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{{Short description|Species of shrub}}
{{taxobox
{{Infraspeciesbox
|image = Berberis hispanica Habitus 2010-7-17 JardinBotanicoHoyadePedraza.jpg
|image = Berberis hispanica Habitus 2010-7-17 JardinBotanicoHoyadePedraza.jpg
|image_caption =
|image_caption =
⚫
|genus = Berberis
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|species = vulgaris
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|subspecies = australis
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|authority = ([[Boiss.]]) [[Vernon Heywood|Heywood]]
|ordo = [[Ranunculales]]
|synonyms =
|familia = [[Berberidaceae]]
{{Species list
⚫
|genus = ''[[Berberis]]''
⚫
|Berberis australis|Hochr.
|species = '''''B. hispanica'''''
|binomial = ''Berberis hispanica''
|Berberis hispanica|Boiss. & Reut.
|Berberis vulgaris subsp. hispanica|(Boiss. & Reut.) Malag.
⚫
|synonyms = *''Berberis australis'' <small>Hochr.</small>
*''Berberis vulgaris'' subsp. ''hispanica'' <small>(Boiss. & Reut.) Malag.</small>
|Berberis vulgaris var. australis|Boiss.
}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref>[http://www.tropicos.info/Name/3500290 Tropicos]</ref><ref>[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2674620 The Plant List]</ref>
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO_77250008-1>{{Cite POWO|title=''Berberis vulgaris'' subsp. ''australis'' (Boiss.) Heywood|id=77250008-1|access-date=2024-03-13|mode=cs1}}</ref>
}}
}}


'''''Berberis hispanica''''' is a shrub belonging to the family [[Berberidaceae]] and the genus ''[[Berberis]]'' (pronounced bẽr’ber-is). It is a woody plant and parts of the plant are considered toxic, although the berries are edible and juicy.
'''''Berberis vulgaris'' subsp. ''australis''''', [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] '''''Berberis hispanica''''', is a shrub belonging to the family [[Berberidaceae]]<ref name=POWO_77250008-1/> and the genus ''[[Berberis]]'' (pronounced bẽr’ber-is). It is a woody plant and parts of the plant are considered toxic, although the berries are edible and juicy.


==Distribution==
==Description==
⚫
''Berberis vulgaris'' subsp. ''australis'' is a [[deciduous]] shrub growing up to 3 m (10 ft) high. The stems and young branches are reddish or dark purple. The bark is covered with 3 to 5 branched spines, which are [[bracts]] or modified leaves. The central spine is usually larger. The leaves are oval, arranged in [[fascicle (botany)|fascicle]]s on short [[peduncle (botany)|peduncle]]s originated in the [[axils]] of the spines. The leaves are thick, leathery, similar to the size of the spines, and 1 to 5&nbsp;cm long. Each leaf is attached to a short [[petiole (botany)|petiole]].<ref name="elsaposabio" />
⚫
''Berberis hispanica'' is native to temperate and Subtropical regions. It is distributed in the regions of South-West [[Mediterranean]] covering the North of [[Africa]] and the southern half of the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. It appears from 1000m or up to 2000m in altitude. It is found on hedges of [[mountain]]s overlooking the Mediterranean.<ref name="elsaposabio">Berberis hispanica (Spanish) http://www.elsaposabio.com/cienciasnaturales/?p=2071</ref>


⚫
The flowers are yellow. They form [[raceme]] [[inflorescence]] and make clusters of 3 to 9 flowers attached in a long [[panicle]]. Each flower is about 6&nbsp;mm in diameter. The [[sepals]] are oval and entire. The petals are similar to sepals. The interiors of the flowers are filled with [[nectar]] at base. The flowers usually contain six [[stamens]]. The fruits are [[Rectangle|oblong]] lilacs or blue berries. The fruits are 1&nbsp;cm long and covered with [[wax]]. The berries contain two seeds. The flowers are mature from April to June.<ref name="elsaposabio" />
==Morphology==
⚫
''Berberis hispanica''is a [[deciduous]] shrub growing up to 3 meters (10 feet)high. The stems and young branches are reddish or dark purple. The bark is covered with 3 to 5 branched spines, which are [[bracts]] or modified leaves. The central spine is usually larger. The leaves are oval, arranged in [[fascicles]] on short [[peduncles]] originated in the [[axils]] of the spines. The leaves are thick, leathery, similar to the size of the spines, and 1 to 5&nbsp;cm long. Each leaf is attached to a short [[petiole]].<ref name="elsaposabio" />


⚫
[[File:Berberis hispanica ArboretumLaAlfaguara.jpg|thumb|At Arboretum La Alfaguara]]
==Flowers and fruits==
⚫
The flowers are yellow. They form [[raceme]] [[inflorescence]] and make clusters of 3 to 9 flowers attached in a long [[panicle]]. Each flower is about 6&nbsp;mm in diameter. The [[sepals]] are oval and entire. The petals are similar to sepals. The interiors of the flowers are filled with [[nectar]] at base. The flowers usually contain six [[stamens]]. The fruits are [[oblong]] lilacs or blue berries. The fruits are 1&nbsp;cm long and covered with [[wax]]. The berries contain two seeds. The flowers are mature from April to June.<ref name="elsaposabio" />


==Taxonomy==
⚫
[[File:Berberis hispanica ArboretumLaAlfaguara.jpg|thumb|''Berberis hispanica'' ArboretumLaAlfaguara]]
The taxon was first described by [[Pierre Edmond Boissier]] in 1839 as ''Berberis vulgaris'' var. ''australis''. In 1852, Boissier and [[Georges François Reuter]] described ''Berberis hispanica'' as a separate species. In 1904, [[Bénédict Pierre Georges Hochreutiner|Bénédict P. G. Hochreutiner]] raised ''B.&nbsp;vulgaris'' var. ''australis'' to the full species ''Berberis australis'', treating ''B.&nbsp;hispanica'' as a synonym.<ref name=Hoch04>{{Cite journal |last1=Hochreutiner |first1=B. P. G. |date=1904 |title=Le Sud-Oranais. Etudes floristiques et phytogéographiques faites au cours d'une exploration dans le sud-ouest de l'Algérie en 1901 |journal=Annuaire du Conservatoire et du jardin botaniques de Genève |volume=8 |pages=22–235 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36501437 |access-date=2024-03-13 }} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36501565 p. 146]</ref> In 1961, [[Vernon Heywood]] treated the taxon as a subspecies, ''B.&nbsp;vulgaris'' subsp. ''australis'', rather than as a variety or species, a treatment accepted by [[Plants of the World Online]] {{As of|2024|March|lc=yes}}.<ref name=POWO_77250008-1/>

==Distribution==
⚫
''Berberis vulgaris'' subsp. ''australis'' is native southern [[Spain]], [[Morocco]] and [[Algeria]].<ref name=POWO_77250008-1/> It appears from 1000&nbsp;m or up to 2000&nbsp;m in elevation. It is found on hedges of [[mountain]]s overlooking the Mediterranean.<ref name="elsaposabio">Berberis hispanica (Spanish) http://www.elsaposabio.com/cienciasnaturales/?p=2071</ref>


==Uses==
==Uses==
The root and flowers have been used to extract yellow dyes. The fruits are sweet and sour tastes. The fruits have been used to produce syrups and soft drinks. The fruits are rich in [[Vitamin C]]. The bark contains an [[alkaloid]], Berberine. It stimulates the uterus and the intestine. It may cause liver complaints, rheumatism and sciatica.<ref name="elsaposabio" /> Some species of the genus ''Berberis'' are used as ornamental plants. Barberry is often parasitized by the fungus ''Puccinia gram inis'' and becoming part of the life cycle of the fungus. For this reason, barberry was removed from many places.<ref name="elsaposabio" />
The root and flowers have been used to extract yellow dyes. The fruits are sweet and sour tastes. The fruits have been used to produce syrups and soft drinks. The fruits are rich in [[Vitamin C]]. The bark contains an [[alkaloid]], [[Berberine]]. It stimulates the uterus and the intestine. It may cause liver complaints, rheumatism and sciatica.<ref name="elsaposabio" /> Some species of the genus ''Berberis'' are used as ornamental plants. Barberry is often parasitized by the fungus ''Puccinia graminis'' and becoming part of the life cycle of the fungus. For this reason, barberry was removed from many places.<ref name="elsaposabio" />


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q4891049}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q49629766|from2=Q38527857|from3=Q4891049}}


[[Category:Berberis|hispanica]]
[[Category:Berberis|vulgaris australis]]
[[Category:Flora of Morocco]]
[[Category:Flora of Morocco]]
[[Category:Flora of Spain]]
[[Category:Flora of Spain]]
[[Category:Flora of Algeria]]
[[Category:Flora of Algeria]]
[[Category:Flora of Tunisia]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1839]]
[[Category:Flora of Portugal]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Pierre Edmond Boissier]]

Latest revision as of 09:10, 17 May 2024

Berberis vulgaris subsp. australis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Berberidaceae
Genus: Berberis
Species:
B. vulgaris
Subspecies:
B. v. subsp. australis
Trinomial name
Berberis vulgaris subsp. australis
Synonyms[1]
  • Berberis australis Hochr.
  • Berberis hispanica Boiss. & Reut.
  • Berberis vulgaris subsp. hispanica (Boiss. & Reut.) Malag.
  • Berberis vulgaris var. australis Boiss.

Berberis vulgaris subsp. australis, synonym Berberis hispanica, is a shrub belonging to the family Berberidaceae[1] and the genus Berberis (pronounced bẽr’ber-is). It is a woody plant and parts of the plant are considered toxic, although the berries are edible and juicy.

Description[edit]

Berberis vulgaris subsp. australis is a deciduous shrub growing up to 3 m (10 ft) high. The stems and young branches are reddish or dark purple. The bark is covered with 3 to 5 branched spines, which are bracts or modified leaves. The central spine is usually larger. The leaves are oval, arranged in fascicles on short peduncles originated in the axils of the spines. The leaves are thick, leathery, similar to the size of the spines, and 1 to 5 cm long. Each leaf is attached to a short petiole.[2]

The flowers are yellow. They form raceme inflorescence and make clusters of 3 to 9 flowers attached in a long panicle. Each flower is about 6 mm in diameter. The sepals are oval and entire. The petals are similar to sepals. The interiors of the flowers are filled with nectar at base. The flowers usually contain six stamens. The fruits are oblong lilacs or blue berries. The fruits are 1 cm long and covered with wax. The berries contain two seeds. The flowers are mature from April to June.[2]

At Arboretum La Alfaguara

Taxonomy[edit]

The taxon was first described by Pierre Edmond Boissier in 1839 as Berberis vulgaris var. australis. In 1852, Boissier and Georges François Reuter described Berberis hispanica as a separate species. In 1904, Bénédict P. G. Hochreutiner raised B. vulgaris var. australis to the full species Berberis australis, treating B. hispanica as a synonym.[3] In 1961, Vernon Heywood treated the taxon as a subspecies, B. vulgaris subsp. australis, rather than as a variety or species, a treatment accepted by Plants of the World Online as of March 2024.[1]

Distribution[edit]

Berberis vulgaris subsp. australis is native southern Spain, Morocco and Algeria.[1] It appears from 1000 m or up to 2000 m in elevation. It is found on hedges of mountains overlooking the Mediterranean.[2]

Uses[edit]

The root and flowers have been used to extract yellow dyes. The fruits are sweet and sour tastes. The fruits have been used to produce syrups and soft drinks. The fruits are rich in Vitamin C. The bark contains an alkaloid, Berberine. It stimulates the uterus and the intestine. It may cause liver complaints, rheumatism and sciatica.[2] Some species of the genus Berberis are used as ornamental plants. Barberry is often parasitized by the fungus Puccinia graminis and becoming part of the life cycle of the fungus. For this reason, barberry was removed from many places.[2]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d "Berberis vulgaris subsp. australis (Boiss.) Heywood". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2024-03-13.
  2. ^ a b c d e Berberis hispanica (Spanish) http://www.elsaposabio.com/cienciasnaturales/?p=2071
  3. ^ Hochreutiner, B. P. G. (1904). "Le Sud-Oranais. Etudes floristiques et phytogéographiques faites au cours d'une exploration dans le sud-ouest de l'Algérie en 1901". Annuaire du Conservatoire et du jardin botaniques de Genève. 8: 22–235. Retrieved 2024-03-13. p. 146
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