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{{Infobox royalty
{{Infobox royalty
|name=Hôn Đức Duke
|name=Duke Hôn Đức<br/>昏德公
|title=Emperor of [[Annam]]
|title=[[List of Vietnamese monarchs|Emperor]] of [[Đại Việt]]
|image=
|image=Chinesischer Maler des 12. Jahrhunderts (II) 001.jpg
|image_size=222px
|image_size=
|father=Dương Khương
|father=Trần Nguyên Dục (陳元昱)
|mother=
|mother=
|spouse=
|spouse=
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|birth_date=
|birth_date=
|birth_place =
|birth_place =
|death_date=1370
|death_date=1 December 1370
|death_place = [[Hanoi|Thăng Long]], [[Annam]]
|death_place = [[Hanoi|Thăng Long]], [[Đại Việt]]
|place of burial = Đại Mông mountain
|place of burial = Đại Mông mountain, [[Đại Việt]]
|full name= Dương Nhật Lễ (楊日禮)
|full name= Dương Nhật Lễ
|succession=[[List of emperors of the Trần dynasty|Emperor of Trần dynasty]]
|succession=
|reign=1369–1370
|reign=1369–1370
|predecessor=[[Trần Dụ Tông]]
|predecessor=[[Trần Dụ Tông]]
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|predecessor1=
|predecessor1=
|successor1=
|successor1=
|house=
|house= [[Trần dynasty]]
|era dates= Đại Định (大定, 1369–1370)
|era dates= Đại Định (大定, 1369–1370)
|temple name=''none''
|temple name=''none''
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|religion =
|religion =
}}
}}
'''Hôn Đức công''' ({{zh|昏德公}}, ?–1370), [[real name]] '''Dương Nhật Lễ''' (楊日禮), was the [[List of emperors of the Trần Dynasty|emperor]] of [[Đại Việt]] from 1369 to 1370. Although not coming from the [[Trần]] clan, Dương Nhật Lễ was ceded the throne of the [[Trần Dynasty]] by an edict of Emperor [[Trần Dụ Tông]] shortly before his death. During his short reign, Dương Nhật Lễ tried to change his family name back to Dương, which enraged members of the royal family and ultimately resulted in his deposal and death and the coronation of [[Trần Nghệ Tông]]. The rise and fall of Dương Nhật Lễ was the starting point for a series of chaotic events in the royal court that led to the collapse of the Trần Dynasty.
'''Duke Hôn Đức''' ({{lang-vi|Hôn Đức Công}}, {{lang-vi-hantu|昏德公}}, ? – 1 December 1370), [[real name]] '''Dương Nhật Lễ''' (楊日禮), was the [[List of emperors of the Trần Dynasty|emperor]] of [[Đại Việt]] from 1369 to 1370. Although not coming from the [[Trần]] clan, Dương Nhật Lễ was ceded the throne of the [[Trần Dynasty]] by an edict of Emperor [[Trần Dụ Tông]] shortly before his death. During his short reign, Dương Nhật Lễ tried to change his family name back to Dương, which enraged members of the royal family and ultimately resulted in his deposal and death and the coronation of [[Trần Nghệ Tông]]. The rise and fall of Dương Nhật Lễ was the starting point for a series of chaotic events in the royal court that led to the collapse of the Trần Dynasty.

== Background ==
== Background ==
Dương Nhật Lễ was the son of a couple of [[Hát tuồng|tuồng]] actors, which, along with other performing arts, was considered a shameful profession under the Confucian system of the time.<ref name=Chapuis89>{{Harvnb|Chapuis|1995|p=89}}</ref> His father was Dương Khương while the stage name of his mother was Vương Mẫu (Queen Mother), which came from her most recurrent role.<ref name=Ngo260>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|p=260}}</ref> While pregnant, she was made a consort of Prince Cung Túc [[Trần Dục]] who was the son of [[Trần Minh Tông]] and elder brother of the reigning Emperor. Nhật Lễ was born in the palace and was adopted by Prince Cung Túc as his own son.<ref name=Ngo260/><ref>{{Harvnb|Trần|1971|pp=69–70}}</ref><ref name=KDVS291>{{Harvnb|National Bureau for Historical Record|1998|p=291}}</ref>
Dương Nhật Lễ was the son of a couple of [[Hát tuồng|tuồng]] actors, which, along with other performing arts, was considered a shameful profession under the Confucian system of the time.<ref name=Chapuis89>{{Harvnb|Chapuis|1995|p=89}}</ref> His father was Dương Khương while the stage name of his mother was Vương Mẫu (Queen Mother), which came from her most recurrent role.<ref name=Ngo260>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|p=260}}</ref> While pregnant, she was made a consort of Prince Cung Túc [[Trần Dục]] who was the son of [[Trần Minh Tông]] and elder brother of the reigning Emperor. Nhật Lễ was born in the palace and was adopted by Prince Cung Túc as his own son.<ref name=Ngo260/><ref>{{Harvnb|Trần|1971|pp=69–70}}</ref><ref name=KDVS291>{{Harvnb|National Bureau for Historical Record|1998|p=291}}</ref>
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After the enthronement, Nhật Lễ changed the [[era name]] to Đại Định (大定, great peace, 1369–1370) and made the daughter of Prince Cung Định Trần Phủ his queen consort.<ref name=Ngo259/> Only half a year after taking the throne, the new emperor ordered the poisoning of the Great Queen Mother Hiến Từ, who had begun to regret her support for the coronation of Nhật Lễ.<ref name=Ngo260/>
After the enthronement, Nhật Lễ changed the [[era name]] to Đại Định (大定, great peace, 1369–1370) and made the daughter of Prince Cung Định Trần Phủ his queen consort.<ref name=Ngo259/> Only half a year after taking the throne, the new emperor ordered the poisoning of the Great Queen Mother Hiến Từ, who had begun to regret her support for the coronation of Nhật Lễ.<ref name=Ngo260/>


Like his predecessor Dụ Tông, Nhật Lễ neglected his administrative duties and concentrated only in drinking, theatre and wandering. He even wanted to change his family name back to Dương. Such activities disappointed everyone in the royal court. This once prompted the Prime Minister [[Trần Nguyên Trác]] and his son Trần Nguyên Tiết to plot the assassination of Nhật Lễ, but their conspiracy was discovered by the Emperor and they were killed afterwards. In the tenth month of 1370, the Emperor's father-in-law, Trần Phủ, after receiving advice from several mandarins and members of the royal family, decided to raise an army for the purpose of overthrowing Nhật Lễ. After one month, his plan succeeded and Trần Phủ became the new emperor of Đại Việt, ruling as Trần Nghệ Tông, while Nhật Lễ was downgraded to Duke of Hôn Đức (Hôn Đức Công).<ref>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|pp=262–263}}</ref><ref name=KDVS292>{{Harvnb|National Bureau for Historical Record|1998|p=292}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Chapuis|1995|pp=89–90}}</ref> [[Trần Trọng Kim]] in his history text ''[[Việt Nam sử lược]]'' had a slightly different version of this event in which the overthrow plot was made by royal court mandarins and not by Trần Phủ himself. Kim claims that Trần Phủ was only enthroned after the success of the plot and the death of Nhật Lễ.<ref name=Tran70>{{Harvnb|Trần|1971|p=70}}</ref>
Like his predecessor Dụ Tông, Nhật Lễ neglected his administrative duties and concentrated only on drinking, theatre and wandering. He even wanted to change his family name back to Dương. Such activities disappointed everyone in the royal court. This once prompted the Prime Minister [[Trần Nguyên Trác]] and his son Trần Nguyên Tiết to plot the assassination of Nhật Lễ, but their conspiracy was discovered by the Emperor and they were killed afterwards. In the tenth month of 1370, the Emperor's father-in-law, Trần Phủ, after receiving advice from several mandarins and members of the royal family, decided to raise an army for the purpose of overthrowing Nhật Lễ. After one month, his plan succeeded and Trần Phủ became the new emperor of Đại Việt, ruling as Trần Nghệ Tông, while Nhật Lễ was downgraded to Duke of Hôn Đức (Hôn Đức Công).<ref>{{Harvnb|Ngô|1993|pp=262–263}}</ref><ref name=KDVS292>{{Harvnb|National Bureau for Historical Record|1998|p=292}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Chapuis|1995|pp=89–90}}</ref> [[Trần Trọng Kim]] in his history text ''[[Việt Nam sử lược]]'' had a slightly different version of this event in which the overthrow plot was made by royal court mandarins and not by Trần Phủ himself. Kim claims that Trần Phủ was only enthroned after the success of the plot and the death of Nhật Lễ.<ref name=Tran70>{{Harvnb|Trần|1971|p=70}}</ref>


Subsequently, Hôn Đức Công killed a mandarin named Ngô Lang who had advised him to surrender and abdicate the throne to Nghệ Tông. Being informed the death of Ngô Lang, the new emperor had Hôn Đức Công and his son beaten to death. Their bodies were buried in Đại Mông mountain.<ref name="Ngo250"/> After the death of Hôn Đức Công, his mother fled to [[Champa]] and begged King [[Chế Bồng Nga]] to attack Đại Việt.<ref name=Maspero>Maspero, G., 2002, The Champa Kingdom, Bangkok: White Lotus Co., Ltd., {{ISBN|9747534991}}</ref>{{rp|92–93}} Taking advantage of the neighbour's lack of political stability, Chế Bồng Nga commanded troops and directly assaulted [[Hanoi|Thăng Long]], the capital of Đại Việt. The Trần army could not withstand this attack and the Trần royal court had to escape from Thăng Long, creating an opportunity for Chế Bồng Nga to violently loot the capital before withdrawing.<ref name=Tran70/>
Subsequently, Hôn Đức Công killed a mandarin named Ngô Lang who had advised him to surrender and abdicate the throne to Nghệ Tông. Being informed of the death of Ngô Lang, the new emperor had Hôn Đức Công and his son beaten to death. Their bodies were buried in Đại Mông mountain.<ref name="Ngo250"/> After the death of Hôn Đức Công, his mother fled to [[Champa]] and begged King [[Chế Bồng Nga]] to attack Đại Việt.<ref name=Maspero>Maspero, G., 2002, The Champa Kingdom, Bangkok: White Lotus Co., Ltd., {{ISBN|9747534991}}</ref>{{rp|92–93}} Taking advantage of the neighbour's lack of political stability, Chế Bồng Nga commanded troops and directly assaulted [[Hanoi|Thăng Long]], the capital of Đại Việt. The Trần army could not withstand this attack and the Trần royal court had to escape from Thăng Long, creating an opportunity for Chế Bồng Nga to violently loot the capital before withdrawing.<ref name=Tran70/>


== Family ==
== Family ==
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=== Bibliography ===
=== Bibliography ===
* {{citation|first=Sỹ Liên|last=Ngô|authorlink=Ngô Sĩ Liên|title=[[Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư]]|edition=Nội các quan bản|year=1993|language=Vietnamese|publisher=Social Science Publishing House|location=[[Hanoi]]|ref=harv}}
* {{citation|first=Sỹ Liên|last=Ngô|authorlink=Ngô Sĩ Liên|title=[[Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư]]|edition=Nội các quan bản|year=1993|language=Vietnamese|publisher=Social Science Publishing House|location=[[Hanoi]]}}
* {{citation|author=National Bureau for Historical Record|authorlink=National Bureau for Historical Record (Nguyễn Dynasty)|title=[[Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục]]|year=1998|language=Vietnamese|publisher=Education Publishing House|location=[[Hanoi]]|ref=harv}}
* {{citation|author=National Bureau for Historical Record|authorlink=National Bureau for Historical Record (Nguyễn Dynasty)|title=[[Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục]]|year=1998|language=Vietnamese|publisher=Education Publishing House|location=[[Hanoi]]}}
* {{citation|first=Trọng Kim|last=Trần|authorlink=Trần Trọng Kim|title=[[Việt Nam sử lược]]|year=1971|language=Vietnamese|publisher=Center for School Materials|location=[[Saigon]]|ref=harv}}
* {{citation|first=Trọng Kim|last=Trần|authorlink=Trần Trọng Kim|title=[[Việt Nam sử lược]]|year=1971|language=Vietnamese|publisher=Center for School Materials|location=[[Saigon]]}}
* {{citation|first=Oscar|last=Chapuis|title=A history of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tu Duc|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jskyi00bspcC&lpg=PA85&dq=%22tran%20anh%20tong%22&as_brr=3&hl=fr&pg=PA85#v=onepage&q=%22tran%20anh%20tong%22&f=false|year=1995|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0-313-29622-7}}
* {{citation|first=Oscar|last=Chapuis|title=A history of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tu Duc|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jskyi00bspcC&q=%22tran+anh+tong%22&pg=PA85|year=1995|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0-313-29622-7}}


{{S-start}}
{{S-start}}
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[[Category:1370 deaths]]
[[Category:1370 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:14th-century Vietnamese monarchy]]
[[Category:14th-century Vietnamese monarchs]]
[[Category:Vietnamese monarchs]]

Latest revision as of 12:14, 12 March 2024

Duke Hôn Đức
昏德公
Emperor of Đại Việt
Emperor of Trần dynasty
Reign1369–1370
PredecessorTrần Dụ Tông
SuccessorTrần Nghệ Tông
Died1 December 1370
Thăng Long, Đại Việt
Burial
Đại Mông mountain, Đại Việt
Issueno heir
Names
Dương Nhật Lễ
Era dates
Đại Định (大定, 1369–1370)
Posthumous name
none
Temple name
none
HouseTrần dynasty
FatherTrần Nguyên Dục (陳元昱)

Duke Hôn Đức (Vietnamese: Hôn Đức Công, chữ Hán: 昏德公, ? – 1 December 1370), real name Dương Nhật Lễ (楊日禮), was the emperor of Đại Việt from 1369 to 1370. Although not coming from the Trần clan, Dương Nhật Lễ was ceded the throne of the Trần Dynasty by an edict of Emperor Trần Dụ Tông shortly before his death. During his short reign, Dương Nhật Lễ tried to change his family name back to Dương, which enraged members of the royal family and ultimately resulted in his deposal and death and the coronation of Trần Nghệ Tông. The rise and fall of Dương Nhật Lễ was the starting point for a series of chaotic events in the royal court that led to the collapse of the Trần Dynasty.

Background[edit]

Dương Nhật Lễ was the son of a couple of tuồng actors, which, along with other performing arts, was considered a shameful profession under the Confucian system of the time.[1] His father was Dương Khương while the stage name of his mother was Vương Mẫu (Queen Mother), which came from her most recurrent role.[2] While pregnant, she was made a consort of Prince Cung Túc Trần Dục who was the son of Trần Minh Tông and elder brother of the reigning Emperor. Nhật Lễ was born in the palace and was adopted by Prince Cung Túc as his own son.[2][3][4]

Being an impotent man,[5] Emperor Dụ Tông did not have any children, so appointed his brother's son Nhật Lễ as his successor.[6] This decision was heavily criticized by contemporary historians because it broke the traditional regulation in succession and brought a chaotic period to the Trần Dynasty.[6] Twenty days after Dụ Tông's death on the 25th day of the 5th month (Lunar calendar) in 1369, Queen Mother Hiến Từ upheld the Emperor's will by inviting Nhật Lễ to the royal palace for the coronation, despite the strong opposition from royal family members and mandarins[6] and a plan made by the royal court to enthrone Prince Cung Định Trần Phủ against the late emperor's will.[7] According to Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, the Queen Mother reasoned that because Trần Dục was not passed the throne even though he was Minh Tông's eldest prince,[8] therefore Nhật Lễ, who was Trần Dục's son, deserved the position.[2]

As emperor and death[edit]

After the enthronement, Nhật Lễ changed the era name to Đại Định (大定, great peace, 1369–1370) and made the daughter of Prince Cung Định Trần Phủ his queen consort.[6] Only half a year after taking the throne, the new emperor ordered the poisoning of the Great Queen Mother Hiến Từ, who had begun to regret her support for the coronation of Nhật Lễ.[2]

Like his predecessor Dụ Tông, Nhật Lễ neglected his administrative duties and concentrated only on drinking, theatre and wandering. He even wanted to change his family name back to Dương. Such activities disappointed everyone in the royal court. This once prompted the Prime Minister Trần Nguyên Trác and his son Trần Nguyên Tiết to plot the assassination of Nhật Lễ, but their conspiracy was discovered by the Emperor and they were killed afterwards. In the tenth month of 1370, the Emperor's father-in-law, Trần Phủ, after receiving advice from several mandarins and members of the royal family, decided to raise an army for the purpose of overthrowing Nhật Lễ. After one month, his plan succeeded and Trần Phủ became the new emperor of Đại Việt, ruling as Trần Nghệ Tông, while Nhật Lễ was downgraded to Duke of Hôn Đức (Hôn Đức Công).[9][10][11] Trần Trọng Kim in his history text Việt Nam sử lược had a slightly different version of this event in which the overthrow plot was made by royal court mandarins and not by Trần Phủ himself. Kim claims that Trần Phủ was only enthroned after the success of the plot and the death of Nhật Lễ.[12]

Subsequently, Hôn Đức Công killed a mandarin named Ngô Lang who had advised him to surrender and abdicate the throne to Nghệ Tông. Being informed of the death of Ngô Lang, the new emperor had Hôn Đức Công and his son beaten to death. Their bodies were buried in Đại Mông mountain.[5] After the death of Hôn Đức Công, his mother fled to Champa and begged King Chế Bồng Nga to attack Đại Việt.[13]: 92–93  Taking advantage of the neighbour's lack of political stability, Chế Bồng Nga commanded troops and directly assaulted Thăng Long, the capital of Đại Việt. The Trần army could not withstand this attack and the Trần royal court had to escape from Thăng Long, creating an opportunity for Chế Bồng Nga to violently loot the capital before withdrawing.[12]

Family[edit]

Dương Nhật Lễ had one queen consort, who was a daughter of the future emperor Trần Nghệ Tông,[6] and a son who was beaten to death along with him in 1370.[5]

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Chapuis 1995, p. 89
  2. ^ a b c d Ngô 1993, p. 260
  3. ^ Trần 1971, pp. 69–70
  4. ^ National Bureau for Historical Record 1998, p. 291
  5. ^ a b c Ngô 1993, p. 250
  6. ^ a b c d e Ngô 1993, p. 259
  7. ^ Trần 1971, p. 69
  8. ^ Ngô 1993, p. 246
  9. ^ Ngô 1993, pp. 262–263
  10. ^ National Bureau for Historical Record 1998, p. 292
  11. ^ Chapuis 1995, pp. 89–90
  12. ^ a b Trần 1971, p. 70
  13. ^ Maspero, G., 2002, The Champa Kingdom, Bangkok: White Lotus Co., Ltd., ISBN 9747534991

Bibliography[edit]

Dương Nhật Lễ
 Died: 1369
Regnal titles
Preceded by Emperor of Đại Việt
1369–1370 		Succeeded by
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