monopoly

monopoly
Game data
author	Elizabeth Magic , Charles Darrow
publishing company	Self-published (approx. 1933), Parker Brothers (from 1935), Waddington (from 1936), Schmidt Spiele (1936, 1953–1968), Brohm Spielwaren (1968–1974), Carlit (approx. 1940–1990), Piatnik (approx 1960-1990) and a.
Publishing year	1933 , 1935, 1936, ...
Art	Board game
Teammates	2 to 8
Duration	from 90 minutes
Age	from 8 years

Monopoly ( English for " monopoly ") is a well -known American board game . The aim of the game is to build up a real estate empire and drive all other players into bankruptcy . To do this, you acquire as many ownership rights as possible - in the German and Austrian standard version these are 22 streets, four train stations and one electricity and waterworks each, in the Swiss standard version 22 streets and squares, four railway companies as well as those of the electricity and waterworks To receive rents for fellow players if they land on such a field by rolling the dice.

It is one of the most successful board games worldwide and, according to the publisher, is sold in 37 languages ​​and over 103 countries.

Emergence

Game plan for The Landlord's Game by Elizabeth Magie from 1904

Elizabeth "Lizzie" Magie is considered to be the inventor today. According to a patent specification , she launched the game under the name The Landlord's Game in 1904 (renewed in 1924). For a long time Charles Darrow , who had sold the game to the Parker Brothers , was considered the author. Previous attempts by Magic to contact Parker had apparently all failed. However, this more complete story only became public again after a lawsuit by General Mills from around 1974 (→  Anti-Monopoly and the dispute over the actual inventor ). The current trademark owner Parker Brothers (or its umbrella Hasbro ) acquired the patent rights of both Magie and Darrow and holds the trademark rights to the name 'Monopoly'; In 2015 Hasbro celebrated the 80th birthday of Monopoly, the date on which E. Magie sold the US patent number 748,626 to the Parker brothers.

The stenographer Lizzie Magie was a supporter of the social reformist ideas of the economist Henry George (→ Georgism ). She wanted to use a board game to bring people closer to his findings: the landowner's unemployed income on the one hand creates poverty and impoverishment on the other. For this purpose, she created two game variants. One is basically the one known to this day. In the alternative, it took the "single tax" proposed by Henry George with it, thus de facto abolishing the property. With the variant known only today, a monopoly is left who owns everything as the winner, while with the second alternative at that time without land speculation, most of the players become more and more wealthy as the game progresses (see also free economy ).

In 1909, the then most important board game manufacturer Parker Brothers rejected Landlord's Game as too complex and political. Lizzie Magie tried it on her own, but was unsuccessful. Only in Scotland were some copies sold from 1913 under the title ' Br'er Fox and Br'er Rabbit' . Brother Rabbit is the clever rabbit who always outsmarts the fox, the Brother Fox , in Afro-American folk tales.

From Magie's residence in Arden , self-made single editions spread across the northeastern United States, which, apart from the lack of commercial success, became very popular, especially among left-wing intellectuals. The oldest game board still preserved today comes from there. This is how the radical economist Scott Nearing got to know and used it in his lectures at Swarthmore College near Philadelphia . One of his students in turn introduced the game to his students as a teacher at Albright College in Reading . Among them were Louis and Ferdinand Thun, sons of the textile industrialist Ferdinand Thun , who originally immigrated to the USA from Barmen in the Rhineland . They also produced some boards without notable success, just the name of a former charitable institution from Reading is still preserved in the original Monopoly Community Chest (simply in the German version Community field , in Switzerland Firm / Chancellerie ).

From Reading, the game came to Indianapolis with a Thun schoolmate, Daniel Layman . Layman adapted it, called it ' The Game of Finance', and started marketing it. But the timing was badly chosen, it was 1929 and the stock exchanges collapsed . Quaker Ruth Hoskins took the game from Indianapolis to Atlantic City , where she gave her ' Atlantic City Board' the street names from Atlantic City and the surrounding area, which are still common in the US version today. From here the game came back to Philadelphia, where Hoskins friend, hotel manager Charles Todd, showed it to his neighbor Esther Darrow. The Todds and Darrows became a committed Monopoly team and developed the game further.

Charles Darrow, who had just lost his job as a heater salesman, claims to have developed Monopoly in 1930 as a pastime for the long period of unemployment caused by the Great Depression. Critics, on the other hand, see a great deal of agreement, even in spelling mistakes, with the then already known Atlantic City Board of Ruth Hoskins, which in turn is relatively close to the original version of magic, while at the same time various modified variants were still circulating in gaming and educational circles, z. B. Finance .

Darrow had his copyrights protected as early as 1933 after the first sales successes , and many elements that are still known today come from his game board design. However, the original designs have disappeared from the records of the United States Copyright Office . Darrow tried several times in 1934 to sell the game, but was always turned down. The managers of Parker Brothers, the largest manufacturer of board games at the time , also declined to include the game in their range. They criticized full "52 fundamental mistakes", including the long game time, complicated rules of the game and the lack of a target point (the players have to keep walking in circles). After the rejection, Darrow continued to market the game himself - with slightly changed rules. In 1934 he sold a small edition to a department store in Philadelphia with surprising success; Demand rose so quickly that word got around as far as Parker: The company helped Darrow secure a patent on Monopoly, acquired the rights and began marketing the game for the 1935 Christmas business. The US Patent Office granted on December 31, 1935 the patent protection applied for on August 31. The game's sales figures continued to develop very successfully at first.

Other Monopoly co-inventors came up and Parker had to pay them all off. They paid $ 10,000 each for the rights to ' Finance ' and to ' Inflation' , which is also based on the ' Landlord's Game ' . Lizzie Magie, now an elderly lady with no financial ambitions, ceded the rights to Parker Brothers for $ 500 that she had renewed at the patent office in 1924. Charles Darrow became the first game writer in history to become a millionaire.

In 1936, Parker imposed a production halt in the face of some declines in sales, expecting another rapid drop in sales. The heels picked up again significantly, so that Parker could decide to resume production of the game.

The game was subsequently implemented in numerous national versions (see below) and brought to the markets, so that it could become an international classic. More than 250 million units have been sold since then, around five and a half billion Monopoly houses have been produced so far - roughly one for every real home in the world.

In addition to the many national editions, there are also countless special editions, such as one made of chocolate or a luxury version with houses made of gold for around $ 25,000.

Game play, goal, win

Game board during the game

Monopoly is played with two to eight players. Each player receives a fixed starting capital (usually 1,500 Monopoly- $ in the common basic version, before the introduction of Monopoly- $ it was 30,000 CHF or DM, later 1,500 €) and has a pawn that moves clockwise on the Game board as if moving in a city. Play money is then used to invest or trade. There is no such thing as negative wealth. The players take turns in clockwise order. The respective player carries out the following steps:

• Roll the dice and move the piece,
• perform certain actions depending on the type of field reached:
  • Execution of card actions,
  • Buying and selling of land,
  • Pay rent to fellow players,
  • upgrade one's own property with houses or a hotel or
  • Pay taxes, receive income and other special promotions.

The aim of the game is not to go bankrupt or to drive the other players into bankruptcy. A player whose personal wealth has dropped to zero is eliminated from the game. The remaining players continue. The rules of the game indicate that the rules for borrowing money etc. should be observed in order to limit playing time.

If a player is in prison, he may not move his figure, but can still build houses, buy or sell land and collect rent.

The cards, known in Germany as community and event cards, in Switzerland called “Chance” and “Chancellery”, can offer pleasant and unpleasant surprises in addition to rolling the dice as a random element . When you get to such a card field, the corresponding card must be drawn. From the payment of a small amount of money (e.g. due to "driving too fast") to gifts of money to the obligation to renovate all houses (which can quickly lead to the ruin of the richest player), there is a wide range of events.

In general, the game is largely random; only the decisions about purchases, buildings and the option to leave the prison early for a fine bring strategic elements into play.

The playing field

Monopoly, German basic version

Free parking		Theater    street (220 M)	Event field	Museum   Street (220 m)	Opernplatz (240 m)	North   station   (200 m)	Lessing street (260 M)	Schiller street (260 M)	Waterworks (150 m)	Goethe street (280 M)	Go to the jail
Berliner Strasse (200 m)		monopoly										Rathausplatz (300 m)
Wiener Strasse (180 m)												Main road (300 m)
Community field											Community field
Münchner Strasse (180 m)												Bahnhofstrasse (320 M)
Westbahnhof (200 m)											Central station (200 m)
New Street (160 m)											Event field
Hafenstrasse (140 m)												Parkstrasse (350 m)
Electricity station (150 m)											Surcharge (100 M)
Seestrasse (140 m)												Schlossallee (400 m)
In prison / visiting only				Event field		Southern station (200 M)	Income tax (200 M)		Community field		⇐ GO
		Poststrasse (120 m)	Elisenstrasse (100 m)		Chaussee street (100 m)			Turmstrasse (60 m)		Badstrasse (60 m)

Monopoly, basic Austrian version

Free parking		October 10th Street (220 m)	Event field	New   place (220 m)	Kramergasse (240 m)	Central   station   (200 m)	Heilbrunner Strasse (260 m)	Cathedral Square (260 m)	Waterworks (150 m)	Grain Alley (280 M)	Go to the jail
Andreas-Hofer-Strasse (200 m)		monopoly										Mariahilfer Strasse (300 m)
Herzog-Friedrich-Strasse (180 m)												Kärntner Strasse (300 m)
Community field											Community field
Maria-Theresien-Strasse (180 m)												Trench (320 m)
Westbahnhof (200 m)											Franz-Josephs-Bahnhof (200 m)
Country road (160 m)											Event field
Taubenmarkt (140 m)												Kornmarkt Square (350 m)
Electricity station (150 m)											Surcharge (100 M)
Lower Danube area (140 m)												Kaiserstrasse (400 m)
In prison / visiting only				Event field		Vienna train station (200 M)	Income tax (200 M)		Community field		⇐ GO
		Annenstrasse (120 m)	Herrengasse (100 m)		Grieskai (100 m)			Kremsergasse (60 m)		Esterhazy Street (60 m)

Monopoly, Swiss basic version

Free parking lot Parc gratuit		Winterthur, Bahnhofplatz Winterthour, Bahnhofplatz (220 M)	chance	St. Gallen, Marktplatz St-Gall, Marktplatz (220 M)	Bern, Bundesplatz Berne, Place fédérale (240 M)	Intercity tracks Tramways interurbains (200 M)	Lucerne, Weggisgasse Lucerne, Weggisgasse (260 M)	Zurich, Rennweg Zurich, Rennweg (260 M)	Usines Hydrauliques Waterworks (150 M)	Lausanne, Rue de Bourg (280 m)	Go to jail! Va en prison!
La Chaux-de-Fonds, Avenue L. Robert (200 m)		monopoly										Basel, Freie Strasse Bâle, Freie Strasse (300 m)
Freiburg, Bahnhofstrasse Friborg, Avenue de la gare (180 M)												Geneva, Rue de la Croix-d'or Genève, Rue de la Croix-d'or (300 M)
firm Chancellerie											firm Chancellerie
Biel, Nidaugasse Bienne, Rue de Nidau (180 M)												Bern, Spitalgasse Berne, Spitalgasse (320 M)
United Bergbahnen AG Funiculaires réunis SA (200 M)											United Suspension Railways AG Association des téléphériques (200 M)
Lugano, Via Nassa (160 m)											chance
Solothurn, Hauptgasse Soleure, Hauptgasse (140 M)												Lausanne, Place St. François (350 m)
Electric utility company Usines électriques (150 M)											Post tax impôt supplémentaire (100 M)
Basel, Steinen-Vorstadt Bâle, Steinen-Vorstadt (140 M)												Zurich, Paradeplatz Zurich, Paradeplatz (400 m)
In prison / Visite only En prison / Simple visite				chance		United private railways Union des chemins de fer privés (200 m)	Income tax Impôt sur le income (200 M)		firm Chancellerie		⇐ start
		Thun, Hauptgasse Thoune, Hauptgasse (120 M)	Neuchâtel, Place Pury Neuchâtel, Place Pury (100 m)		Aarau, Rathausplatz (100 m)			Schaffhausen, Vordergasse Schaffhouse, Vordergasse (60 M)		Chur, Kornplatz Coire, Kornplatz (60 m)

Monopoly, basic version in the USA

Free parking		Kentucky    Avenue ($ 220)	chance	Indiana   Avenue ($ 220)	Illinois   Avenue ($ 240)	B. & O.   Railroad   ($ 200)	Atlantic Avenue ($ 260)	Ventnor Avenue ($ 260)	Water Works ($ 150)	Marvin Gardens ($ 280)	Go to Jail
New York Avenue ($ 200)		monopoly										Pacific Avenue ($ 300)
Tennessee Avenue ($ 180)												North Carolina Avenue ($ 300)
Community Chest											Community Chest
St. James Place ($ 180)												Pennsylvania Avenue ($ 320)
Pennsylvania Railroad ($ 200)											Short Line ($ 200)
Virginia Avenue ($ 160)											chance
States Avenue ($ 140)												Park Place ($ 350)
Electric Company ($ 150)											Luxury Tax ($ 100)
St. Charles Place ($ 140)												Boardwalk ($ 400)
In Jail / Just Visiting				chance		Reading Railroad ($ 200)	Income Tax ($ 200)		Community Chest		⇐ Go
		Connecticut Avenue ($ 120)	Vermont Avenue ($ 100)		Oriental Avenue ($ 100)			Baltic Avenue ($ 60)		Mediterranean- Ranean Avenue ($ 60)

Vacant land (streets, squares), train stations (Germany, Austria) or railway companies (Switzerland) and pension funds can be bought by the player who first lands on the corresponding field at the price indicated on the corresponding field or released for auction. where the highest bidder receives property, train station / railway company or pension fund at the price offered. The owner of a field receives a ownership card. The other players have to pay him money when they land on his field.

Land

There are 22 land spaces in the Monopoly. In the German basic version these are occupied by names of fictional streets and squares (Opernplatz, Rathausplatz), in the Austrian and Swiss basic versions (today: Classic Edition ), however, these are named after real streets and squares, for example " Bern, Bundesplatz " . In older Swiss versions, the land fields were called "Terrains". They are referred to below as properties.

Any two or three such fields are of the same color; these color groups represent places with a similar rental price level. The order of the fields on the game board shows a steadily increasing rental value. Therefore, in the German basic version, “Badstrasse” has the lowest value and “Schlossallee” the highest, in the Swiss version the spectrum ranges from “ Chur, Kornplatz ” to “ Zurich, Paradeplatz ”.

If a player acquires a fellow player's property, he has to pay rent to him. The higher the purchase price of the property, the higher the rent. If a player owns all fields of one color, the rent for vacant lots is doubled, and he can also build houses on these lots. The purchase price for the houses increases with the purchase price of the field. By building houses, the rent increases significantly. If you own a field with four houses and you pay the purchase price of a house again, the four houses are replaced by a hotel . You cannot build more buildings than those included in the Monopoly game (32 houses, 12 hotels); For example, by not building hotels it is possible to claim all houses and thus prevent opponents from building.

Railway stations / railway companies

The four fields in the middle of the edges of the playing field have the names of train stations in the German and Austrian basic versions; in the Swiss basic version, they are railway companies. The four train stations / companies all have the same purchase price. The amount to be paid to the owner depends on the total number of stations / companies the owner owns. As the owner of all four such fields you can earn a lot of money without investing beforehand.

In newer versions of the game board, especially with city versions, the train stations are also replaced by airports, landing stages or the like.

Pension funds

The supply works are the electricity and water works (D / A) or these in plural, i.e. electricity and water works (CH), each of which is assigned a field. The amount of money to be paid is a multiple of the number of pips a player lands on such a field. The factor by which the number is multiplied depends on whether the owner of the field also owns the other pension fund.

In the Euro or Moneypoly Dollar variant, the following applies (formulation of the D edition): If the owner only owns the water or electricity company, the rent is 4 times as high as the sum of the eyes on both dice. If the owner owns the water and electricity works, the rent is 10 times as high as the sum of the eyes on both dice. In the DM / CHF variant, on the other hand, the rent was 80 times or 200 times the number rolled (in the CHF variant from the 1982 edition, before that 40 times or 100 times).

Fields not for sale

Taxes

One field is labeled “Income Tax” (D / A) or “Income Tax / Impôt sur le revenu” (CH), another with “Additional Tax” (D / A) / “Nachsteuer / Impôt supplémentaire” (CH) . When landing on one of these fields, the amount of money indicated on the field must be paid to the bank.

Card fields

In the German and Austrian version there are event and community fields, in the Swiss version opportunity and law firm / chancellery fields. When landing on one of these, the top card must be drawn from the pile of 16 cards in the corresponding pile. There are 3 fields in each of the card groups.

Go / start

At the beginning of the game, all pieces are placed on the field labeled “Los” (D / A) or “Start” (CH). In the course of the game the players receive a constant amount of money when they pass this field. If you land directly on the field, you receive the same amount.

Free parking / Free parking

Nothing happens when landing on the field labeled “Frei Parken” (D) or “Free Parking / Parc pour autos” (CH).

(Go to) jail

The prison is in one corner of the playing field. If you land on this space by rolling the dice, nothing happens; The player is, as it says on the board, “only visiting” (D, CH from 1993) or “only visiting” (CH until 1990). But there is also the possibility of being sent to prison as a prisoner. Must go to prison

• who lands on the field “Go to prison”.
• who draws a card that requests it.
• who throws a double three times in a row in a round.

In all cases, the playing figure is also placed on the field. The money that you would receive if you crossed the “Go” / “Start” field will not be paid out.

Prison inmates have the following options when it is their turn to:

• After paying a sum of money (deposit) you can regularly roll the dice and move forward.
• If you roll a double without paying the amount of money, you can move forward by the number you rolled. Otherwise the player's turn is over. If you don't roll a double on the third turn in a row, the deposit must be paid and the pawn must be advanced by the number of points rolled.
• One card from both card groups (community / event or opportunity / office) entitles you to leave the prison without paying the bail. When this card is drawn, the card is not put back, but remains with the player until the player uses it.

Overview of rents, purchase prices and mortgage values

Land
	Property	Purchase price	rental fee						Purchase price of a house	Mortgage value	Dissolving the mortgage
			undeveloped	1 house	2 houses	3 houses	4 houses	hotel
	Badstrasse Esterhazy Strasse Chur Kornplatz Mediterranean Avenue	60 M.	2 M.	10 M.	30 M.	90 M.	160 M.	250 M.	50 M.	30 M.	33 M.
	Turmstrasse Kremsergasse Schaffhausen Vordergasse Baltic Avenue	60 M.	4 M.	20 M.	60 M.	180 M.	320 M.	450 m	50 M.	30 M.	33 M.
	Chausseestrasse Grieskai Aarau Rathausplatz Oriental Avenue	100 M.	6 M.	30 M.	90 M.	270 M.	400 M.	550 M.	50 M.	50 M.	55 M.
	Elisenstrasse Herrengasse Neuchâtel Place Pury Vermont Avenue	100 M.	6 M.	30 M.	90 M.	270 M.	400 M.	550 M.	50 M.	50 M.	55 M.
	Post Street Annen Street Thun Main Street Connecticut Avenue	120 M.	8 M.	40 M.	100 M.	300 M.	450 m	600 M.	50 M.	60 M.	66 M.
	Seestrasse Untere Donaulände Basel Steinen-Vorstadt St. Charles Place	140 M.	10 M.	50 M.	150 M.	450 m	625 M.	750 M.	100 M.	70 M.	77 M.
	Hafenstrasse Taubenmarkt Solothurn Hauptgasse States Avenue	140 M.	10 M.	50 M.	150 M.	450 m	625 M.	750 M.	100 M.	70 M.	77 M.
	New Road Highway Lugano Via Nassa Virginia Avenue	160 M.	12 M.	60 M.	180 M.	500 M.	700 m	900 M.	100 M.	80 M.	88 M.
	Münchener Strasse Maria-Theresien-Strasse Biel Nidaugasse St. James Place	180 M.	14 M.	70 M.	200 M.	550 M.	750 M.	950 M.	100 M.	90 M.	99 M.
	Wiener Strasse Herzog-Friedrich-Strasse Freiburg Bahnhofstrasse Tennessee Avenue	180 M.	14 M.	70 M.	200 M.	550 M.	750 M.	950 M.	100 M.	90 M.	99 M.
	Berliner Strasse Andreas-Hofer-Strasse La Chaux-de-Fonds New York Avenue	200 M.	16 M.	80 M.	220 M.	600 M.	800 M.	1000 M.	100 M.	100 M.	110 M.
	Theaterstrasse October 10th Street Winterthur Bahnhofplatz Kentucky Avenue	220 M.	18 M.	90 M.	250 M.	700 m	875 M.	1050 M.	150 M.	110 M.	121 M.
	Museumstrasse Neuer Platz St. Gallen Marketplace Indiana Avenue	220 M.	18 M.	90 M.	250 M.	700 m	875 M.	1050 M.	150 M.	110 M.	121 M.
	Opernplatz Kramergasse Bern, Bundesplatz Illinois Avenue	240 M.	20 M.	100 M.	300 M.	750 M.	925 M.	1100 m	150 M.	120 M.	132 M.
	Lessingstrasse Hellbrunner Strasse Lucerne Weggisgasse Atlantic Avenue	260 M.	22 M.	110 M.	330 M.	800 M.	975 M.	1150 M.	150 M.	130 M.	143 M.
	Schillerstrasse Domplatz Zurich Rennweg Ventnor Avenue	260 M.	22 M.	110 M.	330 M.	800 M.	975 M.	1150 M.	150 M.	130 M.	143 M.
	Goethestrasse Getreidegasse Lausanne Rue de Bourg Marvin Gardens	280 M.	24 M.	120 M.	360 M.	850 M.	1025 M.	1200 m	150 M.	140 M.	154 M.
	Rathausplatz Mariahilfer Strasse Basel Freie Strasse Pacific Avenue	300 M.	26 M.	130 M.	390 M.	900 M.	1100 m	1275 M.	200 M.	150 M.	165 M.
	Main street Carinthia Street Geneva Rue de la Croix d'or North Carolina Avenue	300 M.	26 M.	130 M.	390 M.	900 M.	1100 m	1275 M.	200 M.	150 M.	165 M.
	Bahnhofstrasse Graben Bern Spitalgasse Pennsylvania Avenue	320 M.	28 M.	150 M.	450 m	1000 M.	1200 m	1400 m	200 M.	160 M.	176 M.
	Park Street Kornmarkt Square Lausanne Place St. François Park Place	350 m	35 M.	175 M.	500 M.	1100 m	1300 M.	1500 m	200 M.	175 M.	193 M.
	Schlossallee Kaiserstraße Zurich Paradeplatz Boardwalk	400 M.	50 M.	200 M.	600 M.	1400 m	1700 m	2000 M	200 M.	200 M.	220 M.
↑ If a player owns all the lots in a row, the rent for them in an undeveloped state is twice as high.

Railway stations / railway companies
Purchase price		Rent: Player to whom rent is payable belongs to ...				Mortgage value	Dissolving the mortgage
		1 train station / railway company	2 stations / railway companies	3 stations / railway companies	4 stations / railway companies
200 M.		25 M.	50 M.	100 M.	200 M.	100 M.	110 M.
Names of the train stations (D / A) or railway companies (CH / US):
	Südbahnhof		Westbahnhof		North Station		Central Station
	Vienna train station		Westbahnhof		Central Station		Franz-Joseph-Bahnhof
	United Private Railways Union des chemins de fer privés		United Bergbahnen AG Funiculaires réunis SA		Overland railways Tramways interurbains		United Suspension Railways AG Association des téléphériques
	Reading Railroad		Pennsylvania Railroad		B. & O. Railroad		Short line

Pension funds
Purchase price	Rent: Player to whom rent is payable belongs to ...		Mortgage value	Dissolving the mortgage
	a pension fund	both pension funds
150 M.	four times the number of points	ten times the number	75 M.	83 M.
Names of the pension funds (D & A / CH / US):
	Power station		Waterworks
	Electric utility Usines électriques		Usines Hydrauliques waterworks
	Electric Company		Water Works

Today the German and Austrian versions no longer use the monetary unit “€”, but the “Monopoly dollar”, an M with 2 horizontal bars. In the USA, however, the “$” character is used.

In older German (DM) and Swiss editions (Fr.) the amounts were twenty times as much.

Non-official variants of the rules of the game

There are a number of variations on the official rules of the game; the following variants are particularly common:

Credit and deferral

• Lending or deferral of amounts of money among the players or at the bank, possibly using a negotiated interest rate. The course of the game can thus be extended overall.

mortgage

• Mortgage “turning over” of undeveloped land and later repayment of the loan received from the bank without calculating the regular interest.
• Mortgage "flipping" also of developed land. This rule makes it cheaper to get cash and makes the game easier.

Purchase of land from the bank, auction

• Refrain from auctioning land and other property rights if they are not purchased by the first player to reach them. They can then be acquired by the next player to reach the field.
• If a player buys plots of one color, all other plots of that color are reserved for him. If other players come across properties that have not yet been bought by him, these will not be auctioned. This variant speeds up the game, as trade between players is bypassed and monopolies occur more quickly. This rule does not apply to stations / railway companies and factories.
• If a player buys the second property of a color, he thereby acquires the right of first refusal to the third property; In the inexpensive color group after the lot / start field, this happens after the purchase of the first plot of land, the most expensive color group in front of the lot / start field as well as train stations and supply works are excluded. If another player enters the last property of that color, the holder of the right of first refusal may claim it. The player chooses a single piece of land or another marketable field from the buyer's inventory in exchange. The difference will be paid. The exchange can be postponed to the next round if the buyer does not own a single piece of land or one of the players cannot pay the difference.
• When buying the third from last plot of land (either earlier or later), the remaining ones are placed in the middle. They can still be purchased when moving onto the property. If someone pulls on free parking / free parking, they take all the money (rule free parking / free parking below) and can take a property card stored there free of charge.

Buying property from other players

• Purchase of property groups including the buildings erected on them.
• Agreement on the waiver of rent claims from entering certain (built-up) properties (often only once or in any case limited to a certain number) as part of an exchange transaction (which often goes back to a rent claim that the opponent cannot pay).

Land distribution instead of purchase

• At the start of the game (alternatively after several rounds) the (possibly remaining) property cards are shuffled and distributed to the players (usually so that everyone gets the same number, the remaining ones are sold "normally" or auctioned off immediately). You can then trade. This speeds up the course of the game a lot, but takes away the element of buying land from the game.

House building

• You allow players to build houses on their own plots without first having to own all plots of this color. This is another way to bypass the trade between players. Another variant in this case is a restriction to 2 houses.

• Players are only allowed to build houses on their own lots if they have come to one of the lots of the color.

• When dragging to or via Go / Start, the player can buy exactly one further house (after four houses a hotel) on his own complete property group per property or leave it alone. This ensures constant, targeted growth, because after three rounds, for example, three houses can be on one plot of this group, while there are no houses on the other two of the same group.

• When all properties have been sold (alternatively, if he announces that he will not buy any more properties) each player receives an additional amount of money from the bank that has been previously determined. The point of the alternative is that the players - who otherwise often have little money due to the purchase of land and rent payments - can go straight to building a house and thus the game is shortened.

rental fee

• Sale of rental insurance for a fee to protect against rental payments on one or more plots of land permanently or limited to an agreed term in game rounds or in the event of damage. Mostly in combination with a property sale, in which the seller also receives rental insurance from the buyer.

The go / start field

• According to the official rules of the game, every player receives a fixed amount as a salary from the bank every time he comes through "Los" (D / A) or "Start" (CH). The variant here is to pay double the sum (or, before the introduction of the Monopoly dollar in Switzerland, alternatively CHF 10,000) to the players who, according to their number rolled or by an event or community card (D / A ) or the opportunity or office card (CH) directly onto the “Go” / “Start” field. The total amount of money owned by the players increases with the consequences already mentioned.

The Free Parking / Free Parking Space field

• All payments actually to be made to the bank on the basis of corresponding playing fields (taxes) as well as event and community cards (D / A) or opportunity and office cards (CH) are placed in the middle of the playing field. This stack of banknotes is then given to the player whose pawn is moved to the “Free Parking” / “Free Parking” space. This variant can speed up the course of the first phase of the game, as the players have more cash available for the purchase of land, train stations / companies, factories and houses. The overall length of the game tends to be extended, especially if there are (still) only two players in the game. The situation of the bank, which is not provided for in the rules of the game and which has no cash reserves after paying out the standard supply, can also occur. Nevertheless, this variant is one of the most frequently used. A variant of this provides that a basic amount from the bank is placed in the middle before the game starts; the individual payments of the players are then added. In some cases this base amount is also renewed every time a player has received the total amount.

• Another, somewhat less common variant is that whoever comes to the “Free Parking” / “Free Parking” field is exempted from all rental payments for one lap (i.e. can “park freely” anywhere until they do Field again). This rent exemption is only effective if he asserts it before payment; if he only thinks about it in retrospect, he cannot claim the money back.

The prison field

• A player who is in jail is not allowed to collect rent.
• In another variant, the player can collect rent for up to three rounds in prison, which makes this field very popular, especially in the advanced game.

Versions and variants

Numerous versions and variants of the game Monopoly have been and are being published since the first edition. As a rule, these are adjustments to different countries and cities, with more modern editions also to fictional worlds and environments such as those of The Lord of the Rings , Star Wars , The Walking Dead or the Nintendo world of Super Mario ( Monopoly Gamer ) .

Germany

The first German edition to hit the market (presumably after its success in the United States since 1935) was distributed under license by Schmidt Spiele in 1936 . It contained the most expensive street name “Insel Schwanenwerder ”, a posh address in the Berlin district of Nikolassee . The National Socialist Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels is said to have officially banned the game in 1936 because of its " Jewish speculative character ". He was more interested in the "Schwanenwerder Island" as the most expensive street, where numerous Nazi officials, including himself, were based after the expropriation of previous owners.

In the West German edition of 1953, such problems were circumvented by choosing any street name such as Schlossallee or Goethestrasse. The play money currency was changed from RM to DM , the rents and amounts of money from the 1930s were retained until the change to the euro in 2001. Then 20: 1 was converted (e.g. the share capital per player from 30,000 RM / DM to 1,500 €). The anomaly in Goethestrasse was corrected (simple rent: 440 DM instead of 480 DM, as it would correspond to the staggering in other editions).

After Parker Brothers was taken over by General Mills in 1968 , the license for Schmidt Spiele was not renewed, the game was released between 1968 and 1975 by the toy manufacturer Brohm Spielwaren (Georg Brohm) based in Vielbrunn and from 1975 again under the Parker Brothers label . Production of the game was relocated to France as early as the mid-1960s.

The game was not available in the GDR and any importation - even in the " Westpaket " - was prohibited. Nevertheless, in private circles, of course, there were self-made variants of the Monopoly game that were even played in the “club room” of individual FDGB holiday homes.

The first German version from 1936 was reissued for collectors - with Berlin street names:

Huttenstrasse (1200 RM), Turmstrasse (1200 RM), Lehrter Bhf. (4000 RM)

Chausseestrasse (2000 RM), Invalidenstrasse (2000 RM), Alt-Moabit (2400 RM)

Schönhauser Allee (2800 RM), Prenzlauer Allee (2800 RM), Neue Königstrasse (3200 RM), Alexanderplatz station (4000 RM)

Alexanderstrasse (3600 RM), Landsberger Strasse (3600 RM), Grosse Frankfurter Strasse (4000 RM)

Köpenicker Strasse (4400 RM), Warschauer Strasse (4400 RM), Wiener Strasse (4800 RM), Görlitzer Bhf. (4000 RM)

Oranienstrasse (5200 RM), Gitschiner Strasse (5200 RM), Belle-Alliance-Strasse (5600 RM)

Friedrichstrasse (6000 RM), Leipziger Strasse (6000 RM), Unter den Linden (6400 RM),

Potsdamer Bhf. (4000 RM), Grunewald (7000 RM), Schwanenwerder Island (8000 RM)

Income tax (4000 RM), electricity and water works (3000 RM each), additional tax ( 2000 RM)

At the end of 2001, Hasbro announced that the last version would be produced with the D-Mark as currency and that only Euro versions would be produced thereafter.

Two Berlin editions of the game appeared in autumn 2005; first Monopoly Today with updated street names and more contemporary event cards; a few weeks later Monopoly Banking , where payments are made with credit cards and chip card readers . In addition, there are now modified original versions for iPhone and iPod touch .

In January 2007, the German manufacturer called for an Internet vote for the Monopoly Germany edition , which was to trade with cities instead of streets. There were 38 cities to choose from; Aachen , Jena and Saarbrücken were added after the start of the election. The game, which was released in September 2007, included the top 22 cities. Water and electricity plants have been replaced by systems for renewable energy generation such as solar and wind turbines. The monetary values ​​were increased by a factor of 10,000; the starting capital is now € 15,000,000 instead of € 1,500. The cities were arranged on the game board in ascending order according to the election result:

Heidelberg , Mannheim , Regensburg , Bielefeld , Münster , Düsseldorf , Würzburg , Schwerin , Munich , Bremen , Cologne , Leipzig , Frankfurt am Main , Jena , Lübeck , Chemnitz , Augsburg , Hamburg , Halle , Aachen , Berlin and Saarbrücken . The train stations are assigned to Nuremberg , Cologne , Hamburg and Leipzig .

The game publisher Winning Moves publishes various special editions under license, many of them on cities and regions, others on topics from cinema, sports, computer games - there is even a Monopoly on the GDR , Maya the Bee and the Beatles .

Liechtenstein

For Liechtenstein , a Monopoly edition in the sense of a special edition was created in 2011 by the Triesner company Unique Gaming Partners , which also publishes various Swiss and Austrian special editions, and a corresponding new edition followed in 2020.

Luxembourg

In 2000 an edition appeared with the Luxembourg towns of Echternach , Wiltz , Bartringen , Junglinster , Niederanven , Diekirch , Mondercange , Bascharage , Walferdange , Mamer , Mersch , Kayl , Ettelbrück , Schifflange , Bettemburg , Hesperdange , Sanem , Redange , Dudelange , Differdange , Esch / Alzette and of course Luxembourg . The order of the cities corresponds to the number of inhabitants in ascending order.

The game board shows landmarks of the Grand Duchy such as Vianden Castle and the European building . The edition was very small and the game sold out quickly. It is not known if there will be a new edition.

Austria

In Austria in 1936 Schowanek published a similar game called Business . It included some changes to the game board as well as wooden figures and coins instead of plastic figures and paper money. In 1937 the Viennese printing company Stockinger and Morsack (“Stomo Games”) produced the game of speculation . From this, the game DKT - The Commercial Talent - developed in 1940/41 . It uses street names of the Austrian provincial capitals and, in terms of the rules of the game, stands out from the common Monopoly in some cases. Piatnik originally licensed Monopoly for Austria, since around 1991 Hasbro has also been selling it here under the Parker Brothers label .

Switzerland

From around 1940 Carlit brought out Monopoly in Switzerland. Initially in the English design of Waddington and from 1968 a version licensed directly from Parker Brothers. After the takeover of Carlit by Ravensburger , the game was distributed by Carlit / Ravensburger until around 1990. Hasbro has been marketing the game in Switzerland under the Parker Brothers label since 1991 . The Swiss version uses names of streets and places with details of the place. The most expensive property is Paradeplatz in Zurich and the cheapest is Chur's Kornplatz . The game material of the basic version (board and cards) is bilingual throughout (German and French).

There are various special editions for the Swiss market from Unique Gaming Partners in cooperation with Winning Moves , for example on facilities (such as Zurich Zoo , SAC huts , FC Basel , FC St. Gallen , etc.), on various cantons (such as Aargau , Friborg / Freiburg , Thurgau etc.), on regions (such as Zürcher Oberland , Appenzellerland etc.) or on cities (such as Winterthur , Olten etc.) or on other topics (such as Swiss mountains , Swiss farms, Lake Zurich , Globi etc.).

The editions for the cities of Bern , Basel , Lucerne and St. Gallen were written in the respective dialect . “Adjusting” for example means “additional door” in the Basel edition and “luxury door” in the St. Gallen edition. The chance / office cards are thematically adapted and, depending on the issue, written in dialect.

World edition

For the so-called World Edition , 70 metropolises around the world were put to vote on the Hasbro website. For example, they made it onto the board. B. Montreal as the most expensive, Gdynia as the cheapest of a total of 22 cities.

Anti-Monopoly and the dispute over the actual inventor

In 1974 the economics professor Ralph Anspach from San Francisco developed a game called Anti-Monopoly . The General Mills company , which Parker Brothers had taken over in the meantime, reacted to this game as before to others of its kind and tried to sue it from the market. 40,000 games already produced were destroyed. In a long-standing dispute, however, Anspach ultimately prevailed. As a result of this lawsuit, General Mills had to admit that Charles Darrow was not the inventor of Monopoly, but that it was rather a copy of The Landlord's Game by Elizabeth Magie , which had been in circulation since 1904 , or that it was games with before 1930 gave the same name and gameplay ( Atlantic City Monopoly is explicitly mentioned ). A nearly identical game called Finance had been on the market since 1932 before it was bought by Parker Brothers. Anti-Monopoly was a complete success with 500,000 units sold in the first year alone.

Later modifications

There are several variations of Monopoly licensed by Parker while retaining essential features. In the MAD game published by MAD magazine in the late 1970s, the aim is to gamble away your fortune as quickly as possible. Noteworthy are still Hotel , shortcoming Mania , Shalom and overtaking without catching .

Monopoly as a computer game

There are also various implementations as a computer game that are either a faithful simulation of the board game (such as the open source game ' Atlantik ') or just take up some elements known from the game, but otherwise have a different main goal (such as B. ' Monopoly Tycoon ').

Monopoly as an app

The 'Here and Now' version has been available for iPhone and iPod Touch since December 2008 and the original game since November 2009. In December 2010, ' Monopoly for iPad' was released , a version adapted to the 9.7-inch screen of Apple's tablet computer with a so-called table mode for up to four players (the controls are based on the seating position of the currently active player ). The common languages ​​(German, English, French, Italian, Japanese, Spanish) are integrated into the app; the game board is shown in the language that is preset as the user language in the OS. Before each new game, you can choose from three different levels of difficulty. Up to three other players can take part in a game via a Bluetooth or WiFi connection.

Monopoly City Streets

On September 9, 2009, an online version of the board game started under the name Monopoly City Streets . The presentation was based on Google Maps , the street data (names, streets) came from OpenStreetMap . The player should be able to buy any street in the world, but when the game started, many streets were not available. The online game officially ended on December 9, 2009.

The player initially had three million monopoly dollars and was able to buy streets with it. These generated daily rental income that was available for further investments. If a street was already owned by another player, a sale could be negotiated. Various buildings could also be built, which brought in additional income. It was possible to erect buildings with a negative impact on the streets of competitors. The event cards known from the board variant were also part of Monopoly City Streets .

Due to the high number of hits, the game servers were barely accessible in the first few days and games were almost impossible. Furthermore, many errors occurred such as player names that were assigned twice. Therefore the game was restarted on September 18th, 2009: All accounts and their owners were deleted, some rules changed and bugs fixed.

Monopoly in the media

• The singer Franz Josef Degenhardt critically examined the game in one of his songs on the album Wallfahrt zum Big Zeppelin , when he described a true episode that took place on January 26, 1970 in Berlin and during which two people played Monopoly in Quarreled and found death.
• The writer Rita Mae Brown describes a game of Monopoly in her novel Jacket Like Pants (published 1978) in chapter 29 August 1938. The game is played with cash, which Julia borrows from Celeste (the other players have their own assets). Julia wins and is thus able to renovate her mother's house, where she lives with her husband.
• In 1984 Klaus Lage expressed a visual criticism of capitalism in the refrain of his song Monopoli with the words "We are only the marginal figures in a bad game [...] and the gentlemen of the Schlossallee are asking far too much."
• In the song Let Us Turn the Thing Solo Album Rio I. by Rio Reiser , released in November 1986, it says: “Let's turn this thing, let's go about it. It's not bad, it's not bad, just paper, but it's real ”.
• The Danish television series Matador is named after the game because of its main storyline.
• Hasbro is planning together with Universal Pictures , Monopoly to film. Ridley Scott is being talked about as a director .
• In the three-part German television film series The Gentlemen ask for the cash register , which is about the legendary postal robbery of Great Britain on August 8, 1963, Scotland Yard finds a fingerprint on a Monopoly game left behind in the robbers' hideout, the Woodland Farm (the Gentlemen played Monopoly with real money, of course). However, this imprint is not sufficient to convict its owner, Geoffrey Black, as an accomplice.
• In an episode of The Simpsons ( Who Shot Mr. Burns , Part 1), Mr. Burns mentions that he owns the electricity and waterworks and a hotel on Badstrasse, which is related to the game. In another episode, a game of Monopoly causes a family dispute that leads to the entire family being arrested. The male from the Monopoly logo also appears sometimes.
• In the film Lina Braake or The interests of the bank cannot be the interests that Lina Braake explained to Gustav using Monopoly, how to obtain creditworthiness at the bank.
• In Agatha Christie's Poirot , the board game forms the framework for the episode “Die verschollene Silbermine / The Lost Mine” (Season 2, Episode 3): At the beginning Poirot and Hastings play Monopoly, with Hastings still being the superior and claiming that this game is capable of being more important than luck, which only annoys Poirot more. In the course of the episode, Poirot studied the rules of the game in detail. In the end, he wins himself and now agrees to Hastings that he could only win the game through skill. The booklet with the rules of the game was previously used to convict the murderer.
• Mike Krüger dedicated the song “Because I have to go to prison” on his album “120 pigs to Beirut” from 1984 to the board game, the content of which is about a game of Monopoly in the family circle.
• The fast food chain McDonald's has the “McDonald's Monopoly” marketing campaign carried out in Germany, Austria, Luxembourg and Switzerland. In campaign weeks like this, the customer will find stickers on many packaging and beverage cups that contain either instant prizes or the familiar street names (or in Switzerland, terrains such as “Zurich, Paradeplatz”) from Monopoly. If you manage to collect all roads or terrains that match each other (analogous to the original Monopoly game), you receive a so-called “collective win”.
• For many years at McDonald's Monopoly in the USA an insider sticker with the highest instant profits has been tapped and sold on. Several of the criminals, who each received $ 1 million instant winnings from McDonald's, were even featured in McDonald's television advertisements. The crime streak spanned 12 years, during which nearly every $ 1 million instant win went to scammers until arrests were made in the summer of 2001. McDonald's later announced in a commercial that each of the crooked dollars would end up back with their customers, which happened when McDonald's distributed $ 10 million among customers by randomly selecting a "profit patrol" in the store and tapping on the shoulder were. On one of the $ 1 million fraudulent prizes that went to a hospital, McDonald's tacitly refused to take it back. 20th Century Fox bought the film rights to a long report article about the fraud from the author for one million US dollars.

Property right in Germany

An abstract Monopoly game plan without a street name was registered in 2017 by Hasbro at the German Patent and Trademark Office as a word and image trademark , in which the brand name Monopoly in the form of the usual graphic design of the game board acts as a trademark (the brand name in the usual representation is placed there in the middle).

literature

• Maxine Brady (original) / Tom Werneck (German translation): Monopoly - strategy and tactics of the most popular game in the world . Bertelsmann Club GmbH, EBG Verlags GmbH, Donauland Kremayr & Scherlau and Europaring Switzerland (book club edition), Gütersloh, Kornwestheim, Vienna and Bern.
• Erwin Glonnegger : The games book. Board and placement games from all over the world. Origin, rules and history. Drei-Magier-Verlag, Uehlfeld 1999, ISBN 3-9806792-0-9 .
• Philip Orbanes : The Monopoly Companion. The Player's Guide. The Game from A to Z, Winning Tips, Trivia. Adams Media Corporation, 1999, ISBN 1-58062-175-9 .
• Philip Orbanes: The World's Most Famous Game. How It Got That Way. Da Capo Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-7394-8262-9 or Perseus Books, Reprint 2007, ISBN 978-0-306-81574-4
• Andreas Tönnesmann : Monopoly. The game, the city and luck. Verlag Klaus Wagenbach, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-8031-5181-0 .

Web links

Commons : Monopoly  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

• Official Monopoly site of Parker Brothers
• Official Swiss Monopoly website of Hasbro Schweiz AG
• List of German versions
• History of the Swiss Monopoly issues from 1939 - approx. 1990
• Article: A classic writes stories
• Monopoly patent 80 years ago. A board game conquers the world. Deutschlandfunk , December 31, 2015
• Map of Germany "Regional Monolpoly-Issues" from ZEITmagazin, March 25, 2015

Mathematical studies on Monopoly (concerning the frequency of roads):

• Jörg Bewersdorff : Monopoly in the perspective of mathematics . 2002 (interactive browser-based animation).
• Felix Holderied: Probabilities of Residence . 1996 (table of probabilities).
• Truman Collins: Probabilities in the Game of Monopoly . 1997 (English).
• Julia Tenié: Monopoly & Markow chains (PDF; 376 kB). 2008 (Bachelor thesis at the Ruhr University Bochum)

Reception of the game at the time of National Socialism

• Jenny Stewart: Everyone in America is crying out for the newest game: Monopoly! You play a dream: get rich! In: The Green Post , December 13, 1936 ( PDF , 133 kB)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ like German " Monopol " and "Monopoli" from Latin monopolium ; see. Paul Schaudig: Pietism and Separatism in the Aischgrund. 1925, p. 126 f. ("Because the customs [= confession pennies] at Monopoli in this way pay you all the more") - Justification given by Pietist Johann Adam Steinmetz to archdeacon and deacon for his rejection of confession in 1731; and Zedler: “Freyness to sell” .
2. ↑ ^{a b c} Monopoly History (German) on hasbro.com . See Monopoly History on hasbro.com ; and there the Monopoly timeline (English)
3. ↑ See the overview of early versions: Thomas Forsyth: Monopoly and Landlord's Game. A Historical Review ( Memento of January 29, 2009 in the Internet Archive ), tt.tf , 2008.
4. ↑ badische-zeitung.de , March 19, 2015, Chris Melzer ( dpa ): The richest wins: Board game Monopoly turns 80
5. ↑ Ralph Anspach: The Billion Dollar Monopoly Swindle . 2nd ed., Xlibris Corporation, 2000, ISBN 0-7388-3139-5 , pp. 148 f.
6. ↑ The "fifty-two fundamental playing errors" should serve to discourage Darrow, suspects Philip E. Orbanes : The Game Makers: The Story of Parker Brothers . Harvard Business School Press, 2004, ISBN 1-59139-269-1 , p. 92.
7. ↑ Patent US2026082 : Board game apparatus. Published December 31, 1935 . ‌
8. ↑ How to play Monopoly. (PDF) Retrieved February 26, 2020 . 
9. ↑ ^{a b} photo of the German standard version (2008). Retrieved March 15, 2018 . 
10. ↑ ^{a b} photo of the Austrian standard version (2008). Retrieved March 15, 2018 . 
11. ↑ ^{a b} Photo of the Swiss standard version (2008). Retrieved March 15, 2018 . 
12. ↑ ^{a b} photo of the US standard version (2008). Retrieved March 15, 2018 . 
13. ↑ Designation according to the Swiss Monopoly Brief Instructions
14. ↑ According to the Swiss game instructions, it is also possible to pay 10% of the total assets in the "Income tax" field
15. ↑ See game variants and history of Monopoly and game rules and game variants ( Memento of the original from January 2, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
16. ↑ Move forward to the island of Schwanenwerder at berliner-kurier.de, accessed on November 15, 2015.
17. ↑ About Monopoly - 1935 - Parker acquires Monopoly rights from monopoly.at, accessed on November 15, 2015.
18. ^ German city race for "Schloss-Allee" at handelsblatt.com, accessed on November 15, 2015.
19. ↑ 60 euros for Badstrasse. In: spielbox 6/2001, p. 57.
20. ↑ Monopoly - Banking at brettspiele-report.de, accessed on November 15, 2015.
21. ↑ Monopoly is now also available in the original version at iphone-ticker.de, accessed on November 15, 2015.
22. ↑ Germany has voted: The 22 Monopoly cities are fixed at best-practice-business.de, accessed on November 15, 2015.
23. ↑ Monopoly - Germany at brettspiele-report.de, accessed on November 15, 2015.
24. ↑ winningmoves.de: Monopoly ( Memento of the original from August 29, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed on August 29, 2017 
25. ↑ ^{a b c} Günther Meier: The famous game about the big deal. Retrieved January 14, 2020 . 
26. ↑ In 2020, Liechtenstein will receive a new “Monopoly”. Retrieved January 14, 2020 . 
27. ↑ Austrian standard Monopoly editions before at muurkrant.nl (English)
28. ↑ Swiss Monopoly versions previously at muurkrant.nl (English)
29. ↑ ^{a b} www 20minuten ch, 20minutes, 20min.ch: Anyone who eats bratwurst with mustard here will be punished. Retrieved January 14, 2020 . 
30. ↑ Official website
31. ↑ Difficulty levels within the app. Retrieved May 7, 2019 . 
32. ↑ Monopoly Streets ( Memento of December 7, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
33. ↑ See the list of singles by Klaus Lage .
34. ↑ Mike Oelerich: Who gets the train stations? Monopoly movie planned! ( Memento of the original from December 27, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. widescreen-vision.de , February 21, 2008; last accessed on February 24, 2008. 
35. ↑ Jeff Maysh: How an Ex-Cop Rigged McDonald's Monopoly Game and Stole Millions . In: The Daily Beast . 29th July 2018.
36. ↑ Sam Barsanti: The McDonald's Monopoly scam was born to be a movie. In: The AV Club. August 12, 2018, accessed January 12, 2019 . 
37. ↑ Trademark research at DPMAregister
38. ↑ Deutschlandradio Kultur from December 6, 2011: Review