Common barberry

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Common barberry
Common barberry (Berberis vulgaris)

Common barberry ( Berberis vulgaris )

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Eudicotyledons
Order : Buttercups (Ranunculales)
Family : Barberry family (Berberidaceae)
Genre : Barberries ( Berberis )
Type : Common barberry
Scientific name
Berberis vulgaris
L.
illustration
Barberry bush

The Berberis vulgaris ( Berberis vulgaris ) and Barberry, vinegar berry or True barberry called, is a shrub from the family of Barberry (Berberidaceae). The common barberry is common in Europe and Asia . The German name comes from the medieval Latin berbaris, from Arabic Barbari. The species is the best-known representative of the genus of barberries ( Berberis ) in Europe .

description

The barberry is a deciduous shrub with leaf thorns that reaches heights of 1 to 3 meters. The branches have one to seven-part thorns (transformed leaves of the long shoots), from whose axils foliage leaves arise on short shoots. Three-part and multi-part thorn leaves are formed on the base of the shoot and only one-part on the tip of the shoot. The emergence of the thorn leaves from normal foliage leaves can be traced on saplings using transition leaves. The bark is yellow-brown to gray on the outside and bright yellow on the inside.

The flowers are yellow, hemispherical, bell-shaped nectar - bearing disc flowers . They are found in up to thirty-flowered hanging racemose inflorescences , which are located as long shoots at the end of short shoots. The flowers have six yellow, calyx-like tepals, six also yellow, corolla-like nectar leaves with basal nectar glands and, standing in front of these, six stamens with flap open anthers. The stamens are sensitive to pressure in the lower part of the inside ( seismonasty ). There is a turgor mechanism with an all-or-nothing reaction: Above a certain pressure, a sudden (reversible) movement of the stamens towards the stylus occurs in 1 ⁄ 10 of a second . This will force the sticky pollen onto the pollinating insects . Spontaneous self- pollination also takes place before blooming . The intense spermatic smell of the flowers is perceived by some as unpleasant.

The flowering period extends from May to June.

The fruits are scarlet-red berries up to an inch long . These are edible, but very acidic due to the six percent malic acid and other fruit acids . The red fruits from August are z. T. winter cows , the seeds are digested by birds . One or two seeds are formed in the fruits; there are rarely more than two seeds in one fruit.

The chromosome number of the species is 2n = 28.

ecology

The flowers are homogeneous , that is, stamens and stigmas ripen at the same time. The nectar- collecting insects - flies , hymenoptera and beetles - visit the flowers, which point horizontally to diagonally downwards and are thus protected from the rain. In the non-irritated state, the stamens are completely enveloped by the concave petals. If an insect sucks up the nectar at the bottom of the flower, the stamen is irritated and hits the head of the animal with the opened anther . As a rule, the insect then leaves the flower and visits another, where the pollen remains on the sticky edge of the disc that sits on the ovary and causes cross- pollination . If there is no insect visit, the anthers touch the stigma by themselves when the flower wilts , which leads to self-pollination .

The common barberry is the intermediate host of the grain rust. In summer it causes the rust-red pustules on the underside of the leaves.

The fruits are eaten by birds, the seeds are later excreted and thus spread.

The thorns serve to avoid animal damage. The barberry is one of the SO 2 -sensitive shrub species.

According to a study, Berberis vulgaris is able to kill seeds infected by an insect infestation by the sea ​​buckthorn borer fly ( Rhagoletis meigenii ). The plant even differentiates between fruits with one or two seeds. Only in the case of infested fruits with two seeds is one killed as a preventive measure in order to prevent the larva of the bored fly from developing and inevitably eating both seeds. If only one seed is planted in the infected fruit, the seed is not killed in order to use the chance for reproduction if the larva should die for other reasons.

Toxicity

With the exception of the berries, the whole plant is poisonous, especially the roots; the alkaloid content of around 15 percent is greatest in the root bark.

The main toxic ingredients are about 1–3 percent berberine , furthermore jatrorhizin, palmatine, columbamine, isotetrandine, magnoflorine and berbamine.

Symptoms of poisoning are: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, kidney irritation, nephritis . According to the literature, it was predominantly one to five year olds who were affected in the months from May to January, with only 10 percent of the children experiencing symptoms in the stomach and intestines.

Occurrence

The barberry occurs naturally in western, central and southern Europe, but not in the British Isles and Scandinavia. To the east, the distribution extends to the Caucasus. In the Alps the barberry rises up to 2500 meters above sea level. In the Allgäu Alps it occurs only up to 1900 m above sea level in the Tyrolean part at the southern foot of the Roten Flüh .

This species prefers calcareous, dry to moderately moist locations in both light and partial shade. It prefers forest edges, bushes, light floodplains. According to Ellenberg , it is a semi-light plant, distributed sub-oceanic, growing in low-nitrogen locations and a type of association of heat-loving barberry bushes (Berberidion vulgaris).

General distribution

The common barberry is a South European-West Asian plant. The northern border of their area lies with Scotland , Norway ( Trondheim ), southern Sweden and the Baltic States ; the eastern border lies in the lower Volga region , in the Caucasus and in northern Iran; the southern border in southern Spain, central Italy, northern Greece and in Asia Minor .

Diseases

The barberry is an intermediate host of black rust ( Puccinia graminis ) and has therefore been almost extinct in Europe. Infected barberry leaves have orange-yellow to rust-brown pustules on the underside, from which spores of the black rust fungus are spread by the wind. When the connection between barberry and black rust began to be recognized in the 18th century, a violent dispute broke out in France between farmers and jam-makers who accused the farmers of superstition . The function of the barberry as an intermediate host was scientifically confirmed by the botanist and mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary in 1866. In addition to black rust, other rust fungi colonize the barberry: Puccinia arrhenatheri (forms witch brooms and there is a change of host with oat ), Puccinia brachypodii (change of host with Zwenken ), Puccinia pygmaea (change of host with riding grasses , rarely also ostrich grasses ) and Puccinia poae-nemoralis (change of host with panicle grasses and other sweet grasses). In addition, the powdery mildew fungi Phyllactinia berberidis and Erysiphe berberidis occur on the leaves.

use

Barberry fruits

The red fruits of the barberry are largely free of berberine and berbamine and therefore edible. They are very rich in vitamins and have a sour taste. They are traditionally used in Europe to make jams . They are dried like raisins z. B. eaten in muesli. The berries of the barberry are used for cooking in oriental countries, especially in Iran . There they are mainly used for sweet and sour seasoning of rice (e.g. Sereschk Polo  - "barberry rice "), but also of fish and roasts. In the Khorasan region alone , the center of the cultivation area in northeastern Iran, around 4500 tons of fruit are harvested each year. The seedless variety 'Asperma' has been cultivated in this province for about 200 years. But they are probably old common barberries, the fruits of which - as Clusius had observed - become seedless with age.

Bark and roots were used to dye textiles, leather and wood yellow . The hard wood is used for inlay and turning work. In folk medicine, the barberry root is used, among other things, for liver dysfunction, gall bladder, jaundice and digestive disorders. The isoquinoline alkaloid berberine , named after Berberis vulgaris , is responsible for the yellowish color of the barberry root (Radix berberidis) as well as for some of the main effects of the drug. Berberine is a promising substance for drug research, for example due to its lipid and blood sugar lowering effects. With an addition of up to 20% barberry root bark to liver or biliary teas, barberry root bark counteracts acute pancreatitis.

The barberry is also common as an ornamental plant .

With the common Oregon grape ( Mahonia aquifolium ) the common barberry forms the genus hybrid ×  Mahoberberis neubertii .

history

Ancient and Middle Ages

The botanist doctors of the 15th and 16th centuries looked for the barberry in the works of the ancients. They interpreted the barberry mostly as "oxyakantha" - "pyracantha" - "appendix" of the Greco-Roman writers and doctors Dioscurides , Pliny and Galen and as "amiberis" - "berberis" of the Arab doctors.

Accordingly, the fruits should satisfy diarrhea and stomach grief, as well as the flow of women. They should calm the stomach and quench thirst . When used externally as a poultice, they should remove splinters and thorns and heal hot ulcers . Dioscurides also mentioned the superstition that the root - hit or rubbed three times over the belly of a pregnant woman - should cause premature birth . Avicenna judged the fruits according to the juice theory as "cold and dry in the end of the third degree".

In the Physica manuscripts from the 14th to 15th centuries attributed to Hildegard von Bingen , the barberry was called "meltzboum" and "gelbaum". It was called "gel (b) tree" because its bark was used to color it yellow. Hildegard judged that the fruits should not be taken as medicinal products because of their coldness and because of their properties that are directed against human nature. However, an ointment prepared from the buds that break open and the powder from the buds are suitable for the treatment of skin diseases ("scrofeln").

With reference to the clerical doctor Johann von Sachsen, who was attested in Strasbourg in 1392, Gundolf Keil emphasizes that he included local drugs (barberry, crabapple , buttermilk ) in his medicine treasure when fighting a fever epidemic in an army camp on the Upper Rhine . In Alsatian and Nuremberg manuscripts of the 15th century, distillates made from the fruits of barberry were recommended against hot flatulence and loss of appetite. Hieronymus Brunschwig took this information from Alsatian manuscripts into his small distilling book from 1500.

The Mainz herb book incunabula Herbarius Moguntinus (1484), Gart der Gesundheit (1485) and Hortus sanitatis (1491) obtained their information on barberry from the Arab pseudo-Serapion of the 13th century. In Gart health formed Erhard Reuwich 1485 a branch of barberry from natural.

Modern times

The herb book authors of the 16th century also referred to the authors of antiquity and the Middle Ages in their statements about barberries. Hieronymus Bock also gave a detailed description of the plant in 1546 and gave detailed information on the best method of propagating it by cuttings .

In the official pharmacopoeia “Prussian Pharmacopoeia” the berries (“Baccae Berberidis”) and a syrup made from the berries (“Syrupus Berberum”) were listed from the first edition in 1799 to the fifth edition in 1829. In the sixth edition in 1848 they were no longer mentioned. In 1830 Johann Andreas Buchner and Johann Eduard Herberger isolated the alkaloid berberine from the root bark of the common barberry .

In March 1989, Commission E of the BGA published a negative rating for barberry fruits, barberry bark, barberry root bark and barberry root.

Seedless varieties

Clusius described a seedless variety that he had seen in Aschaffenburg am Main: “Istius porrò Berberis genus, Aschafenburgi ad Moenum quinis supra Francofurtu miliaribus, inveniri, cujus baccae sive acini granis interioribus careant, ad condiédum proculdubio aptissebam, non modò sedu intelligebam, non modò sedo aptissimi in ejus fruticem in culto horto Ioannis Müller diligentissimi Pharmacopaei & civis Francofurtésis conspiciebam. ”-“ I not only learned that this Berberis species was found in Aschaffenburg am Main five miles above Frankfurt, the berries of which have no seeds inside - they are Undoubtedly very suitable for seasoning - but I also saw the large fruit from him in the well-tended garden of the extremely conscientious pharmacist and Frankfurt citizen Johann Müller. ” Johann Georg Krünitz (1728–1796) also described seedless sea buckthorn fruits that are said to be found in older shrubs . He also said that after the shrub was rejuvenated, you would get fruit with seeds again. Krünitz described varieties with white fruits as "Berberis fructu albo", known today as the Alba variety .

Historical illustrations

Fiction

The teenage heroine of Berberitzchen, a story by Irene Forbes-Mosse (in: Berberitzchen and other stories, 1910), got her nickname from the barberry.

Common names

For the common barberry there are or existed, sometimes only regionally, the other German-language trivial names : Ruht Aegresch ( Transylvania , rests in the sense of red), Augmier ( Middle High German ), Augensmier (Middle High German), Baisselbeere ( Brixen , Salzburg ), Bassberry ( Tyrol , Carinthia ), white berry (Tyrol near Brixen, Salzburg), barberry ( Weser ), barberry ( Mecklenburg , Schleswig-Holstein ), berberberry, berberberry bush, berbis, berbserbeer (Middle High German), Bersich (Middle High German), beggar's herb ( Graubünden ) , Bromlbeer (Tyrol near Lienz ), Erbeseff (Middle High German), Erbesep (Middle High German), Erbesich (Middle High German), Erbesop (Middle High German), Ebesus (Middle High German), Erbishöhler ( Memmingen ), Erbsal (since the 15th century at the latest), Erbsalle (Graubünden) ), Erbsel (s) and Erbsele ( Switzerland ), Erbseldorn (Switzerland, Ulm ), Erbselnholz (Switzerland, Ulm), Erbselnwurz (Graubünden), Erbshöfen ( Swabia ), Erbshofen ( Silesia n ), Erbsal ( Hieronymus Brunschwig 1500), Erbsich ( Gart der Gesundheit 1485), Erbsich ( Bavaria ), Erbsichdorn (Bavaria), Erbsidel (Bavaria), Erbsip (Bavaria), Erbsippe (Bavaria), Ferresbeer, Frauasuampfara ( St. Gallen ), Gälhügel ( Appenzell , Glarus , Chur , Graubünden), Galhageldorn (St. Gallen), Gelbaum ( Hildegard von Bingen , 12th century), Geissblatt (Graubünden), Hahnhöttle, Katzinore (Middle High German), Kirspele (Middle High German), Krispese (Middle High German), Kolshals (Middle High German), Meltzboum (Hildegard von Bingen, 12. Century), Preisselbeer ( Leonhart Fuchs 1543), Paisselbeer (Middle High German), Passelbeere (Tyrol), Peisselbeer, Persich (Middle High German), Peyssel (Middle High German), Peysselbeerenstruk (Mecklenburg), Poasselbeer (Salzburg), Prümel (Middle High German), Ripe Berry ( Schaffhausen ), rice berries, rice berries, rhubarb berries ( East Prussia ), Rifspitzbeere (Graubünden), Salsendorn (Silesia), Sauerach, Sauerachdorn ( Alsace ), Saurach (Alsace), Saurauch, Schwidere ( Wallis ), Spinnberry (Henneberg) Upper Engadin ), pointed berry (Graubünden, Appenzell), Suerdurn (Mecklenburg), Suroch, Surach (Alsace 15th century), Surach, Surauch (Middle High German), Surouch, Uerbseln (Schaffhausen), Versitz (Herbarius Moguntinus 1484), Versich, Versichdorn, Versig, Versiltz (Middle High German), Versing, Versiz (mentioned as early as 1484), Wildweinreb (Middle High German), Weinäugleinstrauch, Weindling, Weindel Per (Nuremberg 15th century), Weindling (Middle High German), Weinlägelein (Ulm, in the sense of deposit in the wine, already mentioned in 1542), wine Ling ( upper Hungary , middle high German), wine pest ( Austria ), Weinschärlein (Bayern), wine Scheid Ling (Austria), wine Scherling (Austria), wine hemlock, Weinschürling, Weinzäpfel, Wütscherling, Zizerln ( Linz , based on the fruit) and purpose wood.

literature

  • Peter Schütt, Horst Weisgerber and others: Encyclopedia of Bushes. Nikol Verlagsgesellschaft, Hamburg 2006, ISBN 3-937872-40-X .
  • Manfred A. Fischer , Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol. 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
  • D. Aichele, H.-W. Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe. Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08048-X .
  • Reinhold Erlbeck, Ilse Haseder, Gerhard KF Stinglwagner: The Cosmos Forest and Forest Lexicon. Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-09316-6 .
  • Heinz Ellenberg : Vegetation of Central Europe with the Alps from an ecological, dynamic and historical perspective. 5th, heavily changed and improved edition. Ulmer, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-8001-2696-6 .
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany. A botanical-ecological excursion companion to the most important species. 6th, completely revised edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2005, ISBN 3-494-01397-7 .
  • Margot Spohn, Marianne Golte-Bechtle: What is blooming there? Encyclopedia, Kosmosverlag, 2005.
  • Lutz Roth, Max Daunderer, Karl Kormann: Poisonous plants plant poisons. 6th revised edition, Nikol-Verlag, Hamburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-86820-009-6 .
  • Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi (Hrsg.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg. Volume 1: General Part, Special Part (Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta): Lycopodiaceae to Plumbaginaceae , 2nd, supplemented edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1993, ISBN 3-8001-3322-9 .
  • Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe. Franckh-Kosmos-Verlag, 2nd revised edition 1994, 2000, Volume 2, ISBN 3- 440-08048-X,

Web links

Commons : Common Barberry ( Berberis vulgaris )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Barberry  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8th edition, page 422. Stuttgart, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2001. ISBN 3-8001-3131-5
  2. ↑ Katrin M. Meyer, Leo L. Soldaat, Harald Auge, Hans-Hermann Thulke: Adaptive and Selective Seed Abortion Reveals Complex Conditional Decision Making in Plants. In: The American Naturalist. Vol. 183, no. 3, 2014, doi : 10.1086 / 675063 .
  3. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 560.
  4. ↑ A. Naef, BA Roy, R. Kaiser, R. Honegger: Insect-mediated reproduction of systemic infections by Puccinia arrhenatheri on Berberis vulgaris. In: New Phytologist. 2002; 154, pp. 717-730, doi : 10.1046 / j.1469-8137.2002.00406.x .
  5. ↑ Friedemann Klenke, Markus Scholler: Plant Parasitic Small Mushrooms: Identification book for fire, rust, powdery mildew, flagellate mushrooms and usury relatives in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and South Tyrol . Springer-Verlag, 2015, ISBN 978-3-662-46162-4 , pp. 172 f . ( accessed from Google Books ).
  6. ↑ Thomas Schöpke: Berberidis radix cortices. (No longer available online.) Uni-greifswald.de, February 8, 2000, archived from the original on June 21, 2012 ; accessed on August 14, 2012 (information from the University of Greifswald). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / pharm1.pharmazie.uni-nahmswald.de
  7. ↑ Horst Schmandke: Berberine. An isoquinoline alkaloid from barberry with blood glucose and lipid lowering effects. Nutrition Umschau, October 7, 2007, accessed February 23, 2014 .
  8. ↑ Pedanios Dioscurides . 1st century De Medicinali Materia libri quinque. Book I, Chapter 122: Oxyacantha. Pyracantha (In the translation by Julius Berendes . Des Pedanius Dioskurides Medicines theory in 5 books. Enke, Stuttgart 1902 (p. 109)) (digital copy)
  9. ↑ Pliny the Elder . 1st century Naturalis historia . Book XXIV, 70: Appendix… Pyracantha: (digitized version)
  10. ^ Galen , 2nd century, De alimentorum facultatibus . Book II, Chapter 49 (In: CG Kühn, Leipzig 1823, Volume 6, pp. 643-644): Oxyacantha (digitalisat) ; De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis ac facultatibus . Volume VI, Chapter 13, Paragraph 11 (In: CG Kühn, Leipzig 1826, Volume 12, p. 90): De oxyacantho, spina acuta (digitized version)
  11. ^ Avicenna . 10-11 Century canon of medicine . Book II. Simple Medicines. Translation by Gerhard von Cremona and Arnaldus de Villanova . Revision by Andrea Alpago (1450–1521). Basel 1556, Amiberis - Spina acuta (digitized version )
  12. ↑ Constantine the African . 11th century Liber des gradibus simplicium = translation of the Liber des gradibus simplicium of Ibn al-Jazzar . 10th century print Opera , Basel 1536, p. 364: Berberis (digitized version)
  13. ↑ Approximately instans . 12th century print Venice 1497, sheet 191v: Berberis (digitized version )
  14. ↑ Pseudo-Serapion . 13th century print. Venice 1497, sheet 128r: Berberis (digitized)
  15. ↑ Abu Muhammad ibn al-Baitar . 13th century Kitāb al-jāmiʿ li-mufradāt al-adwiya wa al-aghdhiya - Large compilation of the powers of the well-known simple healing foods and foods. Translation. Joseph Sontheimer under the title Large compilation on the powers of the well-known simple healing and food. Hallberger, Stuttgart Volume I 1840, p. 79: Amabaris (digitized version )
  16. ↑ Hildegard von Bingen . (12th century), Physica III, chapter 45: Meltzboum. Edition. Charles Victor Daremberg and Friedrich Anton Reuss (1810–1868). S. Hildegardis Abbatissae Subtilitatum Diversarum Naturarum Creaturarum Libri Novem. Migne, Paris 1855. Sp. 1241 after the Paris manuscript. Liber beate Hildegardis subtilitatum diversarum naturarum creaturarum et sic de aliis quam multis bonis. Paris. Bibliothèque Nationale. Codex 6952 f. 156-232. Complete handwriting. 15th century (1425-1450) (digitized)
  17. ^ Ernest Wickersheimer : Contribution à l'histoire des épidémies à Strasbourg pendant le moyen âge: Le régime de mâitre Jean de Saxe suivi d'une note sur le régime des cinq médecins strasbourgeoises. In: Janus. Volume 28, 1924, pp. 369-379.
  18. ^ Gundolf Keil: Johann von Sachsen. In: The German literature of the Middle Ages. Author Lexicon. 2nd Edition. Volume 4, De Gruyter, Berlin etc. 1983, Col. 730-731.
  19. ^ Gundolf Keil: Johann von Sachsen. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil, Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 699 f.
  20. ↑ Frankfurt, ms. Germ. Qu 17, Alsace, first quarter 15th century, sheet 349va.. "Suroch water vnd damper water sint swelcken good for vnd brin gent pleasure to eat vnd och garnet win vnd quencheth evil heat" (digital copy)
  21. ↑ Heidelberg, C pg 226, Alsace from 1459 to 1469, Journal 103v: "Surach is water getruncken well before the wilchen vnd bring pleasure to eat vnd leschet all bose hicze in the liver" (digital copy)
  22. ↑ Heidelberg, Cpg 545 Nuremberg 1474, sheet 99v: “Weindling water wechgst auf dem ere si. Item Berberis water that one perst out of the red pearl which one calls weindel per. grow on the erbsi holcz with you with your rintten gel verbt for bos hicz item the water is good for pos hicz to enjoy eating and drinking and it makes you want to eat when man is drinking or dipping a bread so you eat that is for geswellen gut " (digitized version )
  23. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig . Small distilling book . Strasbourg 1500, sheet 118 (digitized version)
  24. ↑ Herbarius Moguntinus , Mainz 1484, Chapter 29 (digitized version)
  25. ↑ Gart der Gesundheit , Mainz 1485, Chapter 55 (digitized version)
  26. ↑ Hortus sanitatis , Mainz 1491, Chapter 72: Berberis. - (digitized version)
  27. ↑ Pseudo-Serapion . 13th century print. Venice 1497, sheet 128r: Berberis (digitized)
  28. ↑ Otto Brunfels . Kreuterbuch , Strasbourg 1537, p. 118: Saurrauch (digitized version )
  29. ↑ Leonhart Fuchs . Kreuterbuch , Basel 1543, chapter 206: Preisselbeer, Saurrauch (digitized version )
  30. ↑ Hieronymus Bock . Kreuterbuch , Strasbourg 1546, part III, chapter 21: Sawerach Erbsal (digitized version )
  31. ^ Pharmacopoeia Borussica . Georg Decker, Berlin 1799, p. 6: Baccae Berberidis (digitized version ) P. 147-148: Syrupus Berberum (digitized version )
  32. ^ Prussian Pharmacopoeia. Fifth edition. Translation of the Latin original. Carl Friedrich Plahn, Berlin 1829, p. 23: Baccae Berberidis: (digitized) p. 238-239: Syrupus Berberidum: (digitized)
  33. ^ Johann Andreas Buchner and Johann Eduard Herberger. Chemical treatise on the barberry root . In: JA Buchner (Ed.) Repertorium für die Pharmacie , Schrag, Nürnberg 1830 (Volume 36), pp. 1–53 (digitized version )
  34. ^ Wolfgang circle. Berberis . In: Rudolf Hänsel , K. Keller, H. Rimpler and G. Schneider (Eds.) Hager's Handbook of Pharmaceutical Practice . 5th edition, Springer Berlin etc. 1992, Volume 4, pp. 480-497: Berberis
  35. ↑ Hieronymus Brunschwig . Small distilling book . Strasbourg 1500, sheet 106v-107r digitized version of the Bavarian State Library
  36. ↑ Gart der Gesundheit . (Mainz 1485). Edition Augsburg (Schönsperger) 1485, chapter 55 digitized Bavarian State Library
  37. ↑ Hildegard von Bingen . Physica. Printed edition Strasbourg 1533, III, 49 digitized version of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek
  38. ↑ Leonhart Fuchs . New Kreütterbuch. Strasbourg 1543, Chapter 206 Digital copy of the Bavarian State Library
  39. ↑ Frankfurt Ms. Germ. qu. 17 Alsace 1st quarter of the 15th century sheet 349va [1]
  40. ↑ Heidelberg Cpg 226 Elsass1459-1469, sheet 103v [2]
  41. ↑ Herbarius Moguntinus. Mainz 1484, Chapter 29 digitized version of the Bavarian State Library
  42. ↑ Heidelberg Cpg 545 Nuremberg 1474, sheet 99v [3]
  43. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, page 56 f., Online.
  44. ↑ Heinrich Marzell : Dictionary of German plant names. Hirzel, Leipzig 1943–1958, Vol. I, Sp. 575.

pharmacology