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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{italictitle}}
{{Speciesbox
{{taxobox
|image = Solidago virgaurea minuta1.jpg
|image = Solidago virgaurea minuta1.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Solidago virgaurea minuta]]''
|image_caption = ''[[Solidago virgaurea minuta]]''
|genus = Solidago
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|species = virgaurea
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=e/>
|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
|synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true
|ordo = [[Asterales]]
|title=<small>Synonymy</small>
|familia = [[Asteraceae]]
|''Aster virgaurea'' <small>(L.) Kuntze</small>
|tribus = [[Astereae]]
|''Dectis decurrens'' <small>Raf.</small>
|genus = ''[[Solidago]]''
|species = '''''S. virgaurea'''''
|''Doria virgaurea'' <small>Scop.</small>
|binomial = ''Solidago virgaurea''
|''Solidago cantoniensis'' <small>Lour.</small>
|''Solidago corsica'' <small>(Rouy) A.W.Hill</small>
|binomial_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|''Solidago minor'' <small>Mill.</small>
}}
|''Solidago nudiflora'' <small>Viv.</small>
|''Solidago pygmaea'' <small>Bertol.</small>
|''Solidago vulgaris'' <small>Lam.</small>
|''Aster minutus'' <small>(L.) Kuntze, syn of subsp. ''alpestris''</small>
|''Solidago armena'' <small>Kem.-Nath. ex Grossh., syn of subsp. ''armena''</small>
|''Solidago japonica'' <small>Kitam., syn of subsp. ''asiatica''</small>
|''Solidago calcicola'' <small>(Fernald) Fernald, syn of var. ''calcicola''</small>
|''Solidago caucasica'' <small>Kem.-Nath., syn of subsp. ''caucasica''</small>
|''Solidago dahurica'' <small>Kitag., syn of subsp. ''dahurica''</small>
|''Solidago gebleri'' <small>Juz., syn of subsp. ''dahurica''</small>
|''Solidago insularis'' <small>Kitam., syn of subsp. ''insularis''</small>
|''Solidago jailarum'' <small>Juz., syn of subsp. ''jailarum''</small>
|''Solidago lapponica'' <small>With., syn of subsp. ''lapponica''</small>
|''Solidago macrorrhiza'' <small>Lange, syn of subsp. ''macrorrhiza''</small>
|''Solidago alpestris'' <small>Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd., syn of subsp. ''minuta''</small>
|''Solidago cambrica'' <small>Huds., syn of subsp. ''minuta''</small>
|''Solidago minuta'' <small>L., syn of subsp. ''minuta''</small>
|''Solidago stenophylla'' <small>(G.E.Schultz) Tzvelev, syn of subsp. ''stenophylla''</small>
|''Solidago talyschensis'' <small>Tzvelev, syn of subsp. ''talyschensis''</small>
|''Solidago taurica'' <small>Juz., syn of subsp. ''taurica ''</small>
|''Solidago turfosa'' <small>Woronow ex Grossh., syn of subsp. ''turfosa''</small>
}}}}
{{Commons category}}
[[File:Bombus cryptarum - Solidago virgaurea - Keila.jpg|thumb|Flowers with ''[[Bombus cryptarum]]'']]


'''''Solidago virgaurea''''' ('''European goldenrod''' or '''woundwort''') is an [[herbaceous]] [[perennial plant]] of the family [[Asteraceae]]. It is grown as a garden flower with many different cultivars. It flowers profusely in late summer.
'''''Solidago virgaurea''''', the '''European goldenrod''' or '''woundwort''', is an [[herbaceous]] [[perennial plant]] of the family [[Asteraceae]]. It is widespread across most of Europe as well as North Africa and northern, central, and southwestern Asia (China, Russia, India, Turkey, Kazakhstan, etc.).<ref>[http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=solidago+virgaurea Altervista Flora Italiana, Verga d'oro comune, ''Solidago virgaurea'' L.] includes photos and European distribution map</ref><ref name=p>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242349565 Flora of China, ''Solidago dahurica'' (Kitagawa) Kitagawa ex Juzepczuk, 1959. <big>兴安一枝黄花</big> xing an yi zhi huang hua]</ref><ref>{{GRIN | accessdate = 18 December 2017}}</ref> It is grown as a garden flower with many different cultivars. It flowers profusely in late summer.


''Solidago virgaurea'' is a perennial herb up to 100&nbsp;cm (40 inches) tall, with a branching underground [[caudex]] and a woody [[rhizome]]. It produces arrays of numerous small yellow [[flower heads]] at the top of the stem.<ref name=p/>
==Herbalism==
[[Image:Virga aurea00.jpg|thumb|left|''Solidago virga-aurea'' L. By [[Jacob van Huysum]], which would appear to be the related ''Solidago canadensis'' or possibly ''S. odora''.]]
This plant was cultivated in the [[Arab world]], who used it in their medical system. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries it was used in [[Europe]] to heal wounds. It has [[astringent]], [[diuretic]], [[antiseptic]] and other properties.


;Subspecies and varieties<ref name=e>[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-44550 The Plant List, ''Solidago virgaurea'' L. ]</ref>
Modern herbalists also use it to treat [[catarrh]] and [[kidney stone]]s.<ref>Howard, Michael. ''Traditional Folk Remedies'' (Century, 1987), p.145</ref> It is blended with other tonic herbs to cleanse or "flush" the kidneys and bladder, either as part of a healing fast, or to treat cystitis. In the case of a fast, it is made into a combined tincture as noted, taken with a supporting blend of herbal teas, and grape or watermelon juice is drunk through the day, alternating with Potassium broth.[2]
*''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''alpestris'' <small>(Waldst. & Kit.) Gremli</small>
*''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''armena'' <small>(Grossh.) Greuter</small>
*''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''asiatica'' <small>Kitam. ex Hara</small>
*''Solidago virgaurea'' var. ''calcicola'' <small>Fernald</small>
*''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''caucasica'' <small>(Kem.-Nath.) Greuter</small>
*''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''dahurica'' <small>(Kitag.) Kitag.</small>
*''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''gigantea'' <small>(Nakai) Kitam.</small>
*''Solidago virgaurea'' var. ''insularis'' <small>(Kitam.) Hara</small>
*''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''jailarum'' <small>(Juz.) Tzvelev</small>
*''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''lapponica'' <small>(With.) Tzvelev</small>
*''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''macrorrhiza'' <small>(Lange) Nyman</small>
*''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''minuta'' <small>(L.) Arcang.</small>
*''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''stenophylla'' <small>(G.E.Schultz) Tzvelev</small>
*''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''talyschensis'' <small>(Tzvelev) Sennikov</small>
*''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''taurica'' <small>(Juz.) Tzvelev</small>
*''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''turfosa'' <small>(Woronow ex Grossh.) Greuter</small>
*''Solidago virgaurea'' subsp. ''virgaurea''
*''Solidago virgaurea'' var. ''virgaurea''


==Medicinal uses==
==References==<!-- BiolConserv137:248. -->
In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries ''Solidago virgaurea'' was used in Europe to heal wounds. Its [[astringent]], [[diuretic]], [[antiseptic]] and other properties are well known. In various assessments by the European Medicines Agency with respect to ''Solidago virgaurea'', non-clinical data shows diuretic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic and spasmolytic, antibacterial, and immunomodulatory activity. However, as no single ingredient is responsible for these effects, the whole herbal preparation of ''Solidago'' inflorescences must be considered as the active ingredient. Further, the relevance of those effects found ''in vitro'' could not be confirmed by clinical studies.<ref>European Medicines Agency, ASSESSMENT REPORT ON SOLIDAGO VIRGAUREA L., HERBA, European Medicines Agency Evaluation of Medicines for Human Use London, 4 September 2008 [https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-report/assessment-report-solidago-virgaurea-l-herba_en.pdf Doc. Ref. EMEA/HMPC/285759/2007]</ref>
<references/>


==References==
[[Category:Solidago|virgaurea]]
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Flora of Algeria]]
[[Category:Flora of Morocco]]
[[Category:Flora of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Flora of Iran]]
[[Category:Flora of Syria]]
[[Category:Flora of Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Flora of Russia]]
[[Category:Flora of China]]
[[Category:Flora of Japan]]
[[Category:Flora of Korea]]
[[Category:Flora of India]]
[[Category:Flora of Nepal]]
[[Category:Flora of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Flora of Denmark]]
[[Category:Flora of Estonia]]
[[Category:Flora of Metropolitan France]]
[[Category:Flora of Greece]]
[[Category:Flora of Germany]]
[[Category:Flora of Ireland]]
[[Category:Flora of Italy]]
[[Category:Flora of Latvia]]
[[Category:Flora of Lithuania]]
[[Category:Flora of Norway]]
[[Category:Flora of Portugal]]
[[Category:Flora of Spain]]
[[Category:Flora of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]


==External links==
*{{PFAF}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q599435}}
{{Astereae-stub}}

[[Category:Solidago|virgaurea]]
[[Category:Flora of North Africa]]
[[Category:Flora of temperate Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of tropical Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Latest revision as of 23:17, 14 April 2024

Solidago virgaurea
Solidago virgaurea minuta
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Solidago
Species:
S. virgaurea
Binomial name
Solidago virgaurea
Synonyms[1]
Synonymy
  • Aster virgaurea (L.) Kuntze
  • Dectis decurrens Raf.
  • Doria virgaurea Scop.
  • Solidago cantoniensis Lour.
  • Solidago corsica (Rouy) A.W.Hill
  • Solidago minor Mill.
  • Solidago nudiflora Viv.
  • Solidago pygmaea Bertol.
  • Solidago vulgaris Lam.
  • Aster minutus (L.) Kuntze, syn of subsp. alpestris
  • Solidago armena Kem.-Nath. ex Grossh., syn of subsp. armena
  • Solidago japonica Kitam., syn of subsp. asiatica
  • Solidago calcicola (Fernald) Fernald, syn of var. calcicola
  • Solidago caucasica Kem.-Nath., syn of subsp. caucasica
  • Solidago dahurica Kitag., syn of subsp. dahurica
  • Solidago gebleri Juz., syn of subsp. dahurica
  • Solidago insularis Kitam., syn of subsp. insularis
  • Solidago jailarum Juz., syn of subsp. jailarum
  • Solidago lapponica With., syn of subsp. lapponica
  • Solidago macrorrhiza Lange, syn of subsp. macrorrhiza
  • Solidago alpestris Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd., syn of subsp. minuta
  • Solidago cambrica Huds., syn of subsp. minuta
  • Solidago minuta L., syn of subsp. minuta
  • Solidago stenophylla (G.E.Schultz) Tzvelev, syn of subsp. stenophylla
  • Solidago talyschensis Tzvelev, syn of subsp. talyschensis
  • Solidago taurica Juz., syn of subsp. taurica
  • Solidago turfosa Woronow ex Grossh., syn of subsp. turfosa
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Solidago virgaurea.
Flowers with Bombus cryptarum

Solidago virgaurea, the European goldenrod or woundwort, is an herbaceous perennial plant of the family Asteraceae. It is widespread across most of Europe as well as North Africa and northern, central, and southwestern Asia (China, Russia, India, Turkey, Kazakhstan, etc.).[2][3][4] It is grown as a garden flower with many different cultivars. It flowers profusely in late summer.

Solidago virgaurea is a perennial herb up to 100 cm (40 inches) tall, with a branching underground caudex and a woody rhizome. It produces arrays of numerous small yellow flower heads at the top of the stem.[3]

Subspecies and varieties[1]
  • Solidago virgaurea subsp. alpestris (Waldst. & Kit.) Gremli
  • Solidago virgaurea subsp. armena (Grossh.) Greuter
  • Solidago virgaurea subsp. asiatica Kitam. ex Hara
  • Solidago virgaurea var. calcicola Fernald
  • Solidago virgaurea subsp. caucasica (Kem.-Nath.) Greuter
  • Solidago virgaurea subsp. dahurica (Kitag.) Kitag.
  • Solidago virgaurea subsp. gigantea (Nakai) Kitam.
  • Solidago virgaurea var. insularis (Kitam.) Hara
  • Solidago virgaurea subsp. jailarum (Juz.) Tzvelev
  • Solidago virgaurea subsp. lapponica (With.) Tzvelev
  • Solidago virgaurea subsp. macrorrhiza (Lange) Nyman
  • Solidago virgaurea subsp. minuta (L.) Arcang.
  • Solidago virgaurea subsp. stenophylla (G.E.Schultz) Tzvelev
  • Solidago virgaurea subsp. talyschensis (Tzvelev) Sennikov
  • Solidago virgaurea subsp. taurica (Juz.) Tzvelev
  • Solidago virgaurea subsp. turfosa (Woronow ex Grossh.) Greuter
  • Solidago virgaurea subsp. virgaurea
  • Solidago virgaurea var. virgaurea

Medicinal uses[edit]

In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries Solidago virgaurea was used in Europe to heal wounds. Its astringent, diuretic, antiseptic and other properties are well known. In various assessments by the European Medicines Agency with respect to Solidago virgaurea, non-clinical data shows diuretic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic and spasmolytic, antibacterial, and immunomodulatory activity. However, as no single ingredient is responsible for these effects, the whole herbal preparation of Solidago inflorescences must be considered as the active ingredient. Further, the relevance of those effects found in vitro could not be confirmed by clinical studies.[5]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b The Plant List, Solidago virgaurea L.
  2. ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, Verga d'oro comune, Solidago virgaurea L. includes photos and European distribution map
  3. ^ a b Flora of China, Solidago dahurica (Kitagawa) Kitagawa ex Juzepczuk, 1959. 兴安一枝黄花 xing an yi zhi huang hua
  4. ^ "Solidago virgaurea". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
  5. ^ European Medicines Agency, ASSESSMENT REPORT ON SOLIDAGO VIRGAUREA L., HERBA, European Medicines Agency Evaluation of Medicines for Human Use London, 4 September 2008 Doc. Ref. EMEA/HMPC/285759/2007

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solidago_virgaurea&oldid=1218965902"