Jim Fixx: Difference between revisions

Jim Fixx
Jim Fixx
Born	James Fuller Fixx; April 23, 1932; New York City, New York U.S.
Died	July 20, 1984 (aged 52); Hardwick, Vermont, U.S.
Alma mater	Oberlin College
Known for	The Complete Book of Running
Children	4
Parent(s)	Calvin Fixx, Marlys Fuller

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James Fuller Fixx (April 23, 1932 – July 20, 1984) was an American who wrote the 1977 best-selling book The Complete Book of Running. He is credited with helping start America's fitness revolution by popularizing the sport of running and demonstrating the health benefits of regular jogging. He died of a heart attack while jogging at 52 years of age; his genetic predisposition for heart problems and other previous lifestyle factors may have caused his heart attack.^[1]

Background[edit]

James Fixx was born on April 23, 1932, in New York City. He graduated from Trinity School in New York and Oberlin College in Ohio. His father, Calvin Fixx, was an editor at Time who worked with Robert Cantwell and Whittaker Chambers.^[2]

Career[edit]

Fixx was a member of the high-IQ club, Mensa,^[3] and published three collections of puzzles: Games for the Super-Intelligent, More Games for the Super-Intelligent, and Solve It! The back flap of his first book says: "... He spent his time running on the roads and trails near his home, training for the Boston Marathon."

Fixx started running in 1967 at age 35. He weighed 214 pounds (97 kg) and smoked two packs of cigarettes per day. Ten years later, when his book, The Complete Book of Running (which spent 11 weeks at number one on The New York Times Best Seller list) was published, he was 60 pounds (27 kg) lighter and smoke-free. In his books and on television talk shows, he extolled the benefits of physical exercise and how it considerably increased the average life expectancy.

The cover of his book The Complete Book of Running featured Fixx's muscular legs against a red cover. The book sold over a million copies. In 1980, Fixx wrote a follow-up book titled Jim Fixx's Second Book of Running: The Companion Volume to The Complete Book of Running. In 1982, Fixx published Jackpot!, the story of what happened after the publication of The Complete Book of Running when he experienced the "Great American Fame Machine", becoming richer and more celebrated than he could have imagined.

Death[edit]

Fixx died on July 20, 1984, at age 52 of a heart attack, during his daily run on Vermont Route 15 in Hardwick.^[1] The autopsy, conducted by Vermont's chief medical examiner, Dr. Eleanor McQuillen, revealed that atherosclerosis had blocked one coronary artery 95%, a second 85%, and a third 70%.^[4]^[5]

In 1986, exercise physiologist Kenneth Cooper published an inventory of the risk factors that might have contributed to Fixx's death.^[6] Granted access to his medical records and autopsy, and after interviewing his friends and family, Cooper concluded that Fixx was genetically predisposed—his father died of a heart attack at 43 after a previous one at 35,^[7] and Fixx himself had a congenitally enlarged heart—and had an unhealthy life: Fixx was a heavy smoker before beginning running at age 36, had a stressful occupation, had undergone a second divorce, and gained weight up to 214 lb (97 kg).^[8] Medical opinion continues to uphold the link between moderate exercise and longevity.^[9]

Legacy[edit]

Maximum Sports Performance, a book by Fixx published posthumously, discusses the physical and psychological benefits of running and other sports, including increased self-esteem, acquiring a "high" from running, and being able to cope better with pressure and tension.

A carved granite monument—a book with an inscription to Jim Fixx from the people of Northeast Scotland—now stands in Hardwick Memorial Park in Hardwick, Vermont.^[10]

Comedian Bill Hicks frequently made Fixx the subject of a stand-up routine, humorously suggesting that Fixx's death while jogging should be an argument against exercise (Hicks was a heavy smoker for many years like Fixx, and died from Pancreatic cancer aged only 32). Portions of that routine were alleged to have been plagiarized by Denis Leary.^[11] Australian band The Fauves referenced Hicks' material in the song "I'm Jim Fixx and I'm Dead Now", on their 2006 album Nervous Flashlights.^[12]

Works[edit]

Fixx, James, Games for the Super-Intelligent (1972) Doubleday
Fixx, James, More Games for the Super-Intelligent (1976) Doubleday
Fixx, James, The Long Distance Runner: A Definitive Study—preface by James Fixx, edited by Paul Milvy (1977) ISBN 0-89396-000-4
Fixx, James, The Complete Book of Running (Hardcover), Random House; first edition (1977) ISBN 0-394-41159-5
Fixx, James, Solve It! by James F. Fixx (1978), Doubleday
Fixx, James, Jim Fixx's Second Book of Running (Hardcover), Random House; first edition (1980) ISBN 0-394-50898-X
Fixx, James, Jackpot! (1982) Random House; ISBN 0-394-50899-8
Fixx, James (with Nike Sports Research Laboratory), Maximum Sports Performance: How to Achieve Your Full Potential in Speed, Endurance, Strength and Coordination (1985) ISBN 0-394-53682-7

Videos[edit]

Fixx, Jim, Jim Fixx On Running (Laserdisc), MCA Videodisc, Inc.; (1980) Color, 53 minutes

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b Gross, Jane (22 July 1984). "James F. Fixx Dies Jogging; Author on Running was 52". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
^ Chambers, Whittaker (1952). Witness. Random House. pp. 478, 494–495. ISBN 0-89526-571-0.
^ "Mensa.org". Archived from the original on 2021-01-26. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
^ "Marathon & Beyond -- The web site for marathoners and ultrarunners". www.marathonandbeyond.com.
^ "Calvin Fixx". The New York Times. 4 March 1950. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
^ Kenneth Cooper (1986, 1987). Running Without Fear: How to Reduce the Risk of Heart Attack and Sudden Death During Aerobic Exercise. Bantam Books.
^ "Calvin Fixx". The New York Times. 4 March 1950. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
^ Chin, Francis (September 2006). "When fit people get heart attacks". Bystander.
^ John Taddei. "In the Long Run, Older Runners Live Longer, 21-Year Study Finds". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2008.
^ "hardwick-fixx-memorial-49". philip.greenspun.com.
^ True, Cynthia (2002). American Scream: The Bill Hicks Story. Harper Paperbacks. p. 196. ISBN 0-380-80377-1.
^ Palathingal, George (11 August 2006). "The Fauves". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 25 January 2018.

External links[edit]

Jim Fixx at Find a Grave
Long-distance Tribute to Jim Fixx(subscription required)
Running's Ruby Slippers—Jim Fixx and his Famous Red Shoes
Nearly Forgotten Oddities of the Past

[obitnyt-1] Gross, Jane (22 July 1984). "James F. Fixx Dies Jogging; Author on Running was 52". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 August 2015.

[2] Chambers, Whittaker (1952). Witness. Random House. pp. 478, 494–495. ISBN 0-89526-571-0.

[3] "Mensa.org". Archived from the original on 2021-01-26. Retrieved 2008-10-09.

[4] "Marathon & Beyond -- The web site for marathoners and ultrarunners". www.marathonandbeyond.com.

[5] "Calvin Fixx". The New York Times. 4 March 1950. Retrieved 15 December 2016.

[6] Kenneth Cooper (1986, 1987). Running Without Fear: How to Reduce the Risk of Heart Attack and Sudden Death During Aerobic Exercise. Bantam Books.

[NYTobit-7] "Calvin Fixx". The New York Times. 4 March 1950. Retrieved 15 December 2016.

[8] Chin, Francis (September 2006). "When fit people get heart attacks". Bystander.

[bloomberg.com-9] John Taddei. "In the Long Run, Older Runners Live Longer, 21-Year Study Finds". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2008.

[10] "hardwick-fixx-memorial-49". philip.greenspun.com.

[11] True, Cynthia (2002). American Scream: The Bill Hicks Story. Harper Paperbacks. p. 196. ISBN 0-380-80377-1.

[12] Palathingal, George (11 August 2006). "The Fauves". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 25 January 2018.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|American fitness advocate and author}}
 {{Infobox person
 |name=Jim Fixx
@@ Line 12: / Line 13: @@
 |known_for=''[[The Complete Book of Running]]''
 }}
-'''James Fuller''' "'''Jim'''" '''Fixx''' (April 23, 1932&nbsp;– July 20, 1984) was an American who wrote the 1977 best-selling book ''[[The Complete Book of Running]]''. He is credited with helping start America's fitness revolution, popularizing the sport of running and demonstrating the health benefits of regular [[jogging]]. He died of a heart attack while jogging at 52 years of age. His genetic predisposition for heart problems and other previous lifestyle factors may have caused his heart attack.<ref name=obitnyt>
+'''James Fuller Fixx''' (April 23, 1932&nbsp;– July 20, 1984) was an American who wrote the 1977 best-selling book ''[[The Complete Book of Running]]''. He is credited with helping start America's fitness revolution by popularizing the sport of running and demonstrating the health benefits of regular [[jogging]]. He died of a heart attack while jogging at 52 years of age; his genetic predisposition for heart problems and other previous lifestyle factors may have caused his heart attack.<ref name=obitnyt>
 {{cite news
 |first = Jane
 |last = Gross
 |title = James F. Fixx Dies Jogging; Author on Running was 52
-|publisher = New York Times
+|work = The New York Times
 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1984/07/22/obituaries/james-f-fixx-dies-jogging-author-on-running-was-52.html
 |date = 22 July 1984
-|accessdate = 13 August 2015}}</ref>
+|access-date = 13 August 2015}}</ref>
-== Life and work ==
+==Background==
-Born in [[New York City]], Fixx was a graduate of [[Trinity School (New York City)|Trinity School]] in New York and [[Oberlin College]] in [[Ohio]]. His father, [[Calvin Fixx]], was an editor at ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' who worked with [[Robert Cantwell]] and [[Whittaker Chambers]].<ref>{{cite book|first1=Whittaker |last1= Chambers |authorlink=|title=Witness |publisher=Random House|year = 1952| isbn= 0-89526-571-0|pages=478, 494–495}}</ref>
+James Fixx was born on April 23, 1932, in New York City.  He graduated from [[Trinity School (New York City)|Trinity School]] in New York and [[Oberlin College]] in [[Ohio]]. His father, [[Calvin Fixx]], was an editor at ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' who worked with [[Robert Cantwell]] and [[Whittaker Chambers]].<ref>{{cite book|first1=Whittaker |last1= Chambers |title=Witness |url=https://archive.org/details/witnesscham00cham |url-access=registration |publisher=Random House|year = 1952| isbn= 0-89526-571-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/witnesscham00cham/page/478 478], 494–495}}</ref>
+==Career==
-Fixx was a member of the high-IQ club, [[Mensa International|Mensa]],<ref>[http://www.us.mensa.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Marketplace Mensa.org]</ref> and published three collections of puzzles: ''Games for the Super-Intelligent'', ''More Games for the Super-Intelligent'', and ''Solve It!'' The back flap of his first book says: "...&nbsp;He spent his time running on the roads and trails near his home, training for the [[Boston Marathon]]."
+Fixx was a member of the high-IQ club, [[Mensa International|Mensa]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.us.mensa.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Marketplace|title=Mensa.org|access-date=2008-10-09|archive-date=2021-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126131109/https://www.us.mensa.org/AM/Template.cfm/?Section=Marketplace|url-status=dead}}</ref> and published three collections of puzzles: ''Games for the Super-Intelligent'', ''More Games for the Super-Intelligent'', and ''Solve It!'' The back flap of his first book says: "...&nbsp;He spent his time running on the roads and trails near his home, training for the [[Boston Marathon]]."
-Fixx started running in 1967 at age 35. He weighed 214 pounds (97&nbsp;kg) and smoked two packs of cigarettes per day. Ten years later, when his book, ''The Complete Book of Running'' (which spent 11 weeks at No. 1 on the best-seller list) was published, he was 60 pounds (27&nbsp;kg) lighter and smoke-free. In his books and on television talk shows, he extolled the benefits of physical exercise and how it considerably increased the average life expectancy.
+Fixx started running in 1967 at age 35. He weighed 214 pounds (97&nbsp;kg) and smoked two packs of cigarettes per day. Ten years later, when his book, ''The Complete Book of Running'' (which spent 11 weeks at number one on [[The New York Times Best Seller list|''The New York Times'' Best Seller list]]) was published, he was 60 pounds (27&nbsp;kg) lighter and smoke-free. In his books and on television talk shows, he extolled the benefits of physical exercise and how it considerably increased the average life expectancy.
-The cover of his book ''The Complete Book of Running'' featured Fixx's muscular legs against a red cover. The book sold over a million copies.
+The cover of his book ''The Complete Book of Running'' featured Fixx's muscular legs against a red cover. The book sold over a million copies.  In 1980, Fixx wrote a follow-up book titled ''Jim Fixx's Second Book of Running: The Companion Volume to The Complete Book of Running''.  In 1982, Fixx published ''Jackpot!'', the story of what happened after the publication of ''The Complete Book of Running'' when he experienced the "Great American Fame Machine", becoming richer and more celebrated than he could have imagined.
+==Death==
-In 1980 Fixx wrote a follow-up book titled ''Jim Fixx's Second Book of Running: The Companion Volume to The Complete Book of Running''.
+Fixx died on July 20, 1984, at age 52 of a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]], during his daily run on [[Vermont Route 15]] in [[Hardwick, Vermont|Hardwick]].<ref name=obitnyt /> The autopsy, conducted by Vermont's chief medical examiner, Dr. Eleanor McQuillen, revealed that [[atherosclerosis]] had blocked one coronary artery 95%, a second 85%, and a third 70%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.marathonandbeyond.com/choices/emmett.htm|title=Marathon & Beyond -- The web site for marathoners and ultrarunners.|website=www.marathonandbeyond.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title = Calvin Fixx| newspaper=The New York Times | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1950/03/04/archives/calvin-fixx.html | date = 4 March 1950 | access-date = 15 December 2016}}</ref>
+In 1986, [[exercise physiologist]] [[Kenneth H. Cooper|Kenneth Cooper]] published an inventory of the risk factors that might have contributed to Fixx's death.<ref>Kenneth Cooper (1986, 1987). ''Running Without Fear: How to Reduce the Risk of Heart Attack and Sudden Death During Aerobic Exercise''. Bantam Books.</ref> Granted access to his medical records and [[autopsy]], and after interviewing his friends and family, Cooper concluded that Fixx was genetically predisposed—his father died of a heart attack at 43 after a previous one at 35,<ref name=NYTobit>
-In 1982 Fixx published ''Jackpot!'', the story of what happened after the publication of ''The Complete Book of Running'' when he experienced the "Great American Fame Machine", becoming richer and more celebrated than he could have imagined.
+{{cite news
+| title = Calvin Fixx
+| newspaper=The New York Times
+| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1950/03/04/archives/calvin-fixx.html
+| date = 4 March 1950
+| access-date = 15 December 2016}}</ref> and Fixx himself had a congenitally enlarged heart—and had an unhealthy life: Fixx was a heavy [[cigarette smoking|smoker]] before beginning running at age 36, had a stressful occupation, had undergone a second [[divorce]], and gained weight up to 214 lb (97&nbsp;kg).<ref>Chin, Francis (September 2006). [http://bystander.homestead.com/run_heart_attack.html "When fit people get heart attacks"]. Bystander.</ref> Medical opinion continues to uphold the link between moderate exercise and longevity.<ref name=bloomberg.com>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=email_en&refer=&sid=a4emdcRyNi3M|title=In the Long Run, Older Runners Live Longer, 21-Year Study Finds|author=John Taddei|access-date=August 11, 2008|work=Bloomberg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128132202/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=email_en&refer=&sid=a4emdcRyNi3M|archive-date=28 January 2015}}</ref>
+==Legacy==
-''Maximum Sports Performance'', published posthumously, discusses the physical and psychological benefits of running and other sports, including increased self-esteem, acquiring a [[Endorphin#Runner.27s high|"high" from running]], and being able to cope better with pressure and tension.
+''Maximum Sports Performance'', a book by Fixx published posthumously, discusses the physical and psychological benefits of running and other sports, including increased self-esteem, acquiring a [[Neurobiological effects of physical exercise|"high" from running]], and being able to cope better with pressure and tension.
+A carved granite monument—a book with an inscription to Jim Fixx from the people of Northeast [[Scotland]]—now stands in [[Hardwick Memorial Park]] in [[Hardwick, Vermont]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://philip.greenspun.com/images/pcd4554/hardwick-fixx-memorial-49|title=hardwick-fixx-memorial-49|website=philip.greenspun.com}}</ref>
-==Death==
-Fixx died on July 20, 1984 at age 52 of a [[fulminant]] [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]], during his daily run on [[Vermont Route 15]] in [[Hardwick, Vermont|Hardwick]].<ref name=obitnyt /> The autopsy, conducted by Vermont's chief medical examiner, Dr. Eleanor McQuillen, revealed that [[atherosclerosis]] had blocked one coronary artery 95%, a second 85%, and a third 70%.<ref>[http://www.marathonandbeyond.com/choices/emmett.htm The Physiology of Marathon Running]</ref>
+Comedian [[Bill Hicks]] frequently made Fixx the subject of a stand-up routine, humorously suggesting that Fixx's death while jogging should be an argument against exercise (Hicks was a heavy smoker for many years like Fixx, and died from [[Pancreatic cancer]] aged only 32).
-In 1986 [[exercise physiologist]] [[Kenneth H. Cooper|Kenneth Cooper]] published an inventory of the risk factors that might have contributed to Fixx's death.<ref>Kenneth Cooper ''Running Without Fear: How to Reduce the Risk of Heart Attack and Sudden Death During Aerobic Exercise'', publ. Bantam Books (1986, 1987)</ref> Granted access to his medical records and [[autopsy]], and after interviewing his friends and family, Cooper concluded that Fixx was genetically predisposed -  his father died of a heart attack at 43 after a previous one at 35, and Fixx himself had a congenitally enlarged heart - and had an unhealthy life: Fixx was a heavy [[cigarette smoking|smoker]] before beginning running at age 36, had a stressful occupation, had undergone a second [[divorce]], and his weight before he took up running had ballooned to 214 pounds (97&nbsp;kg).<ref>[http://bystander.homestead.com/run_heart_attack.html Bystander.homestead.com]</ref> Medical opinion continues to uphold the link between moderate exercise and longevity.<ref name=bloomberg.com>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=email_en&refer=&sid=a4emdcRyNi3M|title=In the Long Run, Older Runners Live Longer, 21-Year Study Finds|author=John Taddei|accessdate=August 11, 2008|work=Bloomberg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128132202/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=email_en&refer=&sid=a4emdcRyNi3M|archive-date=28 January 2015}}</ref>
+Portions of that routine were alleged to have been plagiarized by [[Denis Leary]].<ref>{{Cite book| first=Cynthia| last=True| title=American Scream: The Bill Hicks Story| year=2002| publisher=Harper Paperbacks| isbn=0-380-80377-1| url=https://archive.org/details/americanscreambi00true |page=196}}</ref> Australian band [[The Fauves (group)|The Fauves]] referenced Hicks' material in the song "I'm Jim Fixx and I'm Dead Now", on their 2006 album ''[[Nervous Flashlights]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/gig-reviews/the-fauves/2006/08/11/1154803061274.html | title = The Fauves | last = Palathingal | first = George | work = [[The Sydney Morning Herald]] | publisher = [[Fairfax Media]] | date = 11 August 2006 | accessdate = 25 January 2018 }}</ref>
-A carved granite monument&nbsp;— a book with an inscription to Jim Fixx from the people of Northeast Scotland&nbsp;— now stands in Hardwick Memorial Park in Hardwick, Vermont.<ref>[http://philip.greenspun.com/images/pcd4554/hardwick-fixx-memorial-49 Philip.greenspun.com]</ref>
 ==Works==
-*Fixx, James, ''Games for the Super-Intelligent'' (1972)  Doubleday
+* Fixx, James, ''Games for the Super-Intelligent'' (1972)  Doubleday
-*Fixx, James, ''More Games for the Super-Intelligent'' (1976) Doubleday
+* Fixx, James, ''More Games for the Super-Intelligent'' (1976) Doubleday
-*Fixx, James, ''The Long Distance Runner: A Definitive Study''&nbsp;—  preface by James Fixx, edited by [[Paul Milvy]] (1977) {{ISBN|0-89396-000-4}}
+* Fixx, James, ''The Long Distance Runner: A Definitive Study''—preface by James Fixx, edited by [[Paul Milvy]] (1977) {{ISBN|0-89396-000-4}}
-*Fixx, James, ''[[The Complete Book of Running]]'' (Hardcover) Random House; first edition (1977) {{ISBN|0-394-41159-5}}
+* Fixx, James, ''[[The Complete Book of Running]]'' (Hardcover), Random House; first edition (1977) {{ISBN|0-394-41159-5}}
-*Fixx, James, ''Solve It!'' by James F. Fixx (1978) Doubleday
+* Fixx, James, ''Solve It!'' by James F. Fixx (1978), Doubleday
-*Fixx, James, ''Jim Fixx's Second Book of Running'' (Hardcover) Random House; first edition (1980) {{ISBN|0-394-50898-X}}
+* Fixx, James, ''Jim Fixx's Second Book of Running'' (Hardcover), Random House; first edition (1980) {{ISBN|0-394-50898-X}}
-*Fixx, James, ''Jackpot!'' (1982) Random House; {{ISBN|0-394-50899-8}}
+* Fixx, James, ''Jackpot!'' (1982) Random House; {{ISBN|0-394-50899-8}}
-*Fixx, James, (with Nike Sports Research Laboratory) ''Maximum Sports Performance: How to Achieve Your Full Potential in Speed, Endurance, Strength and Coordination'' (1985) {{ISBN|0-394-53682-7}}
+* Fixx, James (with Nike Sports Research Laboratory), ''Maximum Sports Performance: How to Achieve Your Full Potential in Speed, Endurance, Strength and Coordination'' (1985) {{ISBN|0-394-53682-7}}
 ==Videos==
-*Fixx, Jim, ''Jim Fixx On Running'' (Laserdisc), MCA Videodisc, Inc.; (1980) Color, 53 minutes
+* Fixx, Jim, ''Jim Fixx On Running'' (Laserdisc), MCA Videodisc, Inc.; (1980) Color, 53 minutes
 ==See also==
@@ Line 67: / Line 76: @@
 ==External links==
-*{{Findagrave|6353418}}
+* {{Find a Grave|6353418}}
-*[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE1D6103AF93BA25754C0A96E948260 Long-distance Tribute to Jim Fixx]
+* [https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/18/sports/long-distance-tribute-to-jim-fixx.html Long-distance Tribute to Jim Fixx]{{subscription required}}
-*[http://www.runningpast.com/jim_fixx_shoes.htm Running's Ruby Slippers - Jim Fixx and his Famous Red Shoes]
+* [http://www.runningpast.com/jim_fixx_shoes.htm Running's Ruby Slippers—Jim Fixx and his Famous Red Shoes]
-*[http://slashcomment.com/everythingelse/health/nearly-forgotten-oddities-of-past/ Nearly Forgotten Oddities of the Past]
+* [http://slashcomment.com/everythingelse/health/nearly-forgotten-oddities-of-past/ Nearly Forgotten Oddities of the Past]
 {{Authority control}}
@@ Line 76: / Line 86: @@
 [[Category:1932 births]]
 [[Category:1984 deaths]]
+[[Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers]]
 [[Category:American exercise and fitness writers]]
-[[Category:Puzzle designers]]
 [[Category:Hardwick, Vermont]]
+[[Category:Mensans]]
 [[Category:Oberlin College alumni]]
+[[Category:Puzzle designers]]
 [[Category:Trinity School (New York City) alumni]]
-[[Category:Mensans]]
-[[Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers]]

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