Warschauer Strasse
 Warschauer Strasse
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| Street sign and one of the towers at Frankfurter Tor |
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| Basic data | |
| place | Berlin |
| District | Friedrichshain |
| Created | before 1864 |
| Hist. Names | Street 11 |
| Connecting roads |
Petersburger Strasse (north) , Am Oberbaum (south) |
| Cross streets |
(Selection) Karl-Marx-Allee , Frankfurter Allee , Grünberger Strasse, Mühlenstrasse, Stralauer Allee |
| Places | Frankfurter Tor |
| use | |
| User groups | Pedestrian traffic , bicycle traffic , car traffic , public transport |
| Technical specifications | |
| Street length | 1600 meters |
The Warschauer Straße in Berlin district of Friedrichshain is one of the main arteries in Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg . It extends from Frankfurter Tor in the north to Mühlenstrasse / Stralauer Allee in the south and has a total length of 1.6 kilometers. The street, which is part of the B 96a, is named after the Polish capital Warsaw .
Road layout
Warschauer Straße is a section of the Berlin inner city ring , the circular main thoroughfare that runs around downtown Berlin and connects the districts of Gesundbrunnen , Prenzlauer Berg , Friedrichshain and Kreuzberg and is used by around 30,000 cars every day. In the process described, it changes its name several times ( Bernauer Strasse , Eberswalder Strasse , Danziger Strasse , Petersburger Strasse , Warschauer Strasse, Am Oberbaum, Oberbaumstrasse, Skalitzer Strasse , Gitschiner Strasse).
Warschauer Strasse begins in the north as a continuation of Petersburger Strasse at the intersection known today as Frankfurter Tor, which has nothing to do with the location of the Frankfurter Tor in the excise wall . The following Boxhagener Strasse now only leads east. The most important cross streets are Grünberger Straße , Kopernikusstraße and Revaler Straße . The Warschauer Straße continues in the south as a street Am Oberbaum - Oberbaumbrücke - Oberbaumstraße.
Foundation and expansion of the road
Warschauer Strasse was named on February 23, 1874 after the Polish metropolis , which at that time still belonged to the Russian Empire . Previously it was designated as street no. 11 in section XIV of the development plan for the surroundings of Berlin and represented a simple traffic and transport route. The street was already planned as a main traffic artery on the Hobrecht plan of 1864 and should be part of a ring system Paris model around the cities of Berlin and Charlottenburg at that time.
When the road was laid, the Oberbaum Bridge , built between 1894 and 1896, did not yet exist. Warschauer Straße ended at a gate of the customs and excise wall of Berlin, which was still preserved at that time , which was called Mühlentor and later Stralauer Tor because of the mills on the banks of the Spree . Of these mills, only the buildings of the former Osthafenmühle are preserved today, the warehouse of the same houses a well-frequented discotheque on the banks of the Spree, which is named after this also warehouse . On its roof is a relic of the GDR era, a surveillance tower of the GDR border organs .
The street has been used by trams since October 1, 1901 . The first line was the so-called flat railway operated by the elevated railway company , which ran from the Zentralviehhof on Forckenbeckplatz to the Warschauer Brücke. In 1910, the Berlin trams took over this route. By extending it towards the south, the line operating here was closed to form a ring until 1916, which was operated as line 9 from 1921. In addition, two more ring lines (4 and 5) drove on the road from the 1920s, of which the 4 was the only one to continue to exist after the Second World War - with a shortened route. The M10, which has been running between Nordbahnhof and Warschauer Strasse station since 2006 , can be described as the direct successor to this line. In addition, line 21 runs on the northern section between Frankfurter Tor and Boxhagener Straße.
Development on Warschauer Strasse
The continuous development of the street took place in the years between 1890 and 1908 with the division into a front building on the street, a side wing with a direct connection to the front building or a transverse building as well as one or more rear buildings and backyards for commercial use . The wood processing industry in particular had a long tradition in this district. To date, seven commercial operations in the backyards have been completely preserved. Mixing residential and commercial buildings was prohibited in 1925. During the construction years, around 6,000 apartments were built in the Warschauer Strasse area.
With a width of around 50 meters, Warschauer Strasse was already one of the most important roads at the beginning of the 20th century and one of the main supply axes of the Friedrichshain district, which was founded in 1920 . The road was lined from the start with shops, restaurants and pubs and so also provided an important social conscience of the district represents. This included the founded in 1902 cinema Elektra in Warsaw 26, the current landfill .
The earliest large companies in Friedrichshain also settled on Warschauer Strasse. The oldest factory is the Reichsbahnausbesserungswerk (RAW) "Franz Stenzer". In addition, the first propeller factory in Germany was located in house no. 59a . Since 1971, one of the oldest surviving Friedrichshain handicraft businesses, which was founded in 1898 in what was then Green Way (today: Singerstraße) on Küstriner Platz, has been located in house No. 28 with the Kramer Optics House.
In World War II, parts of the destroyed buildings. In the 1950s and 1960s, restoration was mostly carried out simply by simply smoothing the facades of the old buildings. Vacant lots were largely closed in the following years. In the 2000s, the appearance of the street was upgraded and many of the existing old buildings were renovated.
Important buildings
Propellerwerk Heine
The oldest German factory for the production of propellers , the Propellerwerk Heine , was located in the second backyard of Warschauer Straße 58 from 1921. The cabinet maker Hugo Heine founded it. He started manufacturing wooden propellers for airplanes in Waidmannslust in 1910 after accidentally receiving an order to repair a broken propeller during a sightseeing flight at Johannisthal Airport. In his carpentry shop he expanded the idea and was able to employ five people until 1914, the year in which he passed his master craftsman examination. Due to the demand in the First World War , Heine expanded his carpentry shop into a factory that employed three hundred workers by 1918. After the end of the war, he switched production back to furniture, since aircraft construction had been banned in Germany by the Allies , and had to lay off a large part of the workers. In 1921 he was able to acquire the production facility on Warschauer Strasse and ran a joinery for bedroom furniture here.
Propeller production was resumed after the ban on aircraft production was lifted in the second half of the 1920s. In 1930 the Heine company delivered its 50,000. Propeller off. Heine found customers all over Europe, including Bücker Flugzeugbau GmbH , and he worked with various scientific institutes to optimize his propellers. In 1933 he received the patent for the Heine propeller with metal edge protection. At the end of 1935, the workforce consisted of 300 craftsmen, four aeronautical engineers and 60 commercial employees. Heine mainly supplied propellers for the German Air Force . In 1943 he relocated production to Silesia due to the massive air raids on Berlin . In 1945, after the Second World War, Hugo Heine's Möbelfabrik & Propellerwerk was expropriated without compensation due to the delivery of military material. The buildings that have been preserved have been used by various service companies since the 1990s.
Corner building on Warschauer Strasse / Marchlewskistrasse
The corner house at Warschauer Straße 33 / Marchlewskistraße 111 is generally considered to be the former home of the poet and later GDR culture minister Johannes R. Becher , who claimed this in a television interview on September 30, 1950. On the first floor of this house, however, there was actually only the artist's favorite bar , the Komet café , and his landlady Pauline Zlotorzenski also lived here. Becher himself had his student apartment between 1911 and 1912 in the neighboring house at Marchlewskistraße 109. Since his testimony, the corner house has actually been regularly indicated as his former home and has already been mentioned in various documentaries about Johannes R. Becher.
The construction of the corner house began in 1906 and had to be stopped in the winter of 1906/1907 due to the weather. After a report by the Royal Materials Testing Office of the Technical University of Berlin , which confirmed that it was undamaged "overwintering", it was completed in 1908.
Like most of the other houses in the street and in the entire Berlin urban area, this house did not remain undamaged during World War II. Incendiary bombs destroyed the entire roof and various partition walls and ceilings. Part of the basement collapsed and buried some people seeking protection. An information board on Warschauer Strasse describes this as “an everyday fate of houses in Berlin during the war years”.
At the end of the 2000s, the house was extensively renovated.
Reichsbahn repair shop (Raw)
The Reichsbahn repair shop in Berlin on Warschauer Strasse was the oldest operation in Friedrichshain at the time. The main building of the plant was located south of Revaler Straße, only the western boundary of the property extends to Warschauer Straße. The company opened on October 1, 1867 as the "Royal Railway Main Workshop Berlin II" of the Royal Directorate of the Eastern Railway in Bromberg . At that time, the Royal Eastern Railway led via Königsberg ( East Prussia ) to the Russian border and had its western end point in the old Ostbahnhof (not to be confused with today's Berlin Ostbahnhof , originally Frankfurter Bahnhof) on Küstriner Platz , today's Franz-Mehring-Platz . The operation served the maintenance of locomotives as well as passenger and freight cars , most recently mainly refrigerated cars . The number of workers employed here reached 600 people after just a few years and the company was expanded accordingly. A further expansion took place in 1882 after the opening of the light rail , the number of employees rose to 1200 employees. With the formation of the Deutsche Reichseisenbahnen , the company then became the Reichsbahnausbesserungswerk (RAW).
On October 14, 1967, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary, the work was named after the Bavarian communist Franz Stenzer, who was murdered during the Nazi era and thus became the Raw "Franz Stenzer". On October 31, 1991, the gradual shutdown of the plant due to the "increased repair and maintenance capacities in reunified Germany" was announced and carried out until 1995. The coloring hall was expanded and has been used by Talgo Germany since 1995 for the restoration of Talgo night trains . It offers work to 100 employees. Today the majority of the area is attached to various cultural and sports facilities (skater hall, climbing cone, boulder hall), concert halls and live clubs ( Astra, Cassiopeia, Badehaus Szimpla) , galleries ( Urban Spree ) , clubs ( Suicide Circus , Cassiopeia, Weißer Hase ) and catering establishments (Crack Bellmer, Haubentaucher, Emma Pea) leased. In summer 2019, the offer is to be expanded to include an open-air cinema (island cinema) . Flea markets take place regularly on summer weekends . There have been several changes of ownership since 2007, and the site is currently divided into three parts: The western section belongs to the Göttingen-based family company Kurth Immobilien GmbH, and a smaller central part of Sewan Verwaltungs GmbH owned by Peter Mast and Frank Trenkle. In October 2015 it became known that the eastern part of the area had been sold by the previous owner to International Campus AG from Munich , which would like to build student apartments there. However, the district rules out such use. In 2018, several so-called "dialogue workshops" took place on the future of the site. On the basis of this public participation process and direct discussions between the current users and owners, a B-Plan process is being prepared for 2019.
Warsaw Bridge, S-Bahn and U-Bahn
On the Warschauer Brücke, Warschauer Strasse crosses almost at right angles the tracks of the railway, which were built by the Prussian Eastern Railway and the Lower Silesian-Märkische Railway in the 19th century. At this point, the railway line from Frankfurt (Oder) , which was opened in 1842, was the only one of the newly built railway lines to pass through the customs wall into the city area. In 1872 about 30 tracks crossed Warschauer Strasse here. The construction of the bridge became essential in order to be able to use both the road and the railway line as a traffic artery. The bridge was completed by 1875, but in the following years it was repeatedly rebuilt and expanded. Up until the mid-1930s, the iron structure was severely corroded by the steam from the steam locomotives , which made a replacement building necessary. This took place west of the existing bridge from 1938 first on the northern part and was interrupted by the beginning of the Second World War. In 1945 the newly built part of the bridge collapsed as a result of a bomb hit and made the Warsaw Bridge impassable. It was only opened to traffic again in 1948. A repair was carried out in 1952/1953, another in 1955. A general repair was carried out in 1966/1967. After another major overhaul and reinforcement from 1995 to 1997 with the support of the European Regional Development Fund , the tram was also able to pass the bridge again.
The original railway system is no longer preserved today. The station building of the former Silesian freight station , built in 1910, and the one-storey service building built in 1900, stood at the south-western end of the bridge until around 2004 . All buildings in this area have now been completely removed in favor of the O 2 World, which was completed in 2008 and is now the Mercedes-Benz Arena .
The Warschauer Straße S-Bahn station is located on the eastern side of the bridge . The first station building stood at this point between 1884 and 1903, and was replaced by a building on the opposite side between 1903 and 1924. In 1924 a new reception building was built at the original location, designed by Richard Brademann . This station building and the platform entrances were largely removed by April 2005. The new construction of the station began in December 2011 and will be carried out in the course of construction work on the Ostbahnhof - Ostkreuz station . The work should be completed in 2016, but was stopped in 2015 and is subject to re-planning. The platforms are to be completed by mid-2017 [obsolete] , the construction of a new station building is expected only after that.
The Warschauer Brücke underground station went into operation on August 17, 1902, and was built by Paul Wittig on behalf of Siemens & Halske . It was the terminus of the first Berlin underground and elevated railway line , today's U1 line . Significantly destroyed in World War II, the station was then rebuilt. After the Wall was built in 1961, the station remained closed without any connection to the rest of the Berlin underground network, and since 1995 trains have been running again to the renovated underground station, which has since been known as the Warschauer Straße underground station. Plans to relocate the underground station over the S-Bahn station of the same name to make it easier to change trains are not being pursued any further. Only the extension of the pedestrian walkway from the underground station to the new station building of the S-Bahn is still planned by the Berlin Senate .
More than 85,000 people change trains every day at the Warschauer Straße junction - which includes the underground , S-Bahn and trams .
Industrial palace
The industrial palace was a complex of buildings that stretched along Warschauer Strasse 34-44. Five buildings were optically combined to form a complete ensemble. Only buildings 39/40 and 43/44 of the complex remain in their original state. They are a listed building as a whole . The houses No. 34–38, which extend to the Warsaw Bridge, were badly disfigured in 1992–1993. Only the massive rustic blocks on the ground floor are reminiscent of the original industrial palace. Building No. 41/42, which was destroyed in World War II, was supplemented by the Friedrichshain Housing Association (WBF) with a new building in 2000–2002 , the facade of which is optically based on the historical building.
The industrial palace was built from 1906 to 1907 on behalf of the Kommerzienrat Rudolf Schönner based on designs by the Berlin architect Johann Emil Schaudt , whose plans also led to the Kaufhaus des Westens on Wittenbergplatz . The construction was carried out by the Berlin construction company Boswau & Knauer AG.
The industrial palace is a typical storey factory for its time in an iron frame construction . The installation of halls and warehouses that can be used in a variety of ways, crane systems and underground track systems as well as two basement floors created optimal conditions for accommodating tanneries, wood processing companies and electrical engineering companies. The shops on the street were rented by various shops and restaurants as well as a cinema.
One of the most prominent tenants in the first few years was the Berlin-based Deutsche Gasglühlicht AG ( Auergesellschaft ), which later moved to its own factory complex in the Karree Rudolfstrasse / Ehrenbergstrasse / Rotherstrasse / Warschauer Platz. The former private company Joh. Alfred Richter, Kältemaschinenbau GmbH became the state- owned company VEB Kälte Berlin in the 1950s in the GDR , which was later incorporated into the VEB Kühlautomat Berlin .
The "Palais des Ostens" in part no. 34/36 was very well known, which advertised itself with ballrooms for 300 to 1000 people and since the 1920s has described itself as the "largest and most distinguished entertainment establishment in the East" (Berlin).
Today the buildings are mainly used by service providers. The library for research on the history of education of the German Institute for International Educational Research is located in house no. 34–38 . No. 39/40 houses a hotel with a restaurant, the Michelberger Hotel. There is an office of BIM Berliner Immobilienmanagement GmbH, formerly Berliner Liegenschaftsfonds, at no. 41/42. After house no. 43/44, which belongs to the building ensemble, had been vacant for a few years without being used, a hostel was opened there in July 2010 after a thorough renovation . With the company name Industriepalast Hostel & Hotel , the operators reverted to the old building designation for the naming.
Warschauer Strasse since the 1990s
Since German reunification in 1990, some of the old buildings and their facades have been renovated, but most have not been changed since the 1960s. Since the turn of the millennium, the shops in the northern part of the street have mainly consisted of snack bars ( pizzerias , kebab shops , Asian fast-food restaurants ) as well as cheap shops and second-hand shops. There is also a supermarket, several bakeries, a butcher, a bookstore and several other small shops. Many other stores were unable to hold their own in the 2000s, mainly due to competition from nearby shopping centers such as the Ring Center in Frankfurter Allee or the business centers at Alexanderplatz and Ostbahnhof and had to close.
Warschauer Strasse has had four lanes throughout since the late 1990s, with the individual lanes on the Warschauer Brücke becoming somewhat narrower and the two middle lanes also accommodating the tram tracks. In the northern part, the existing wide central promenade between the tram tracks was renovated, replanted and provided with floor lighting for around 40,000 euros in 2001. The south-west side of the street is dominated by the industrial palace with its service providers. Further extensive renovation work in the Warschauer Strasse area is planned for the 2010s.
In the northern part of the street there are several smaller restaurants, historically significant the former landfill , now the Ambrosius Beer Club . The scene can be found here in the side and parallel streets , for example in Kopernikusstraße , Grünberger Straße, Boxhagener Straße , Simon-Dach-Straße and Boxhagener Platz . In the southern part in the area of the underground station there are several clubs and discos, for example the Speicher (in Mühlenstraße), the gay and lesbian club Haus B (formerly: Die Busche ), the Narva Lounge and the Matrix (in den Ziegelstein -Vault under the subway station).
Individual houses on Warschauer Strasse have been under monument protection since the 1980s. These include the neoclassical residential and commercial building No. 83-85 built in 1956 , the tenement building No. 26 built by Karl Walter in the neo-baroque style in 1899/1900, and the industrial palace (No. 39/40, 43/44). Commemorative plaques for resistance fighters against National Socialism who used to live there are attached to three houses : for Heinrich Thieslauk (No. 60), Gregor Pinke (No. 46) and Herbert Firl (No. 47).
Renovation 2016
Since the completion of around two years of renovation work, there are wheel protection strips and loading zones on the east side, which were opened on September 1st by the Senator for Urban Development Andreas Geisel ( SPD ) and the District Councilor Hans Panhoff ( Greens ). The conversion affected a distance of 940 meters. The previously 120 parking spaces were reduced to 20 and the pedestrian areas were partially made smaller. The width of the lanes for motorized traffic has been three meters since the renovation and has been reduced in some cases by up to 50 centimeters. The width of the wheel protection strips is 1.50 meters. In addition, noise-reducing asphalt was laid and 400 brackets were installed as bicycle parking spaces. The cost of the renovation amounted to 4.3 million euros. According to the planning, the renovation should have been completed in September of the previous year, but this was delayed because lines not included in the plans were encountered during the construction work.
The ADFC criticized the width of the wheel protection strip as "too narrow for heavy cycle traffic on the connection". In addition, "the redesign does not lead to a reduction in the high level of car traffic and thus to increase the quality of stay for residents and the many passers-by in Warschauer Strasse".
Movies
- At night on the Warschauer Brücke , report from rbb television
See also
literature
- Dagmar Girra: Berlin's street names - Friedrichshain . Edition Luisenstadt, Berlin 1996. ISBN 3-89542-084-0 .
- Hans-Jürgen Mende, Kurt Wernicke (ed.): Berlin district lexicon Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg . Haude & Spener, Berlin 2003. ISBN 3-7759-0474-3 .
Web links
- Warschauer Strasse. In: Street name lexicon of the Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein (near Kaupert )
- Information sheet on the area around the Berlin Center for Industrial Culture
swell
- Information boards on the history of the street directly on Warschauer Strasse
Individual evidence
- ^ Helena Piontek: Criticism of new bicycle lanes on Warschauer Strasse . In: Der Tagesspiegel Online . September 1, 2016, ISSN 1865-2263 ( tagesspiegel.de [accessed August 31, 2018]).
- ^ Hans-Joachim Pohl: The urban trams in Berlin. History of a municipal transport company . In: Verkehrsgeschichtliche Blätter . Volume 5, 1983, pp. 98-106 .
- ^ Heinz Jung: The tram ring lines in Berlin . In: Berliner Verkehrsblätter . Issues 3 and 4, 1916, pp. 20-21, 25-26 .
- ^ Bernd Kuhlmann: The Berlin train stations. GeraMond, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-7654-7086-8 , p. 53 f .
- ↑ Honorary name at the Deutsche Reichsbahn . In: Berliner Verkehrsblätter . No. 9 , 2019, pp. 178 .
- ↑ Student apartments are to be built in the new home. In: Der Tagesspiegel . October 8, 2015, accessed November 4, 2015 .
- ↑ Andreas Hartmann: Course for the future . In: The daily newspaper: taz . June 9, 2018, ISSN 0931-9085 , p. 41,44–45 ( taz.de [accessed June 11, 2018]).
- ↑ ÜberBücken: Bridge construction 1990–1999 - Warschauer Brücke. Senate Department for Urban Development and the Environment, accessed on July 8, 2012 .
- ↑ Klaus Kurpjuweit: Party neighborhood Berlin-Friedrichshain: New S-Bahn station Warschauer Straße delayed. In: Der Tagesspiegel . April 27, 2015, accessed July 18, 2020 .
- ^ Peter Neumann: Warschauer Strasse S-Bahn station will remain a construction site for months. In: Berliner Zeitung . July 16, 2020, accessed July 18, 2020 .
- ↑ Switching made easy. Der Tagesspiegel , January 14, 2013, accessed on January 14, 2013 .
- ↑ A new face for Warschauer Strasse . In: point 3 . No. 1 , 2013, p. 12 f . ( online [accessed January 14, 2013]).
- ^ New construction of the building at Warschauer Straße 41/42 .
- ^ Entry in the list of monuments of the State of Berlin .
- ↑ Peter Neumann: Warschauer Straße: Immediately after the renovation there are the first problems . In: Berliner Zeitung . ( berliner-zeitung.de [accessed on August 31, 2018]).
- ↑ Warschauer Straße closes the gap in the bicycle route network | ADFC cycling time. Retrieved on August 31, 2018 (German).
Coordinates: 52 ° 30 ′ 33 ″ N , 13 ° 27 ′ 5 ″ E