMhzF0OfadwC&pg=PA337 |date=January 2004|publisher=Chinese University Press|isbn=978-962-996-096-4|pages=337–}}</ref> |
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[[Duke Huan of Lu]]'s son through Qingfu ({{lang|zh|慶父}}) was the ancestor of [[Mencius]]. He was descended from Duke Yang of the [[State of Lu]] 魯煬公 Duke Yang was the son of [[Bo Qin]], who was the son of the Duke of Zhou. The genealogy is found in the Mencius family tree ({{lang|zh|孟子世家大宗世系}}).<ref>《三遷志》，（清）孟衍泰續修</ref><ref>《孟子世家譜》，（清）孟廣均主編，1824年</ref><ref>《孟子與孟氏家族》，孟祥居編，2005年</ref> |
[[Duke Huan of Lu]]'s son through Qingfu ({{lang|zh|慶父}}) was the ancestor of [[Mencius]]. He was descended from Duke Yang of the [[State of Lu]] 魯煬公 Duke Yang was the son of [[Bo Qin]], who was the son of the Duke of Zhou. The genealogy is found in the Mencius family tree ({{lang|zh|孟子世家大宗世系}}).<ref>《三遷志》，（清）孟衍泰續修</ref><ref>《孟子世家譜》，（清）孟廣均主編，1824年</ref><ref>《孟子與孟氏家族》，孟祥居編，2005年</ref> |
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The Zhikou ( |
The Zhikou Jiangs (also romanized as "Chiangs") such as [[Chiang Kai-shek]] were descended from Jiang Shijie who during the 17th century moved there from [[Fenghua District]], whose ancestors in turn came to southeastern China's [[Zhejiang]] province after moving out of Northern China in the 13th century CE. The 12th-century BCE Duke of Zhou's third son was the ancestor of the Jiangs.<ref name="FuruyaChang1981">{{cite book |author1=Keiji Furuya |author2=Chʻun-ming Chang |author3=Chunming Zhang |title=Chiang Kai-shek, his life and times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVxwAAAAMAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=St. John's University |isbn=978-0-87075-025-0 |edition=Abridged English |page=3}}</ref><ref name="FuruyaChang1981 2">{{cite book |author1=Keiji Furuya |author2=Chʻun-ming Chang |author3=Chunming Zhang |title=Chiang Kai-shek, his life and times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-wUjwEACAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=St. John's University |isbn=978-0-87075-025-0 |edition=Abridged English |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zjda.gov.cn/zjdazz/wzdd/201202/t20120215_193583.htm|title=浙江档案网--《浙江档案》|website=www.zjda.gov.cn|access-date=2016-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920174305/http://www.zjda.gov.cn/zjdazz/wzdd/201202/t20120215_193583.htm|archive-date=2016-09-20|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kanunu8.com/book3/5935/102582.html|title=第一章 发迹以前_蒋介石评传_李敖 小说在线阅读|website=www.kanunu8.com|access-date=2016-10-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.sangwu123.com/Html/36/36479/8606740.html|title=蒋介石传-第2章 追随孙文(1)最新章节-桑舞小说网手机版|website=m.sangwu123.com|access-date=2016-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920174625/http://m.sangwu123.com/Html/36/36479/8606740.html|archive-date=2016-09-20|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yfzww.com/Read/5513/2|title=2.第一章追随孙文（2）,蒋介石详传,一凡中文网|website=www.yfzww.com|access-date=2016-10-04|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104183935/http://www.yfzww.com/Read/5513/2|archive-date=2017-01-04}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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[[Family tree of ancient Chinese emperors]] |
* [[Family tree of ancient Chinese emperors]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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===Works cited=== |
===Works cited=== |
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* Bushin, Nikita (2022) ''The Duke of Zhou's Interpretations of Dreams''. Auckland, NZ: Purple Cloud Press |
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* {{cite book | last=Shaughnessy | first=Edward | |
* {{cite book | last=Shaughnessy | first=Edward | author-link = Edward Shaughnessy | chapter = Western Zhou History | editor-first1=Michael | editor-last1 = Loewe | editor-link1=Michael Loewe | editor-first2=Edward | editor-last2=Shaughnessy | title = The Cambridge History of Ancient China | url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory00loew | url-access=limited | location = Cambridge | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1999 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory00loew/page/n322 292]–351 | isbn=978-0-521-47030-8 }} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* |
*[http://www.china.org.cn/english/2004/Jun/97656.htm Tomb of Zhou Gong] |
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{{Kings of Zhou}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Duke |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zhou, Duke of}} |
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[[Category:Zhou dynasty nobility]] |
[[Category:Zhou dynasty nobility]] |
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[[Category:Regents of China]] |
[[Category:Regents of China]] |
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[[Category:Politicians from Shaanxi]] |
[[Category:Politicians from Shaanxi]] |
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[[Category:11th-century BC Chinese people]] |
[[Category:11th-century BC Chinese people]] |
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[[Category:Deified Chinese |
[[Category:Deified Chinese men]] |
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[[Category:11th-century BC regents]] |
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Latest revision as of 20:15, 3 March 2024
| Dan, Duke of Zhou 周公旦 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Duke of Zhou | |||||||||
 Portrait of the Duke of Zhou in Sancai Tuhui | |||||||||
| Regent of Zhou Dynasty | |||||||||
| Reign | 1042–1035 BC alongside Duke of Shao and Jiang Ziya | ||||||||
| Issue | Bo Qin Junchen, Duke Ping of Zhou Elder of Fan (凡伯) Jiang Boling Yin Pengshu Mao Shu Zuo Bo Ji Bo | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Father | King Wen of Zhou | ||||||||
| Mother | Tai Si | ||||||||
| Duke of Zhou | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | 周公旦 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | "Dàn, Duke of Zhou" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Alternative Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese | 姬旦 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | (personal name) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Dan, Duke Wen of Zhou (Chinese: 周文公旦; pinyin: Zhōu Wén Gōng Dàn; Wade–Giles: Chou1 Wên2 Kung1 Tan4), commonly known as the Duke of Zhou (Chinese: 周公; pinyin: Zhōu Gōng; Wade–Giles: Chou1 Kung1), was a member of the royal family of the early Zhou dynasty who played a major role in consolidating the kingdom established by his elder brother King Wu.[1][2] He was renowned for acting as a capable and loyal regent for his young nephew King Cheng, and for successfully suppressing the Rebellion of the Three Guards and establishing firm rule of the Zhou dynasty over eastern China. He is also a Chinese culture hero credited with writing the I Ching and the Book of Poetry,[3] and establishing the Rites of Zhou.
Life[edit]
Japan, Edo period, 1632.
His personal name was Dan (旦). He was the fourth son of King Wen of Zhou and Queen Tai Si. His eldest brother Bo Yikao predeceased their father (supposedly a victim of cannibalism); the second-eldest defeated the Shang Dynasty at the Battle of Muye around 1046 BC, ascending the throne as King Wu. King Wu distributed many fiefs to his relatives and followers and Dan received the ancestral territory of Zhou near present-day Luoyang.
Only three years after assuming power, King Wu died and left the kingdom to his young son King Cheng.[4][5]: 52 The Duke of Zhou successfully attained the regency and administered the kingdom himself,[5]: 54 leading to revolts not only from disgruntled Shang partisans but also from his own relatives, particularly his older brother Guan Shu.[6] Within five years, the Duke of Zhou had managed to defeat the Three Guards and other rebellions[4] and his armies pushed east, bringing more land under Zhou control.
The Duke of Zhou was credited with elaborating the doctrine of the Mandate of Heaven, which countered Shang propaganda that as descendants of the god Shangdi they should be restored to power. According to this doctrine, Shang injustice and decadence had so grossly offended Heaven that Heaven had removed their authority and commanded the reluctant Zhou to replace the Shang and restore order.[8]
On a more practical level, the Duke of Zhou expanded and codified his brother's feudal system,[4] granting titles to loyal Shang clansmen and even establishing a new holy city at Chengzhou around 1038 BC.[7] Laid out according to exact geomantic principles, Chengzhou was the home of King Cheng, the Shang nobility, and the nine tripod cauldrons symbolic of imperial rule, while the Duke continued to administer the kingdom from the former capital of Haojing. Once Cheng came of age, the Duke of Zhou dutifully gave up the throne without trouble.
Legacy[edit]
The duke's eight sons all received land from the king. The eldest son received Lu; the second succeeded to his father's fief, Zhou.[9][10]
In later centuries, subsequent emperors considered the Duke of Zhou a paragon of virtue and honored him with posthumous names. The empress Wu Zetian named her short-lived 8th-century Second Zhou Dynasty after him and called him the Honorable and Virtuous King (褒德王, Bāodé Wáng).[11] In 1008, the Zhenzong Emperor gave the Duke the posthumous title King of Exemplary Culture (traditional Chinese: 文憲王; simplified Chinese: 文宪王; pinyin: Wénxiàn Wáng). He was also known as the First Sage (traditional Chinese: 元聖; simplified Chinese: 元圣; pinyin: Yuán Shèng).
In 2004, Chinese archaeologists reported that they may have found his tomb complex in Qishan County, Shaanxi.[12]
God of Dreams[edit]
Duke of Zhou is also known as the "God of Dreams". The Analects record Confucius saying, "How I have gone downhill! It has been such a long time since I dreamt of the Duke of Zhou."[13] This was meant as a lamentation of how the governmental ideals of the Duke of Zhou had faded, but was later taken literally. In Chinese legends, if an important thing is going to happen to someone, the Duke [14] of Zhou will let the person know through dreams: hence the Chinese expression "Dreaming of Zhou Gong".[citation needed] Zhou Gong's Explanations of Dreams (Chinese: 周公解夢, pinyin: Zhōu gōng jiěmèng) is attributed to him.[15]
Descendants[edit]
The main line of the Duke of Zhou's descendants came from his firstborn son, the State of Lu ruler Bo Qin's third son Yu (魚) whose descendants adopted the surname Dongye (東野). The Duke of Zhou's offspring held the title of Wujing Boshi (五經博士; Wǔjīng Bóshì).[16] One of the Duke of Zhou's 72 generation descendants family tree was examined and commented on by Song Lian.[17]
Duke Huan of Lu's son through Qingfu (慶父) was the ancestor of Mencius. He was descended from Duke Yang of the State of Lu 魯煬公 Duke Yang was the son of Bo Qin, who was the son of the Duke of Zhou. The genealogy is found in the Mencius family tree (孟子世家大宗世系).[18][19][20]
The Zhikou Jiangs (also romanized as "Chiangs") such as Chiang Kai-shek were descended from Jiang Shijie who during the 17th century moved there from Fenghua District, whose ancestors in turn came to southeastern China's Zhejiang province after moving out of Northern China in the 13th century CE. The 12th-century BCE Duke of Zhou's third son was the ancestor of the Jiangs.[21][22][23][24][25][26]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
- ^ Anne Birrell (7 April 1999). Chinese Mythology: An Introduction. JHU Press. pp. 254–. ISBN 978-0-8018-6183-3.
- ^ Thomas H. C. Lee (January 2004). The New and the Multiple: Sung Senses of the Past. Chinese University Press. pp. 208–. ISBN 978-962-996-096-4.
- ^ Hinton, David. (2008). Classical Chinese Poetry: an Anthology. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-10536-7
- ^ a b c Chin, Annping. (2007). The Authentic Confucius. Scribner. ISBN 0-7432-4618-7
- ^ a b Keay, John (2009). China A History. Harper Press. ISBN 978-0-00-722178-3.
- ^ Edward L. Shaughnessy in Cambridge History of Ancient China, page 311.
- ^ a b Schinz, Alfred. The Magic Square: Cities in Ancient China, pp. 69 ff. Axel Menges (Stuttgart), 1996. Accessed 8 Jan 2014.
- ^ Hucker, Charles O. (1978). China to 1850: a short history. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-0958-0
- ^ 姬伯龄为周公第四子---中华蒋氏祖根文化网 Archived 2011-07-13 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ 《元圣裔周氏族谱》世系表 Archived July 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Old Book of Tang. 《旧唐书》记载为天授三年追封.
- ^ "Shaanxi Tombs a Fantastic Find".
- ^ Confucius (1995). The Analects. vii, 5, trans. D. C. Lau. ISBN 9780486284842.
- ^ Bushin, Nikita (2022). The Duke of Zhou's Interpretation of Dreams. Auckland: Purple Cloud Press. ISBN 979-8733174020.
- ^ "Daoism Series 26: Duke of Zhou's Explanations of Dreams – Purple Cloud". 17 October 2020. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
- ^ H.S. Brunnert; V.V. Hagelstrom (15 April 2013). Present Day Political Organization of China. Routledge. pp. 493–494. ISBN 978-1-135-79795-9.
- ^ Thomas H. C. Lee (January 2004). The New and the Multiple: Sung Senses of the Past. Chinese University Press. pp. 337–. ISBN 978-962-996-096-4.
- ^ 《三遷志》，（清）孟衍泰續修
- ^ 《孟子世家譜》，（清）孟廣均主編，1824年
- ^ 《孟子與孟氏家族》，孟祥居編，2005年
- ^ Keiji Furuya; Chʻun-ming Chang; Chunming Zhang (1981). Chiang Kai-shek, his life and times (Abridged English ed.). St. John's University. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-87075-025-0.
- ^ Keiji Furuya; Chʻun-ming Chang; Chunming Zhang (1981). Chiang Kai-shek, his life and times (Abridged English ed.). St. John's University. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-87075-025-0.
- ^ "浙江档案网--《浙江档案》". www.zjda.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2016-09-20. Retrieved 2016-10-04.
- ^ "第一章 发迹以前_蒋介石评传_李敖 小说在线阅读". www.kanunu8.com. Retrieved 2016-10-04.
- ^ "蒋介石传-第2章 追随孙文(1)最新章节-桑舞小说网手机版". m.sangwu123.com. Archived from the original on 2016-09-20. Retrieved 2016-10-04.
- ^ "2.第一章追随孙文（2）,蒋介石详传,一凡中文网". www.yfzww.com. Archived from the original on 2017-01-04. Retrieved 2016-10-04.
Works cited[edit]
- Bushin, Nikita (2022) The Duke of Zhou's Interpretations of Dreams. Auckland, NZ: Purple Cloud Press
- Shaughnessy, Edward (1999). "Western Zhou History". In Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward (eds.). The Cambridge History of Ancient China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 292–351. ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8.
