Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
+space per WP:MoS |
|||
| (28 intermediate revisions by 20 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|Spanish army officer}} |
|||
{{cleanup|reason=NPOV issues|date=December 2015}} |
{{cleanup|reason=NPOV issues|date=December 2015}} |
||
{{ |
{{family name hatnote|Clavería|Zaldúa|lang=Spanish}} |
||
{{Use Philippine English|date=March 2023}} |
|||
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2023}} |
|||
{{Infobox officeholder |
{{Infobox officeholder |
||
|honorific-prefix |
| honorific-prefix = |
||
|name |
| name = The Count of Manila |
||
|honorific-suffix |
| honorific-suffix = [[Count of Manila]] |
||
| honorific_suffix = |
|||
|image = El teniente general Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa, conde de Manila (Museo del Prado).jpg |
|||
| image = El teniente general Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa, conde de Manila (Museo del Prado).jpg |
|||
|imagesize = 220px |
|||
| imagesize = 220px |
|||
|smallimage = <!--If this is specified, "image" should not be.--> |
|||
| smallimage = <!--If this is specified, "image" should not be.--> |
|||
|alt = |
|||
| alt = |
|||
|caption = |
|||
| caption = |
|||
|order = 71st |
|||
| order = 71st |
|||
|office = Governor-General of the Philippines |
|||
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant General]]<br>[[The Most Excellent]] |
|||
|term_start = July 16, 1844 |
|||
| office = Governor-General of the Philippines |
|||
|term_end = December 26, 1849 |
|||
| term_start = July 16, 1844 |
|||
|alongside = <!--For two or more people serving in the same position from the same district. (e.g. United States Senators.)--> |
|||
| term_end = December 26, 1849 |
|||
|vicepresident = |
|||
| alongside = <!--For two or more people serving in the same position from the same district. (e.g. United States Senators.)--> |
|||
|viceprimeminister = |
|||
| vicepresident = |
|||
|deputy = |
|||
| viceprimeminister = |
|||
|lieutenant = |
|||
| deputy = |
|||
|monarch = [[Isabella II of Spain]] |
|||
| lieutenant = |
|||
|president = |
|||
| monarch = [[Isabella II of Spain]] |
|||
|primeminister = |
|||
| president = |
|||
|taoiseach = |
|||
| primeminister = |
|||
|chancellor = |
|||
| taoiseach = |
|||
|governor = |
|||
| chancellor = |
|||
|governor-general = |
|||
| governor = |
|||
|governor_general = |
|||
| governor-general = |
|||
|succeeding = <!--For President-elect or equivalent--> |
|||
| governor_general = |
|||
|predecessor = [[Francisco de Paula Alcalá de la Torre]] |
|||
| succeeding = <!--For President-elect or equivalent--> |
|||
|successor = [[Antonio María Blanco]] |
|||
| predecessor = [[Francisco de Paula Alcalá de la Torre]] |
|||
|constituency = |
|||
| successor = [[Antonio María Blanco]] |
|||
|majority = |
|||
| constituency = |
|||
|order2 = |
|||
| majority = |
|||
|office2 = |
|||
| order2 = |
|||
|term_start2 = |
|||
| office2 = |
|||
|term_end2 = |
|||
| term_start2 = |
|||
|alongside2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
|||
| term_end2 = |
|||
|vicepresident2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
|||
| |
| alongside2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
||
| |
| vicepresident2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
||
| |
| viceprimeminister2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
||
| |
| deputy2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
||
| |
| lieutenant2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
||
| |
| monarch2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
||
| |
| president2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
||
| |
| primeminister2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
||
| |
| governor2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
||
| succeeding2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
|||
|successor2 = |
|||
| |
| predecessor2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
||
| successor2 = |
|||
|majority2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
|||
| constituency2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
|||
|birth_date = May 2, 1795 |
|||
| majority2 = <!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--> |
|||
|birth_place = [[Girona]], [[Catalonia]], Spain |
|||
| birth_name = Narciso José Anastasio Clavería y Zaldúa |
|||
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1851|06|20|1795|05|02}} |
|||
| birth_date = May 2, 1795 |
|||
|death_place = [[Madrid]], Spain |
|||
| birth_place = [[Girona]], [[Catalonia]], Spain<ref name="baptism">[https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-DTD9-T6 Baptismal record of Narciso Clavería]</ref> |
|||
|restingplace = |
|||
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1851|06|20|1795|05|02}} |
|||
|restingplacecoordinates = |
|||
| death_place = [[Madrid]], Spain |
|||
|birthname = |
|||
| restingplace = |
|||
|nationality = [[Spain|Spanish]] |
|||
| restingplacecoordinates = |
|||
|party = |
|||
| birthname = |
|||
|otherparty = <!--For additional political affiliations--> |
|||
| nationality = [[Spain|Spanish]] |
|||
|spouse = Ana Berroeta Clavería, Countess of Manila<ref name="Repertorio">[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzqkfDEPV0cC "Repertorio General. Indice Alfabetico de los principales vecinos de Madrid con indicacion de sus domicilios"], p.115. Imprenta de J. Martin Alegria, Madrid, 1852.</ref> |
|||
| party = |
|||
|partner = <!--For those with a domestic partner and not married--> |
|||
| otherparty = <!--For additional political affiliations--> |
|||
|relations = |
|||
| spouse = Ana Berroeta Clavería, Countess of Manila<ref name="Repertorio">[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzqkfDEPV0cC "Repertorio General. Indice Alfabetico de los principales vecinos de Madrid con indicacion de sus domicilios"], p.115. Imprenta de J. Martin Alegria, Madrid, 1852.</ref> |
|||
|children = |
|||
| partner = <!--For those with a domestic partner and not married--> |
|||
|residence = |
|||
| relations = |
|||
|alma_mater = |
|||
| children = |
|||
|occupation = |
|||
| residence = |
|||
|profession = |
|||
| alma_mater = |
|||
|cabinet = |
|||
| occupation = |
|||
|committees = |
|||
| profession = |
|||
|portfolio = |
|||
| cabinet = |
|||
|religion = |
|||
| committees = |
|||
|signature = |
|||
| portfolio = |
|||
|signature_alt = |
|||
| religion = |
|||
|website = |
|||
| signature = |
|||
|footnotes = |
|||
| signature_alt = |
|||
|blank1 = |
|||
| website = |
|||
|data1 = |
|||
| footnotes = |
|||
|blank2 = |
|||
| blank1 = |
|||
|data2 = |
|||
| data1 = |
|||
|blank3 = |
|||
| blank2 = |
|||
|data3 = |
|||
| data2 = |
|||
|blank4 = |
|||
| blank3 = |
|||
|data4 = |
|||
| data3 = |
|||
|blank5 = |
|||
| blank4 = |
|||
|data5 = |
|||
| data4 = |
|||
<!--Military service--> |
|||
| blank5 = |
|||
|nickname = |
|||
| data5 = <!--Military service--> |
|||
|allegiance = |
|||
| nickname = |
|||
|branch = |
|||
| allegiance = |
|||
|serviceyears = |
|||
| branch = |
|||
|rank = |
|||
| serviceyears = |
|||
|unit = |
|||
| rank = |
|||
|commands = |
|||
| unit = |
|||
|battles = |
|||
| commands = |
|||
|awards = |
|||
| battles = |
|||
|military_blank1 = |
|||
| awards = |
|||
|military_data1 = |
|||
| military_blank1 = |
|||
|military_blank2 = |
|||
| military_data1 = |
|||
|military_data2 = |
|||
| military_blank2 = |
|||
|military_blank3 = |
|||
| military_data2 = |
|||
|military_data3 = |
|||
| military_blank3 = |
|||
|military_blank4 = |
|||
| military_data3 = |
|||
|military_data4 = |
|||
| military_blank4 = |
|||
|military_blank5 = |
|||
| military_data4 = |
|||
|military_data5 = |
|||
| military_blank5 = |
|||
| military_data5 = |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
[[File:Catalogo Alfabetico de Apellidos.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The ''Catalogo alfabetico de appellidos'' (1849)]] |
|||
''' Narciso José Anastasio Clavería y Zaldúa, 1st Count of Manila''' ([[Catalan language|Catalan]]: ''Narcís Josep Anastasi Claveria i Zaldua''; May 2, 1795<ref name="baptism"/> – June 20, 1851) was a Spanish army officer who served as the [[Governor-General of the Philippines]] from July 16, 1844, to December 26, 1849. |
|||
Clavería is widely recognized as a reformist and modernizing administrator. He traveled through many provinces trying to learn the needs of Filipinos. He encouraged agriculture, improved the streets and suburbs of [[Manila]], and succeeded in helping the country.<ref name="Jernegan">Jernegan, Prescott Ford (1905) [https://books.google.com/books?id=rldFAAAAIAAJ "A short history of the Philippines: for use in Philippine schools"]. pp. 232-234. D. Appleton and Company, New York.</ref> He was given the title [[Count of Manila]].<ref name="Repertorio"/><ref>[https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1848/4980/A00002-00002.pdf Real decreto concediendo el título de Castilla con la denominación de conde de Manila, vizconde de Clavería, para sí, sus hijos y sucesores legítimos á D. Narciso Clavería, gobernador y Capitán general de las islas Filipinas]. [[Gaceta de Madrid]]. no. 4980, May 3, 1848, pg. 2. (BOE-A-1848-2189)</ref> The towns of [[Claveria, Misamis Oriental|Claveria]] in [[Misamis Oriental]] [[Provinces of the Philippines|province]], [[Claveria, Masbate|Claveria]] in [[Masbate]] province, and [[Claveria, Cagayan|Claveria]] in [[Cagayan]] province were named in his honor.<ref name="Lakay">(2009-03-28). [http://www.lakay-lakay.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=55 "Brief History of Claveria"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713182245/http://www.lakay-lakay.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=55 |date=July 13, 2011 }}. Lakay-Lakay, Official Claveria Website. Retrieved on June 3, 2011.</ref> |
|||
''' Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa''' ([[Catalan language|Catalan]]: ''Narcís Claveria i Zaldua''; 2 May 1795 – 20 June 1851) was a Spanish army officer who served as the [[Governor-General of the Philippines]] from July 16, 1844 to December 26, 1849. |
|||
During his term in the country, he tried to give the Islands a government as good as that of modern Spain. He traveled through many provinces trying to learn the needs of Filipinos. He encouraged agriculture, improved the streets and suburbs of [[Manila]], and succeeded in helping the country.<ref name="Jernegan">Jernegan, Prescott Ford (1905) [https://books.google.com/books?id=rldFAAAAIAAJ "A short history of the Philippines: for use in Philippine schools"]. pp. 232-234. D. Appleton and Company, New York.</ref> He was given the title Count of Manila.<ref name="Repertorio"/><ref>[https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1848/4980/A00002-00002.pdf Real decreto concediendo el título de Castilla con la denominación de conde de Manila, vizconde de Clavería, para sí, sus hijos y sucesores legítimos á D. Narciso Clavería, gobernador y Capitán general de las islas Filipinas]. [[Gaceta de Madrid]]. no. 4980, 03/05/1848, pg. 2. (BOE-A-1848-2189)</ref> The towns of [[Claveria, Misamis Oriental|Claveria]] in [[Misamis Oriental]] [[Provinces of the Philippines|province]], [[Claveria, Masbate|Claveria]] in [[Masbate]] province, and [[Claveria, Cagayan|Claveria]] in [[Cagayan]] province were named in his honor.<ref name="Lakay">(2009-03-28). [http://www.lakay-lakay.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=55 "Brief History of Claveria"]. Lakay-Lakay, Official Claveria Website. Retrieved on 2011-06-03.</ref> |
|||
His grandson, [[Narciso Clavería y de Palacios, 3rd Count of Manila]], was an architect who designed the [[Toledo Railway Station]]. |
His grandson, [[Narciso Clavería y de Palacios, 3rd Count of Manila]], was an architect who designed the [[Toledo Railway Station]]. |
||
| Line 120: | Line 125: | ||
===Reformation of the Philippine calendar=== |
===Reformation of the Philippine calendar=== |
||
The [[Philippines]] from 1521 to 1844 was one day behind the [[calendars]] of [[Asia]], [[Europe]] and [[ |
The [[Philippines]] from 1521 to 1844 was one day behind the [[calendars]] of [[Asia]], [[Europe]] and [[Americas]]. When [[Ferdinand Magellan]] sailed west around the world, he lost a few minutes every day. He was going the same way the sun was going, so his day ended later than that of the people who remained in Europe. Therefore, he was later in beginning the next day. By the time he reached the Philippines, he was a day behind Europe on his date. This error had been known for centuries. Finally, Clavería and the [[Archbishop of Manila]] agreed to remove Tuesday, December 31, 1844, from the Philippine calendar. So the day after Monday, December 30, 1844, was called Wednesday, January 1, 1845.<ref name="Jernegan"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://faroutliers.com/2007/08/27/missing-date-in-philippines-history-31-december-1844/|title=Missing Date in Philippines History: 31 December 1844|publisher=Far Outliers|author=Joel|language=en-US|date=27 August 2007|access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref> |
||
===Surnames for Filipinos=== |
===Surnames for Filipinos=== |
||
{{Main |
{{Main|Catálogo alfabético de apellidos}} |
||
From the days of the Spanish conquest, some Filipinos had received [[Spanish language|Spanish]] [[surname]]s. Most people, however, had no surnames, which caused confusion. On Wednesday, November 21, 1849, Clavería issued a decree sending |
From the days of the Spanish conquest, some Filipinos had received [[Spanish language|Spanish]] [[surname]]s. Most people, however, had no surnames, which caused confusion. On Wednesday, November 21, 1849, Clavería issued a decree sending long lists of Spanish and local surnames to the chiefs of the provinces. These were sent out to the different towns, and given to the locals who had no surnames. In many towns, all the names for people in that town began with the same letter of the alphabet.<ref name="Jernegan"/> For instance, surnames starting with "A" applies for those who lived in [[Alimodian]] while those starting "M" apply for those who lived in [[Miagao]]. |
||
===First steamships in the Philippines=== |
===First steamships in the Philippines=== |
||
| Line 130: | Line 135: | ||
===Spanish expedition to Balanguingui=== |
===Spanish expedition to Balanguingui=== |
||
{{Main |
{{Main|Spanish expedition to Balanguingui}} |
||
Clavería organised an [[Amphibious warfare|amphibious campaign]] against the [[pirate]]s of the [[Samal Island]]s. He destroyed several towns and forts on the island of [[Balanguingui]], between the islands of [[Basilan]] and [[Jolo]], and released one hundred and thirty Filipino and [[Dutch people|Dutch]] captives (from [[Java]]) in 1848. For this successful military operation he received the titles of [[Count]] of Manila and [[Viscount]] of Clavería, and received the [[Cross of San Fernando|Knight Grand Cross of Royal and Military Order of San Fernando]] from [[Isabella II of Spain|Queen Isabella II]], besides other rewards.<ref name="Jernegan"/><ref name="Lakay"/><ref name="Vol17"/> |
Clavería organised an [[Amphibious warfare|amphibious campaign]] against the [[pirate]]s of the [[Samal Island]]s. He destroyed several towns and forts on the island of [[Balanguingui]], between the islands of [[Basilan]] and [[Jolo]], and released one hundred and thirty Filipino and [[Dutch people|Dutch]] captives (from [[Java]]) in 1848. For this successful military operation he received the titles of [[Count]] of Manila and [[Viscount]] of Clavería, and received the [[Cross of San Fernando|Knight Grand Cross of Royal and Military Order of San Fernando]] from [[Isabella II of Spain|Queen Isabella II]], besides other rewards.<ref name="Jernegan"/><ref name="Lakay"/><ref name="Vol17"/> |
||
===Reforming the governors of the provinces=== |
===Reforming the governors of the provinces=== |
||
From the earliest days, the chief of a [[Philippine province|province]] had acted both as governor and judge. He also engaged in trade, of which he had a [[monopoly]]. With |
From the earliest days, the chief of a [[Philippine province|province]] had acted both as governor and judge. He also engaged in trade, of which he had a [[monopoly]]. With multiple duties, it was not strange that the governors were often poor rulers. They knew little of the law and therefore they sent all the important cases to Manila. For this reason there were often long delays in processing cases. Sometimes it required years to get justice and this encouraged the strong to oppress the weak. Clavería therefore ordered that the governors be men of two years experience in the law.<ref name="Jernegan"/> |
||
Clavería mandated that the governors should not engage in [[trade]]. This decree was not fully obeyed for many years after the time of Clavería. At that time there were thirty-one provinces. The governor received a salary of from three hundred to two thousand [[Philippine peso]]s a year. The most common salary was six hundred pesos. In return for the privilege of controlling the trade of the provinces the governors paid the government as high as three thousand pesos a year. Yet they usually became rich. Men of high position tried to get these places. Sometimes they returned to Spain with fortunes, after a few years as governor. Often these fortunes were made by dealing unjustly or because of the monopoly they exerted in certain areas.<ref name="Jernegan"/> |
Clavería mandated that the governors should not engage in [[trade]]. This decree was not fully obeyed for many years after the time of Clavería. At that time there were thirty-one provinces. The governor received a salary of from three hundred to two thousand [[Philippine peso]]s a year. The most common salary was six hundred pesos. In return for the privilege of controlling the trade of the provinces the governors paid the government as high as three thousand pesos a year. Yet they usually became rich. Men of high position tried to get these places. Sometimes they returned to Spain with fortunes, after a few years as governor. Often these fortunes were made by dealing unjustly or because of the monopoly they exerted in certain areas.<ref name="Jernegan"/> |
||
| Line 142: | Line 147: | ||
==Return to Spain== |
==Return to Spain== |
||
In 1849, Clavería requested that he be allowed to retire. After which he left the position of governor-general and returned to Spain.<ref name="Vol17"/> He was a man of culture, probity, and industry.<ref name="Jernegan"/> He was made a [[Senate of Spain|senator]] in 1850 but died the following year on June 20 in [[Madrid]].<ref name="Historia">Ruiz, Angel Salcedo (1914). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tgdXAAAAMAAJ "Historia de España"], p.715. Saturnino Calleja Fernandez, Madrid.</ref><ref name="El Senado">{{cite web | url=http://www.senado.es/historia/senadores/index.html | title=Ficha | |
In 1849, Clavería requested that he be allowed to retire. After which he left the position of governor-general and returned to Spain.<ref name="Vol17"/> He was a man of culture, probity, and industry.<ref name="Jernegan"/> He was made a [[Senate of Spain|senator]] in 1850 but died the following year on June 20 in [[Madrid]].<ref name="Historia">Ruiz, Angel Salcedo (1914). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tgdXAAAAMAAJ "Historia de España"], p.715. Saturnino Calleja Fernandez, Madrid.</ref><ref name="El Senado">{{cite web | url=http://www.senado.es/historia/senadores/index.html | title=Ficha | access-date=July 26, 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618162120/http://www.senado.es/historia/senadores/index.html | archive-date=June 18, 2010 }}</ref> |
||
==References== |
==References== |
||
{{ |
{{Reflist}} |
||
==External links== |
==External links== |
||
* [http://revistas.ucm.es/ghi/11328312/articulos/RCHA9797110209A.PDF Narciso de Clavería Zaldúa] from Universidad Complutense de Madrid |
* [http://revistas.ucm.es/ghi/11328312/articulos/RCHA9797110209A.PDF Narciso de Clavería Zaldúa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222101011/http://revistas.ucm.es/ghi/11328312/articulos/RCHA9797110209A.PDF |date=February 22, 2012 }} from Universidad Complutense de Madrid |
||
{{S-start}} |
{{S-start}} |
||
| Line 160: | Line 165: | ||
{{S-end}} |
{{S-end}} |
||
{{Governor-General of the Philippines}} |
{{Governor-General of the Philippines}} |
||
{{Authority control}} |
|||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Claveria Y Zaldua, Narciso}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Claveria Y Zaldua, Narciso}} |
||
| Line 166: | Line 172: | ||
[[Category:People from Girona]] |
[[Category:People from Girona]] |
||
[[Category:Members of the Senate of Spain]] |
[[Category:Members of the Senate of Spain]] |
||
[[Category: |
[[Category:Military personnel from Catalonia]] |
||
[[Category:1795 births]] |
[[Category:1795 births]] |
||
[[Category:1851 deaths]] |
[[Category:1851 deaths]] |
||
[[Category:Spanish nobility]] |
|||
Revision as of 15:05, 28 April 2024
 | This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: NPOV issues. (December 2015) |
The Count of Manila | |
|---|---|
.jpg) | |
| 71st Governor-General of the Philippines | |
| In office July 16, 1844 – December 26, 1849 | |
| Monarch | Isabella II of Spain |
| Preceded by | Francisco de Paula Alcalá de la Torre |
| Succeeded by | Antonio María Blanco |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Narciso José Anastasio Clavería y Zaldúa May 2, 1795 Girona, Catalonia, Spain[1] |
| Died | June 20, 1851 (aged 56) Madrid, Spain |
| Spouse(s) | Ana Berroeta Clavería, Countess of Manila[2] |
Narciso José Anastasio Clavería y Zaldúa, 1st Count of Manila (Catalan: Narcís Josep Anastasi Claveria i Zaldua; May 2, 1795[1] – June 20, 1851) was a Spanish army officer who served as the Governor-General of the Philippines from July 16, 1844, to December 26, 1849.
Clavería is widely recognized as a reformist and modernizing administrator. He traveled through many provinces trying to learn the needs of Filipinos. He encouraged agriculture, improved the streets and suburbs of Manila, and succeeded in helping the country.[3] He was given the title Count of Manila.[2][4] The towns of Claveria in Misamis Oriental province, Claveria in Masbate province, and Claveria in Cagayan province were named in his honor.[5]
His grandson, Narciso Clavería y de Palacios, 3rd Count of Manila, was an architect who designed the Toledo Railway Station.
Early years
Narciso Clavería was a native of the Catalonian city of Girona, whose mother was of Basque origin. He became a member of Spain's General Staff in 1838, colonel in 1839, and lieutenant general in 1844.[6] He became governor of the Philippines on July 16, 1844.
Acts as Governor-General of the Philippines
Reformation of the Philippine calendar
The Philippines from 1521 to 1844 was one day behind the calendars of Asia, Europe and Americas. When Ferdinand Magellan sailed west around the world, he lost a few minutes every day. He was going the same way the sun was going, so his day ended later than that of the people who remained in Europe. Therefore, he was later in beginning the next day. By the time he reached the Philippines, he was a day behind Europe on his date. This error had been known for centuries. Finally, Clavería and the Archbishop of Manila agreed to remove Tuesday, December 31, 1844, from the Philippine calendar. So the day after Monday, December 30, 1844, was called Wednesday, January 1, 1845.[3][7]
Surnames for Filipinos
From the days of the Spanish conquest, some Filipinos had received Spanish surnames. Most people, however, had no surnames, which caused confusion. On Wednesday, November 21, 1849, Clavería issued a decree sending long lists of Spanish and local surnames to the chiefs of the provinces. These were sent out to the different towns, and given to the locals who had no surnames. In many towns, all the names for people in that town began with the same letter of the alphabet.[3] For instance, surnames starting with "A" applies for those who lived in Alimodian while those starting "M" apply for those who lived in Miagao.
First steamships in the Philippines
The first steam-powered warships to sail regularly in Philippine waters were the Magallanes, Elcano, and Reina de Castilla. They were brought from London in 1848. These steamships were of great value because now it was possible to chase and capture the swift boats of the Moro pirates from the South who used to raid the coastal villages north of them.[3]
Spanish expedition to Balanguingui
Clavería organised an amphibious campaign against the pirates of the Samal Islands. He destroyed several towns and forts on the island of Balanguingui, between the islands of Basilan and Jolo, and released one hundred and thirty Filipino and Dutch captives (from Java) in 1848. For this successful military operation he received the titles of Count of Manila and Viscount of Clavería, and received the Knight Grand Cross of Royal and Military Order of San Fernando from Queen Isabella II, besides other rewards.[3][5][8]
Reforming the governors of the provinces
From the earliest days, the chief of a province had acted both as governor and judge. He also engaged in trade, of which he had a monopoly. With multiple duties, it was not strange that the governors were often poor rulers. They knew little of the law and therefore they sent all the important cases to Manila. For this reason there were often long delays in processing cases. Sometimes it required years to get justice and this encouraged the strong to oppress the weak. Clavería therefore ordered that the governors be men of two years experience in the law.[3]
Clavería mandated that the governors should not engage in trade. This decree was not fully obeyed for many years after the time of Clavería. At that time there were thirty-one provinces. The governor received a salary of from three hundred to two thousand Philippine pesos a year. The most common salary was six hundred pesos. In return for the privilege of controlling the trade of the provinces the governors paid the government as high as three thousand pesos a year. Yet they usually became rich. Men of high position tried to get these places. Sometimes they returned to Spain with fortunes, after a few years as governor. Often these fortunes were made by dealing unjustly or because of the monopoly they exerted in certain areas.[3]
Other acts during his term
A casino called "Sociedad de recreo" (" Recreation Association ") was established on Thursday, October 31, 1844. His proposal to establish military library was approved on Sunday, February 15, 1846. A monument to Ferdinand Magellan was erected on the south bank of the Pasig River in 1848. The regular clergy were forbidden to alienate property on Monday, January 15, 1849. His term was marked by intense activity, and a number of papers were founded, among them being the first daily newspaper of Manila, La Esperanza (Tuesday, December 1, 1846), and Diario de Manila (1848).[8]
Return to Spain
In 1849, Clavería requested that he be allowed to retire. After which he left the position of governor-general and returned to Spain.[8] He was a man of culture, probity, and industry.[3] He was made a senator in 1850 but died the following year on June 20 in Madrid.[6][9]
References
- ^ a b Baptismal record of Narciso Clavería
- ^ a b "Repertorio General. Indice Alfabetico de los principales vecinos de Madrid con indicacion de sus domicilios", p.115. Imprenta de J. Martin Alegria, Madrid, 1852.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Jernegan, Prescott Ford (1905) "A short history of the Philippines: for use in Philippine schools". pp. 232-234. D. Appleton and Company, New York.
- ^ Real decreto concediendo el título de Castilla con la denominación de conde de Manila, vizconde de Clavería, para sí, sus hijos y sucesores legítimos á D. Narciso Clavería, gobernador y Capitán general de las islas Filipinas. Gaceta de Madrid. no. 4980, May 3, 1848, pg. 2. (BOE-A-1848-2189)
- ^ a b (2009-03-28). "Brief History of Claveria" Archived July 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Lakay-Lakay, Official Claveria Website. Retrieved on June 3, 2011.
- ^ a b Ruiz, Angel Salcedo (1914). "Historia de España", p.715. Saturnino Calleja Fernandez, Madrid.
- ^ Joel (August 27, 2007). "Missing Date in Philippines History: 31 December 1844". Far Outliers. Retrieved March 7, 2022.
- ^ a b c Blair, Emma Helen and Robertson, James Alexander (1904). "The Philippine Islands 1493-1803, Vol.17", pp. 304-305. The Arthur H. Clark Co., Cleveland, OH.
- ^ "Ficha". Archived from the original on June 18, 2010. Retrieved July 26, 2012.
External links
- Narciso de Clavería Zaldúa Archived February 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine from Universidad Complutense de Madrid
.svg)
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
