Common goldenrod
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Common goldenrod ( Solidago virgaurea ) |
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The Common goldenrod ( Solidago virgaurea ), also Common goldenrod or True goldenrod called, is a plant from the genus of goldenrod ( Solidago ) within the family of Compositae (Asteraceae). Trivial names are, for example, Petrus's rod , Ungsengkraut and Heidnisch Wundkraut .
description
Vegetative characteristics
The common goldenrod is a perennial herbaceous plant that can grow to a height of 10 to 100 centimeters, but usually around 40 centimeters. The stems are mostly unbranched, at least in the lower area.
The alternate leaves are stalked and ovate in the lower part of the stem and merge into narrower lanceolate, sessile leaves upwards. The leaf margin is usually serrated irregularly, only rarely with almost entire margins.
Generative characteristics
The cup-shaped partial inflorescences are in terminal, all-round, weakly branched panicle or composite racemose inflorescences . The inflorescences are much looser than those of the other European goldenrod species. The flower heads are also significantly larger with a length of 6 to 10 millimeters. The six to twelve pure yellow ray florets are much longer than the cup shell and protrude to the side so that the cups have a diameter of 10 to 15 millimeters. The flowering period extends from July to October.
The chromosome number is 2n = 18 for Solidago virgaurea subsp. virgaurea and for Soloidago virgaurea subsp. minute .
ecology
The common goldenrod is a hemicryptophyte .
The pollination is done by bees , bumblebees , hoverflies and butterflies or by self-pollination .
The diaspores , they are achenes, spread by the wind, by ants or by Velcro spreading.
The Common goldenrod is of the rust fungi Aureae virgae-Puccinia and Uromyces sommerfeltii with Telien affected.
Toxicity
The common goldenrod is considered practically non-toxic to humans. If handled frequently, the species can trigger a contact allergy in humans. The experimentally determined sensitivity to sensitization is medium. Sesquiterpene lactones , which were previously unknown , are probably responsible for triggering the allergy , since composite allergy sufferers react to Solidago species with cross-allergies . At the same time, the pollen of the goldenrod is suspected of causing hay fever .
Locations
The common goldenrod grows in rather dry, nutrient-poor locations such as in sparse deciduous forests , on dry forest , shrubbery or path edges and in poor grasslands . It is widespread in Central Europe in such locations .
Systematics and distribution
Solidago virgaurea was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné . Synonyms for Solidago virgaurea L. are: Solidago vulgaris Lam. non Mill. , Solidago corsica (Rouy) AWHill , Solidago minor Mill. , Solidago nudiflora Viv. , Solidago pygmaea G Bertol. , Solidago virgaurea subsp. nudiflora (Viv.) Nyman .
Overall, the common goldenrod occurs in Eurasia from the arctic to the subtropical areas, in the subtropical areas, however, only in the mountain regions.
There are some subspecies (selection):
- Solidago virgaurea subsp. armena (Grossh.) Greuter : It occurs in Armenia and Georgia .
- Solidago virgaurea subsp. caucasica (Kem.-Nath.) Greuter : It occurs in the Caucasus region and in Transcaucasia .
- Solidago virgaurea subsp. centiflora Velen. : It occurs in Bulgaria .
- Solidago virgaurea subsp. dahurica (Kitag.) Kitag. : It occurs in European Russia .
- Solidago virgaurea subsp. fallit-tirones (Font Quer) Rivas Mart. & al. : It occurs in Spain .
- Solidago virgaurea subsp. jailarum (Juz.) Tzvelev : It occurs in Ukraine .
- Solidago virgaurea subsp. lapponica (With.) Tzvelev : It occurs in Russia.
- Solidago virgaurea subsp. macrorrhiza (Lange) Nyman : It occurs in Spain and France .
- Solidago virgaurea subsp. minuta (L.) Arcang. (Syn .: Solidago alpestris Willd. ): It is distributed in the mountains of Europe and North Africa from Spain, Great Britain and Scandinavia over the Alps, the Carpathians, the mountains of the Balkan Peninsula to Turkey and the Ukraine. It thrives in open, acidic, poor grasslands of the high-montane and subalpine altitudes and is a character species of the Nardion Association. In addition, it occurs in societies of the association Calamagrostion arundinaceae or in the sub-association Rhododendro-Vaccinienion. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises from around 1500 meters to an altitude of 2300 meters on the Linkerskopf in Bavaria.
- Solidago virgaurea subsp. pineticola Sennikov : It occurs in the Baltic States and in Russia.
- Solidago virgaurea subsp. rupicola (Rouy) Lambinon : It occurs in France.
- Solidago virgaurea subsp. talyschensis (Tzvelev) Sennikov : It occurs in Transcaucasia.
- Solidago virgaurea subsp. taurica (Juz.) Tzvelev : It occurs in Russia, Ukraine, Moldova and Estonia .
- Solidago virgaurea subsp. turfosa (capital) Greuter : It occurs in Georgia.
- Solidago virgaurea L. subsp. virgaurea : It is widespread in Eurasia . It thrives in societies of the Trifolio-Geranietea, Epilobietea or Nardo-Callunetea classes.
use
The common goldenrod is used as a medicinal plant for bladder and kidney problems. The drug has a powerful diuretic effect . The Diuresewirkung is on the content of saponins recycled. The Solidago - extract reduces the permeability of the vessel walls, and simultaneously causes an increase in vascular resistance . Anti-inflammatory, mildly antispasmodic and analgesic properties have also been proven for the common goldenrod, which are based on the content of leiocarposide and virgaureoside .
In the Middle Ages it was also used as a wound herb .
The most important ingredients are phenol glycosides , especially leiocarposid and virgaureoside A, as well as flavonoids . The essential oil contains u. a. the sesquiterpene γ- cadinen as the main component, which is also present in juniper .
Because of the flavonoids content, the common goldenrod can also be used to dye wool or cotton . The fabrics take on a golden yellow tone.
literature
- Rudolf Schubert , Klaus Werner, Hermann Meusel (eds.): Excursion flora for the areas of the GDR and the FRG . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 13./14. Edition. tape 2 : vascular plants . People and knowledge, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-06-012539-2 .
- Henning Haeupler , Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany (= the fern and flowering plants of Germany. Volume 2). Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 .
- Lorna Lück: Intraspecific variability and influences of cultivation measures on the content and yield of Solidago virgaurea L. - Dissertation at the HU Berlin, 2001.
- Ingrid Schönfelder, Peter Schönfelder : The new manual of medicinal plants. Botany, medicinal drugs, active ingredients, applications. Kosmos, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 3-440-09387-5 .
- Lutz Roth, Max Daunderer, Kurt Kormann: Poison Plants - Plant Poisons. Occurrence, effect, therapy, allergic and phototoxic reactions. With a special section about poisonous animals. 6th, revised edition, special edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-86820-009-6 .
Web links
- Solidago virgaurea subsp. minuta (L.) Arcang., mountain goldenrod. In: FloraWeb.de.
- Solidago virgaurea subsp. virgaurea L., common goldenrod (subspecies). In: FloraWeb.de.
- Solidago virgaurea L., common goldenrod. In: FloraWeb.de. (Section ecology)
- Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 . (Section ecology)
- Common goldenrod . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
- Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .
- Solidago virgaurea L. s. st. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora . Retrieved April 8, 2016.
- Solidago virgaurea subsp. minuta (L.) Arcang. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora . Retrieved April 8, 2016.
- Distribution in the northern hemisphere according to Hultén.
- The type as a medicinal plant in awl.ch .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 908-909 .
- ↑ Peter Zwetko: The rust mushrooms Austria. Supplement and host-parasite directory to the 2nd edition of the Catalogus Florae Austriae, III. Part, Book 1, Uredinales. (PDF; 1.8 MB).
- ↑ Bains et al .: Identification of Clinically Relevant Cross-Sensitization Between Soliadgo virgaurea (Goldenrod) and Hevea brasiliensis (Natural Rubber Latex). In: Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology , Volume 20, Issue 4, 2010, pp. 331-339
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Werner Greuter (2006+): Compositae (pro parte majore). In: W. Greuter, E. von Raab-Straube (Ed.): Compositae. : Data sheet Solidago virgaurea In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
- ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 564.
- ↑ Thomas Meyer: Goldenrod data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia ).
