Bernauer Street
| Bernauer Street | |
|---|---|
 |
|
 |
|
| Bernauer corner Ackerstrasse , 2012 | |
| Basic data | |
| place | Berlin |
| District |
Gesundbrunnen , Mitte , Prenzlauer Berg |
| Created | 13./14. century |
| Newly designed | around 2006 |
| Hist. Names |
Street 50, Street 80 |
| Connecting roads |
Julie-Wolfthorn-Strasse , Eberswalder Strasse |
| Cross streets |
Gartenstrasse , Bergstrasse , Ackerstrasse , Hussitenstrasse, Strelitzer Strasse , Brunnenstrasse , Wolgaster Strasse , Ruppiner Strasse , Swinemünder Strasse , Wolliner Strasse , Schwedter Strasse |
| Places | Mauerpark |
| use | |
| User groups |
Road transport tram |
| Technical specifications | |
| Street length | 1420 meters |
The Bernauer Strasse is a 1,4 kilometer road in the Berlin districts of Mitte and Pankow . Part of the Berlin Wall stood on the south side of the street between 1961 and 1989 . Bernauer Strasse became the site of a series of escapes and attempts to escape to West Berlin . Since 1998, the Berlin Wall Memorial has been the central site of remembrance of the division of Germany . The street is part of the Berlin inner city ring .
location
The Bernauer Straße runs mainly on the border between the districts of Mitte and Gesundbrunnen of the district of Mitte and for 80 meters in the district of Prenzlauer Berg of the district of Pankow. It belongs to the historic districts of Oranienburger Vorstadt and Rosenthaler Vorstadt and runs from Gartenstraße northeast to Schwedter Straße. The house numbers are in a horseshoe shape , starting with house no. 1 on Ackerstraße to Schwedter Straße and from there back to house no. 119 on Gartenstraße.
Explanation of the name
Bernauer Strasse was named on May 29, 1862 after the town of Bernau, northeast of Berlin.
history
The sign “You are now entering the French sector ” (left) was painted over.
Until the wall was built in August 1961
The road existed early on as a trade and military route between Berlin and places in the Mark Brandenburg . When planning the expansion of Berlin , James Hobrecht had parts of them designated as Straße 50 and Straße 80, Dept. IX . It led in a north-east direction from Bergstrasse to the intersection of Schwedter / Oderberger Strasse. In 1862 it was given its current name. The Lazarus Chapel was inaugurated in 1865 and a year later a hospital ward, which was expanded into a hospital in 1870. In 1872 the 35th community school, Bernauer Strasse 98/99, was opened to provide schooling for the rapidly growing districts north of Bernauer Strasse. In 1894 the Reconciliation Church , built according to plans by Gotthilf Ludwig Möckel , was inaugurated. On July 4, 1904, the southwestern extension between Bergstrasse and Gartenstrasse was incorporated into Bernauer Strasse. Since the formation of Greater Berlin in 1920 and the associated district division, the properties on the south side with house numbers 1 to 50 were in the Mitte district , those on the north side with numbers 51 to 121 in the Wedding district , with the streets belonging entirely to Wedding. Therefore, after 1945, the border between the Soviet and French sectors of Berlin ran along the road . North of Bernauer Strasse, the Ernst-Reuter-Siedlung was built between 1953 and 1955 based on a design by Felix Hinssen and Peter Matischiok. This also includes the Ernst Reuter School, built between 1952 and 1955.
August 1961 to November 1989
After the construction of the Berlin Wall, the entrances and windows of the houses on the southern ( East Berlin ) side of the street facing Bernauer Strasse were gradually bricked up and the roofs were fitted with barriers. In the autumn of 1961 the last border houses were evacuated. In the years after 1963, the buildings were finally dismantled down to the street façades of the ground floors in order to achieve militarily “clear” conditions directly at the border. The remains of the ruins initially covered the concrete wall erected a few steps behind it and reinforced with barbed wire.
Bernauer Strasse gained international fame through actions to escape from the windows of houses in the eastern part of Berlin onto the street whose sidewalks were already in West Berlin .
The photo of the young riot policeman Conrad Schumann is well known , who jumped over rolls of barbed wire into the French sector on August 15, 1961 and threw away his submachine gun. The incident occurred on the corner of Bernauer and Ruppiner Strasse. In the first years of the Wall, there were frequent contacts between the border guards of the GDR and West Berlin police officers and customs officers in Bernauer Strasse due to the special local conditions ; for example, there were conversations over the wall or the handing over of cigarettes.
Escape tunnels were driven into the loamy soil from house cellars on the West Berlin side of Bernauer Strasse. The tunnel 29 ended 1962 in the Schönholzer Straße 7 on East Berlin territory. Residents of East Berlin, from grandmothers to toddlers, crawled into the western part of the city - unnoticed by the border guards. Things were more dramatic in 1964 with another tunnel company, Tunnel 57 , the end of which was Strelitzer Straße 55 in the east. In two nights he made it possible for 57 East Berliners and East Germans to escape. But there was also an exchange of fire with the border guards, in which border soldier Egon Schultz was killed. Several tunnels are now marked on the surface of the site.
On the Weddinger side of Bernauer Strasse, Europe's largest urban renewal area was created in the 1960s , where the West Berlin Senate's new building program, which was associated with demolition, was implemented. Almost all of the remaining buildings, 28 residential buildings, were demolished and gradually replaced by new buildings until the 1970s. The most recent project was the Vinetaplatz housing estate with the residential area Bernauer Straße 67/68, which was built according to a design by Josef Paul Kleihues and completed in 1977.
At the same time, the old border fortifications on the opposite side of the street were removed and gradually replaced by a massive 3.6 m high concrete slab construction with a round wall crown. In 1980 the last section of the Berlin Wall was "modernized" in this way on Bernauer Strasse. The Church of Reconciliation , which was blown up on January 22nd and 28th, 1985 , still stood in the now wider border strip .
Part of the cemeteries of the St. Elisabeth parish and the Sophien parish (Friedhof II) bordering Bernauer Strasse were also affected by destruction . On the latter, among other things, the grave of the Berlin publisher and long-term city councilor Julius Springer was removed.
A memorial stone erected around 1995 at the confluence with Swinemünder Strasse commemorates ten people known by name who paid for their escape attempt in the Bernauer Strasse area with their lives.
From 1990 - new buildings and wall memorial
The Berlin Wall Memorial was built between 1998 and 2014 on a section of the border fortifications on Bernauer Strasse . These include the memorial to commemorate the divided city and the victims of communist tyranny, designed by the Stuttgart office Kohlhoff & Kohlhoff , the Chapel of Reconciliation (built in 2000 on the site of the blown up Church of Reconciliation), the documentation center, the open-air exhibition, the exhibition in the Nordbahnhof S-Bahn station about border and ghost stations in divided Berlin and the visitor center.
In June 2007, a detailed documentation of the remains of the border fortifications in Bernauer Strasse was presented, which was prepared on behalf of the Berlin Senate Department for Urban Development and the Environment. On December 12, 2007, an international competition for the extension of the Berlin Wall Memorial in Bernauer Strasse was decided. The winners were the Berlin landscape architects sinai.Faust.Schroll.Schwarz with their team colleagues Mola Winkelmüller Architekten BDA and ON architektur . The concept envisages keeping the wall strip between Gartenstraße and Brunnenstraße free and also keeping the former Postenweg free up to Schwedter Straße with various memorial and memorial elements along the entire route. The planning was implemented gradually in 2014. Even if there was again a street-side development between Brunnenstrasse and Schwedter Strasse, the wide aisle on the south side of Bernauer Strasse in the southwestern part still gives an impression of the former border fortifications.
traffic
With the spread of the tram as a means of local transport, lines were set up via Eberswalder and Bernauer Strasse to the city center. When Berlin became a four- sector city after the Second World War , the route crossed the border between the Soviet and French sectors at the confluence of Schwedter and Oderberger Strasse. The drivers and conductors had to be replaced at this point (West- BVG , East-BVG). In 1964, the tram traffic on Bernauer Strasse was stopped and most of the overhead lines and rails were removed.
The Bernauer Straße underground station on the U8 line is immediately south of the intersection with Brunnenstraße . During the division it was closed and was considered a " ghost station ". The northern exit, which leads directly to Bernauer Strasse, was walled up during the time of the Wall. Since the underground station was completely in the border area, entry was not possible from either the east or the west side.
In 2006, some old street trees were felled for the renovation of the street amid strong protest from local residents. As part of the planning for the northern inner city ring, the cobblestones were replaced with an asphalt pavement, bike paths were laid and the M10 tram line was extended from its terminus at Mauerpark to the north station; the tracks are in the middle of the street.
The Berlin Wall Trail runs along most of Bernauer Strasse . It can be used by pedestrians and cyclists. At the level of the Schwedter Strasse and the Mauerpark, the Bernauer Strasse is crossed by the Berlin – Usedom long -distance cycle path .
See also
- Diakoniestiftung Lazarus
- Manfred Fischer (pastor) , keeper of the remains of the Wall on Bernauer Strasse
- Karina Raeck , Archeology of the Recent Past
- List of streets and squares in Berlin-Gesundbrunnen
- List of streets and squares in Berlin-Mitte
- List of streets and squares in Berlin-Prenzlauer Berg
literature
- Marion Detjen: A hole in the wall. The history of refugee aid in divided Germany 1961–1989 . Siedler, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-88680-834-3 , p. 134 ff . .
- Bettina Effner, Helge Heidemeyer (eds.): Escape in divided Germany: Memorial to the Marienfelde emergency reception center . (Exhibition Escape in Divided Germany , Notaufnahmelager Marienfelde eV memorial) Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-89809-065-5 .
- Gisela Helwig (Ed.): The last years of the GDR. Texts about everyday life . Edition Germany Archive, Cologne 1990, ISBN 3-8046-8760-1 .
- Norbert Nail: Action and Language Action on the Berlin Wall. For the early deconstruction of a state border . In: Native 106, 1996, pp 302-307. ISSN 0027-514X .
- The Berlin Wall - Exhibition catalog Documentation Center Berlin Wall . Berlin Wall Association. Berlin / Dresden, ISBN 3-930382-80-6 .
- Peter Brock (ed.): Berlin streets rediscovered. 33 forays through the capital. Jaron Verlag, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-89773-114-2 , pp. 33-38: Die Schneise .
Web links
- Bernauer Street. In: Street name lexicon of the Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein (near Kaupert )
- Regine Hildebrandt : Life on the border
- Norbert Nail: Wall impressions from 1962 to 1990
- Berlin Wall on Bernauer Strasse (computer reconstruction)
- Video about the escape on Bernauer Straße (from rbb)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Topographic map of Berlin 1: 5000 (K5)
- ^ Straube Plan 1874
- ↑ Berlin address book 1873 (entries from addresses that already existed in 1872)
- ^ Bernauer Strasse. In: Street name lexicon of the Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein (near Kaupert )
- ↑ Escape on Bernauer Strasse
- ↑ Minutes and audio report on Conrad Schumann's escape in Bernauer Strasse
- ^ Wall incidents in 1961/1962
- ↑ Tunnel Schönholzer Straße 7
- ↑ Tunnel Strelitzer Strasse 55
- ↑ History of the history of the memorial at www.berliner-mauer-gedenkstaette.de
- ↑ Berlin Wall Memorial at www.berliner-mauer-gedenkstaette.de
- ^ Result 12/2007 Berlin Wall Memorial in Bernauer Strasse ( Memento from March 2, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Bernauer Strasse - photographs by Karina Raeck and Gary Rieveschl, Berlin Wall Memorial (PDF)
Coordinates: 52 ° 32 ′ 6 ″ N , 13 ° 23 ′ 23 ″ E