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{{Short description|Species of tree}}
{{italictitle}}{{taxobox
{{italic title}}
{{speciesbox
|name = Blue guarri
|name = Blue guarri
|image = Euclea crispa, habitus, b, Uniegeboutuine.jpg
|image = Euclea crispa, habitus, b, Uniegeboutuine.jpg
|status = LC
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN2.3
|status_system = IUCN2.3
⚫
|genus = Euclea
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|species = crispa
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|authority = ([[Carl Peter Thunberg|Thunb.]]) [[Robert Louis August Maximilian Gürke|Gürke]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
|ordo = [[Ericales]]
|familia = [[Ebenaceae]]
⚫
|genus = ''[[Euclea]]''
|species = '''''E. crispa'''''<ref group=note>''crispa'' = "curled", referring to the leaf margins that may be rolled under or wavy</ref>
|binomial = ''Euclea crispa''
|binomial_authority = (Thunb.) Gürke
|synonyms =
|synonyms =
* ''Euclea lanceolata'' <small>E.Mey. ex A.DC</small><ref name=tpl>{{cite web|title=''Euclea crispa'' (Thunb.) Gürke|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2802651|work=The Plant List 2010|accessdate=15 November 2013}}</ref>
* ''Euclea lanceolata'' <small>E.Mey. ex A.DC</small><ref name=tpl>{{cite web|title=''Euclea crispa'' (Thunb.) Gürke|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2802651|work=The Plant List 2010|accessdate=15 November 2013}}</ref>
|}}
}}

'''''Euclea crispa''''' ('''Blue guarri''')<ref group=note>The [[Khwe language|Khwe]] appelation "Gwarri" is also the origin of the [[Afrikaans]] and [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] loan words, "Ghwarrie" and "umGwali", respectively.</ref> is an [[Afrotropic ecozone|Afrotropical]] plant species of the [[Ebenaceae]] family. This hardy and evergreen plant may form a dense stand of shrubs,<ref name=kcp/> or grow to tree size. It is widespread and common in the interior regions of southern Africa,<ref name = palmer>{{cite book |last=Palmer |first=Eve |authorlink=Eve Palmer |title=A Field Guide to the Trees of Southern Africa |pages = 282-284 | year=1977 |publisher=Collins |location=London, Johannesburg |isbn=0-620-05468-9}}</ref> and occurs northward to the tropics. Though some are present near the South African south and east coasts,<ref name=elsa/> they generally occur at middle to high altitudes.<ref name=fzim/> It is readily recognizable from its much-branched structure and dull bluish foliage colour. Those bearing lanceolate leaves may however resemble the [[Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata|Wild olive]],<ref name = palmer/> another common species of the interior plateaus.
'''''Euclea crispa''''',<ref group=note>''crispa'' = "curled", referring to the leaf margins that may be rolled under or wavy</ref> commonly known as the '''blue guarri''',<ref group=note>The [[Khwe language|Khwe]] appelation "Gwarri" is also the origin of the [[Afrikaans]] and [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] loan words, "Ghwarrie" and "umGwali", respectively.</ref> is an [[Afrotropical realm|Afrotropical]] plant species of the family [[Ebenaceae]]. The hardy and evergreen plants may form a dense stand of shrubs,<ref name=kcp/> or grow to tree size. It is widespread and common in the interior regions of southern Africa,<ref name = palmer>{{cite book |last=Palmer |first=Eve |authorlink=Eve Palmer |title=A Field Guide to the Trees of Southern Africa |pages = 282–284 | year=1977 |publisher=Collins |location=London, Johannesburg |isbn=0-620-05468-9}}</ref> and occurs northward to the tropics. Though some are present near the South African south and east coasts,<ref name=elsa/> they generally occur at middle to high altitudes.<ref name=fzim/> It is readily recognizable from its much-branched structure and dull bluish foliage colour. Those bearing lanceolate leaves may however resemble the [[Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata|Wild olive]],<ref name = palmer/> another common species of the interior plateaus.


==Range and habitat==
==Range and habitat==
It is native to central [[South Africa]] (where one of 35 native ebony species),<ref name=plantz/> [[Lesotho]], [[Swaziland]], the [[Zimbabwe]]an plateau and [[Eastern Highlands]],<ref name = palmer>{{cite book |last=Palmer |first=Eve |authorlink=Eve Palmer |title=A Field Guide to the Trees of Southern Africa |pages = 283-284 | year=1977 |publisher=Collins |location=London, Johannesburg |isbn=0-620-05468-9}}</ref> [[Angola]], [[Zambia]], [[Malawi]]<ref name=kcp/> and uplands of tropical Africa.<ref name=elsa/>
It is native to central [[South Africa]] (where one of 35 native ebony species),<ref name=plantz/> [[Lesotho]], [[Eswatini]], the [[Zimbabwe]]an plateau and [[Eastern Highlands]],<ref name = palmer/> [[Angola]], [[Zambia]], [[Malawi]]<ref name=kcp/> and uplands of tropical Africa.<ref name=elsa/>


It is found in open or thick bush along stream banks,<ref name=wits/> woodland, kloofs, hillsides, open forest, along forest margins and regularly in sheltered rocky places.<ref name = palmer/><ref name=fzim>{{cite web|last=Hyde|first=Mark, et al. |title=Euclea crispa (Thunb.) Sond. ex Gürke subsp. crispa | url=http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=143850 |work=Flora of Zimbabwe |accessdate=18 November 2013}}</ref> It is rare in the lowveld where it is limited to rocky areas, or areas of higher rainfall.<ref name=piet>{{cite book|last=Van Wyk |first=Piet |title=Field Guide to the Trees of the Kruger National Park |year=1984 |publisher=C. Struik |location=Cape Town |isbn=0-86977-221-X |page=224}}</ref>
It is found in open or thick bush along stream banks,<ref name=wits/> woodland, kloofs, hillsides, open forest, along forest margins and regularly in sheltered rocky places.<ref name = palmer/><ref name=fzim>{{cite web|last=Hyde|first=Mark |title=Euclea crispa (Thunb.) Sond. ex Gürke subsp. crispa | url=http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=143850 |work=Flora of Zimbabwe |accessdate=18 November 2013|display-authors=etal}}</ref> It is rare in the lowveld where it is limited to rocky areas, or areas of higher rainfall.<ref name=piet>{{cite book|last=Van Wyk |first=Piet |title=Field Guide to the Trees of the Kruger National Park |year=1984 |publisher=C. Struik |location=Cape Town |isbn=0-86977-221-X |page=224}}</ref>


==Habit==
==Habit==
It is a rounded, dense and bushy shrub or tree,<ref name=wits>{{cite book|last=Tree Society of Southern Africa|title=Trees and Shrubs of the Witwatersrand|year=1974|publisher=Witwatersrand University Press|location=Johannesburg|isbn=0-85494-236-X|pages=134-135}}</ref> reaching a height of 2 to 6 metres<ref name=wits/> (rarely 8 to 20 metres),<ref name=kcp/><ref name = palmer/><ref name=elsa/> with a spreading, often symmetrical crown. It is slow-growing like its congeners, and becomes frost and drought resistant with age.<ref name=plantz>{{cite web |last=Stoll |first=Nicolette |title=Euclea crispa (Thunb.) Gürke subsp. crispa |url=http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantefg/eucleacrispacrispa.htm |work= |date=Aug 2010 |publisher=Kirstenbosch Gardens |publisher=plantzafrica.org |accessdate=15 November 2013}}</ref> In Zimbabwe it is a shrub of 1 to 2 m tall,<ref name=kcp>{{cite book |last=Palgrave |first=Keith Coates |title=Trees of Southern Africa |year=1984 |publisher=Struik |location=Cape Town |isbn=0-86977-081-0 |pages=736-737}}</ref> forming small, dense colonies, or a small tree.<ref name=fzim/>
It is a rounded, dense and bushy shrub or tree,<ref name=wits>{{cite book|last=Tree Society of Southern Africa|title=Trees and Shrubs of the Witwatersrand|year=1974|publisher=Witwatersrand University Press|location=Johannesburg|isbn=0-85494-236-X|pages=134–135}}</ref> reaching a height of 2 to 6 metres<ref name=wits/> (rarely 8 to 20 metres),<ref name=kcp/><ref name = palmer/><ref name=elsa/> with a spreading, often symmetrical crown. It is slow-growing like its congeners, and becomes frost and drought resistant with age.<ref name=plantz>{{cite web |last=Stoll |first=Nicolette |title=Euclea crispa (Thunb.) Gürke subsp. crispa |url=http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantefg/eucleacrispacrispa.htm |work=PlantZAfrica.com |date=Aug 2010 |publisher=SANBI |accessdate=15 November 2013 |archive-date=2 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802041931/http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantefg/eucleacrispacrispa.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Zimbabwe it is a shrub of 1 to 2 m tall,<ref name=kcp>{{cite book |last=Palgrave |first=Keith Coates |title=Trees of Southern Africa |year=1984 |publisher=Struik |location=Cape Town |isbn=0-86977-081-0 |pages=736–737}}</ref> forming small, dense colonies, or a small tree.<ref name=fzim/>


==Description==
==Description==
===Bole and bark===
===Bole and bark===
The bole is single or multi-stemmed and up to 30 cm in diameter.<ref name = palmer/> The wood is dark brown, hard and close-grained.<ref name=elsa/> The bark varies from grey<ref name=wits/> to brown or blackish,<ref name=palmer/> and is smooth in young trees, but rougher in older trees.<ref name=kcp/>
The bole is single or multi-stemmed and up to 30&nbsp;cm in diameter.<ref name = palmer/> The wood is dark brown, hard and close-grained.<ref name=elsa/> The bark varies from grey<ref name=wits/> to brown or blackish,<ref name=palmer/> and is smooth in young trees, but rougher in older trees.<ref name=kcp/>


===Foliage===
===Foliage===
The plants carry a dense canopy of simple leaves of a dull grey-green colour and a rigid, leathery lineament.<ref name = palmer/> Variation in terms of colour, shape, texture and arrangement is however considerable.<ref name = palmer/> Foliage colour varies from a greyish green to distinctly blue, and the leaf shape varies from lanceolate to obovate.<ref name = palmer/> New branches and foliage are covered in rust-brown scales ([[gland]] [[Epidermis (botany)|granules]]),<ref name=kcp/><ref name=braam/> while mature leaves may be hairy or glabrous.<ref name=piet/> Leaves may be opposite, sub-opposite or rarely alternate.<ref name=kcp/> The slender petiole is 1.5 to 2 mm long,<ref name=kcp/> and the leaves measure up to 5 x 1.5 cm.<ref name=piet/> The leaf veins are clear and transparent against light, unlike the opaque venation of Wild olive trees.<ref name = palmer/><ref name=wits/> Leaves may also resemble those of the [[Euclea natalensis|Natal guarri]], a species of generally lower altitudes, but the latter's leaves have a finely hairy stalk.<ref name=elsa>{{cite book|last=Pooley |first=Elsa |title=Trees of Natal, Zululand and Transkei |year=1997 |publisher=Natal Flora Publications Trust |location=Durban |isbn=0-620-17697-0 |pages=398}}</ref>
The plants carry a dense canopy of simple leaves of a dull grey-green colour and a rigid, leathery lineament.<ref name = palmer/> Variation in terms of colour, shape, texture and arrangement is however considerable.<ref name = palmer/> Foliage colour varies from a greyish green to distinctly blue, and the leaf shape varies from lanceolate to obovate.<ref name = palmer/> New branches and foliage are covered in rust-brown scales ([[gland]] [[Epidermis (botany)|granules]]),<ref name=kcp/><ref name=braam/> while mature leaves may be hairy or glabrous.<ref name=piet/> Leaves may be opposite, sub-opposite or rarely alternate.<ref name=kcp/> The slender petiole is 1.5 to 2&nbsp;mm long,<ref name=kcp/> and the leaves measure up to 5 x 1.5&nbsp;cm.<ref name=piet/> The leaf veins are clear and transparent against light, unlike the opaque venation of Wild olive trees.<ref name = palmer/><ref name=wits/> Leaves may also resemble those of the [[Euclea natalensis|Natal guarri]], a species of generally lower altitudes, but the latter's leaves have a finely hairy stalk.<ref name=elsa>{{cite book|last=Pooley |first=Elsa |title=Trees of Natal, Zululand and Transkei |year=1997 |publisher=Natal Flora Publications Trust |location=Durban |isbn=0-620-17697-0 |pages=398}}</ref>


===Flowers===
===Flowers===
They flower in summer, from October to February.<ref name=fzim/> The very small, waxy, pendulous flowers are yellow<ref name=piet/> to greenish-white and borne in axillary pseudo-racemes,<ref name = palmer/><ref name=piet/> holding 3 to 10 flowers each.<ref name=kcp/> Their bell-shaped [[Corolla (flower)|corollas]] are deeply lobed,<ref name=kcp/><ref name=braam/> and the ovaries are densely covered in bristles.<ref name=kcp/>
The fragrant flowers are produced in summer, from October to February.<ref name=fzim/> They are small, waxy, pendulous, yellow<ref name=piet/> to greenish-white and borne in axillary pseudo-racemes,<ref name = palmer/><ref name=piet/> holding 3 to 10 flowers each.<ref name=kcp/> Their bell-shaped [[Corolla (flower)|corollas]] are deeply lobed,<ref name=kcp/><ref name=braam/> and the ovaries are densely covered in bristles.<ref name=kcp/>


===Fruit===
===Fruit===
The roundish, pea-sized berries (4 to 5 mm in diameter)<ref name=piet/> are considered palatable when ripe.<ref name=wits/> They are single-seeded and borne on female trees only.<ref name=braam>{{cite book|last=Van Wyk|first=Braam, et al.|title=Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa |year=1997 |publisher=Struik |location=Cape Town |isbn=1-86825-922-6 |pages=340}}</ref> As they ripen, they turn from green to reddish brown, and eventually to black.<ref name=kcp/><ref name=fzim/><ref name=wits/> They are somewhat or very hairy when green,<ref name=kcp/> but more or less glabrous when mature.<ref name=piet/> Saplings can be grown quite easily from fresh, plump seed, that is sown soon after harvesting.<ref name=plantz/>
The roundish, pea-sized berries (4 to 5&nbsp;mm in diameter)<ref name=piet/> are considered palatable when ripe.<ref name=wits/> They are single-seeded and borne on female trees only.<ref name=braam>{{cite book|last=Van Wyk|first=Braam|title=Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa |year=1997 |publisher=Struik |location=Cape Town |isbn=1-86825-922-6 |pages=340|display-authors=etal}}</ref> As they ripen, they turn from green to reddish brown, and eventually to black.<ref name=kcp/><ref name=fzim/><ref name=wits/> They are somewhat or very hairy when green,<ref name=kcp/> but more or less glabrous when mature.<ref name=piet/> Saplings can be grown quite easily from fresh, plump seed, that is sown soon after harvesting.<ref name=plantz/>


==Varieties==
==Subspecies==
'''var. ''crispa'''''
'''var. ''crispa'''''
*Range: very widely distributed in southern Africa
*Range: very widely distributed in southern Africa
*Description: leaves variable but hardly wavy, broadly tapering with rounded apex, or acute apex with rounded tip,<ref name = palmer/> margins entire, and generally smaller and narrower<ref name=kcp/> than the next
*Description: leaves variable but hardly wavy, broadly tapering with rounded apex, or acute apex with rounded tip,<ref name = palmer/> margins entire, and generally smaller and narrower<ref name=kcp/> than the next
'''var. ''ovata'''''
'''var. ''ovata'''''
*Range: eastern [[Karoo|karroid]] regions (incl. [[Cradock]] and [[Middelburg, Eastern Cape|Middelburg]]) to Northern Cape (incl. [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]] and [[Kuruman]]) and southern [[Free State (province)|Free State]]
*Range: eastern [[Karoo|karroid]] regions (incl. [[Cradock, Eastern Cape|Cradock]] and [[Middelburg, Eastern Cape|Middelburg]]) to Northern Cape (incl. [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]] and [[Kuruman]]) and southern [[Free State (province)|Free State]]
*Description: leaves wavy, much more ovate and sharply tapering, densely hairy when young,<ref name = kcp/> sometimes minutely scalloped,<ref name = palmer/> and hardly distinguishable from the [[Euclea coriacea|Mountain guarri]] where they overlap<ref name=kcp/>
*Description: leaves wavy, much more ovate and sharply tapering, densely hairy when young,<ref name = kcp/> sometimes minutely scalloped,<ref name = palmer/> and hardly distinguishable from the [[Euclea coriacea|Mountain guarri]] where they overlap<ref name=kcp/>


==Species interactions and uses==
==Species interactions and uses==
Lichens often grow on older bark.<ref name=plantz/> Bees are attracted to the sweet scent of the summer flowers, and the leaves provide food for a moth larva, ''[[Graphiocephala barbitias]]''. The fruit are eaten by birds and mammals, including antelope, vervet monkeys,<ref name=plantz/> mongooses and rats,<ref name=elsa/> while the bark and leaves are browsed by [[Black rhinoceros|Black rhino]].<ref name=braam/> A dye extracted from the roots is used for baskets, mats and wool.<ref name=braam/> A medicinal infusion of the root is also used for various ailments,<ref name=plantz/> and the fruit or bark are used as a [[Laxative|purgative]].<ref name=palmer/>
Lichens often grow on older bark.<ref name=plantz/> Bees are attracted to the sweet scent of the summer flowers, and larvae of the moths ''[[Ectoedemia crispae]]'' and ''[[Graphiocephala barbitias]]'' feed on the leaves. The fruit are eaten by birds and mammals, including antelope, vervet monkeys,<ref name=plantz/> mongooses and rats,<ref name=elsa/> while the bark and leaves are browsed by [[Black rhinoceros|Black rhino]].<ref name=braam/> A dye extracted from the roots is used for baskets, mats and wool.<ref name=braam/> A medicinal infusion of the root is also used for various ailments,<ref name=plantz/> and the fruit or bark are used as a [[Laxative|purgative]].<ref name=palmer/>


{{Gallery
{{Gallery
|title=
|title=
|width=160 | height=170 | lines=1
|width=160 | height=170 |align=center
|align=center
|footer=
|footer=
|File:Euclea crispa00.jpg|alt1=|<center>foliage and bell-like flowers</center>
|File:Euclea crispa00.jpg|alt1=|{{center|Foliage and bell-like flowers}}
|File:Euclea crispa, loof en vrugte, Nkwe.jpg|alt2=|<center>green berries on female tree</center>
|File:Euclea crispa, loof en vrugte, Nkwe.jpg|alt2=|{{center|Green berries on female tree}}
|File:Euclea crispa, habitus, Nkwe.jpg|alt3=|<center>a female tree</center>
|File:Euclea crispa, habitus, Nkwe.jpg|alt3=|{{center|A female tree}}
}}
}}


==Notes==
==Notes==
⚫
{{Reflist|group=note}}
⚫
{{wiktionary|guarri}}
⚫
{{reflist|group=note}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
⚫
{{wiktionary|guarri}}
* {{AfricanPlants|Euclea crispa}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q15135918}}


[[Category:Flora of Africa]]
[[Category:Trees of Africa]]
[[Category:Euclea]]
[[Category:Euclea|crispa]]

Latest revision as of 22:54, 17 March 2024

Blue guarri
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Ericales
Family: Ebenaceae
Genus: Euclea
Species:
E. crispa
Binomial name
Euclea crispa
Synonyms
  • Euclea lanceolata E.Mey. ex A.DC[1]

Euclea crispa,[note 1] commonly known as the blue guarri,[note 2] is an Afrotropical plant species of the family Ebenaceae. The hardy and evergreen plants may form a dense stand of shrubs,[2] or grow to tree size. It is widespread and common in the interior regions of southern Africa,[3] and occurs northward to the tropics. Though some are present near the South African south and east coasts,[4] they generally occur at middle to high altitudes.[5] It is readily recognizable from its much-branched structure and dull bluish foliage colour. Those bearing lanceolate leaves may however resemble the Wild olive,[3] another common species of the interior plateaus.

Range and habitat[edit]

It is native to central South Africa (where one of 35 native ebony species),[6] Lesotho, Eswatini, the Zimbabwean plateau and Eastern Highlands,[3] Angola, Zambia, Malawi[2] and uplands of tropical Africa.[4]

It is found in open or thick bush along stream banks,[7] woodland, kloofs, hillsides, open forest, along forest margins and regularly in sheltered rocky places.[3][5] It is rare in the lowveld where it is limited to rocky areas, or areas of higher rainfall.[8]

Habit[edit]

It is a rounded, dense and bushy shrub or tree,[7] reaching a height of 2 to 6 metres[7] (rarely 8 to 20 metres),[2][3][4] with a spreading, often symmetrical crown. It is slow-growing like its congeners, and becomes frost and drought resistant with age.[6] In Zimbabwe it is a shrub of 1 to 2 m tall,[2] forming small, dense colonies, or a small tree.[5]

Description[edit]

Bole and bark[edit]

The bole is single or multi-stemmed and up to 30 cm in diameter.[3] The wood is dark brown, hard and close-grained.[4] The bark varies from grey[7] to brown or blackish,[3] and is smooth in young trees, but rougher in older trees.[2]

Foliage[edit]

The plants carry a dense canopy of simple leaves of a dull grey-green colour and a rigid, leathery lineament.[3] Variation in terms of colour, shape, texture and arrangement is however considerable.[3] Foliage colour varies from a greyish green to distinctly blue, and the leaf shape varies from lanceolate to obovate.[3] New branches and foliage are covered in rust-brown scales (gland granules),[2][9] while mature leaves may be hairy or glabrous.[8] Leaves may be opposite, sub-opposite or rarely alternate.[2] The slender petiole is 1.5 to 2 mm long,[2] and the leaves measure up to 5 x 1.5 cm.[8] The leaf veins are clear and transparent against light, unlike the opaque venation of Wild olive trees.[3][7] Leaves may also resemble those of the Natal guarri, a species of generally lower altitudes, but the latter's leaves have a finely hairy stalk.[4]

Flowers[edit]

The fragrant flowers are produced in summer, from October to February.[5] They are small, waxy, pendulous, yellow[8] to greenish-white and borne in axillary pseudo-racemes,[3][8] holding 3 to 10 flowers each.[2] Their bell-shaped corollas are deeply lobed,[2][9] and the ovaries are densely covered in bristles.[2]

Fruit[edit]

The roundish, pea-sized berries (4 to 5 mm in diameter)[8] are considered palatable when ripe.[7] They are single-seeded and borne on female trees only.[9] As they ripen, they turn from green to reddish brown, and eventually to black.[2][5][7] They are somewhat or very hairy when green,[2] but more or less glabrous when mature.[8] Saplings can be grown quite easily from fresh, plump seed, that is sown soon after harvesting.[6]

Subspecies[edit]

var. crispa

  • Range: very widely distributed in southern Africa
  • Description: leaves variable but hardly wavy, broadly tapering with rounded apex, or acute apex with rounded tip,[3] margins entire, and generally smaller and narrower[2] than the next

var. ovata

Species interactions and uses[edit]

Lichens often grow on older bark.[6] Bees are attracted to the sweet scent of the summer flowers, and larvae of the moths Ectoedemia crispae and Graphiocephala barbitias feed on the leaves. The fruit are eaten by birds and mammals, including antelope, vervet monkeys,[6] mongooses and rats,[4] while the bark and leaves are browsed by Black rhino.[9] A dye extracted from the roots is used for baskets, mats and wool.[9] A medicinal infusion of the root is also used for various ailments,[6] and the fruit or bark are used as a purgative.[3]

  • Foliage and bell-like flowers
    Foliage and bell-like flowers
  • Green berries on female tree
    Green berries on female tree
  • A female tree
    A female tree

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ crispa = "curled", referring to the leaf margins that may be rolled under or wavy
  2. ^ The Khwe appelation "Gwarri" is also the origin of the Afrikaans and Xhosa loan words, "Ghwarrie" and "umGwali", respectively.

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Euclea crispa (Thunb.) Gürke". The Plant List 2010. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Palgrave, Keith Coates (1984). Trees of Southern Africa. Cape Town: Struik. pp. 736–737. ISBN 0-86977-081-0.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Palmer, Eve (1977). A Field Guide to the Trees of Southern Africa. London, Johannesburg: Collins. pp. 282–284. ISBN 0-620-05468-9.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Pooley, Elsa (1997). Trees of Natal, Zululand and Transkei. Durban: Natal Flora Publications Trust. p. 398. ISBN 0-620-17697-0.
  5. ^ a b c d e Hyde, Mark; et al. "Euclea crispa (Thunb.) Sond. ex Gürke subsp. crispa". Flora of Zimbabwe. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Stoll, Nicolette (Aug 2010). "Euclea crispa (Thunb.) Gürke subsp. crispa". PlantZAfrica.com. SANBI. Archived from the original on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Tree Society of Southern Africa (1974). Trees and Shrubs of the Witwatersrand. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press. pp. 134–135. ISBN 0-85494-236-X.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Van Wyk, Piet (1984). Field Guide to the Trees of the Kruger National Park. Cape Town: C. Struik. p. 224. ISBN 0-86977-221-X.
  9. ^ a b c d e Van Wyk, Braam; et al. (1997). Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa. Cape Town: Struik. p. 340. ISBN 1-86825-922-6.

External links[edit]

Look up guarri in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euclea_crispa&oldid=1214269020"