Barberries

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Barberries
Common barberry (Berberis vulgaris), illustration

Common barberry ( Berberis vulgaris ), illustration

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Eudicotyledons
Order : Buttercups (Ranunculales)
Family : Barberry family (Berberidaceae)
Subfamily : Berberidoideae
Genre : Barberries
Scientific name
Berberis
L.

The barberry ( Berberis ) are a plant kind from the family of Barberry (Berberidaceae). Some authors also include the species of the genus Mahonia ( Mahonia ) in the genus Berberis . With 400 to 600 species, barberries are among the most species-rich types of wood.

description

Berberis species are evergreen or deciduous shrubs , rarely small trees .

The inside of the bark and the wood are yellow. The branches are round, angular or furrowed. Barberries are thorny, the thorns are one to five parts. The thorns on the long shoots are transformed leaves (leaf thorns), in whose axils the tufted leaves develop on short shoots . The alternate and simple leaves are often covered with a waxy hoop, serrated on the edges and usually stalked.

The inflorescences are structured very differently, rarely the flowers stand individually. The hermaphrodite flowers are threefold, light yellow to yellow-orange. Sepals are usually six, rarely three or nine. There are six petals and stamens in each flower; the petals are sometimes smaller than the sepals, which are similar to the petals. There are two nectaries at the base of the petals . When the inside of the stamen is touched, the stamens fold inwards towards the stigma and cover the flower visitors with pollen . The ovary is on top, the stigma sessile or on a short stylus.

Evergreen barberries mostly have black berries, whereas deciduous (deciduous) species tend to have red berries . All parts of the plant, except for the ripe berries, are more or less poisonous. The main active ingredient is the alkaloid berberine , which is used as a remedy in folk medicine .

distribution

The genus Berberis has a disjoint area . Most of the species are common in temperate East Asia and the Himalayas . There are also numerous species in the South American Andes . In Europe, only two to four species are native.

In nature, barberries are often pioneer plants .

Barberries can transfer black rust from grain to wheat.

Berberis actinacantha , illustration
Clustered barberry ( Berberis aggregata )
Canadian barberry ( Berberis canadensis )
Darwin's barberry
( Berberis darwinii )
Crowberry-leaved barberry ( Berberis empetrifolia )
Gagnepain's barberry
( Berberis gagnepainii )
Berberis jaeschkeana
Julianes barberry
( Berberis julianae )
Berberis montana
Narrow-leaved barberry ( Berberis × stenophylla )
Thunberg's barberry
( Berberis thunbergii )
Berberis trifoliolata
Linear-leaved barberry ( Berberis trigona )
Warty barberry
( Berberis verruculosa )

Systematics

Many species are nature hybrids . In the extremely species-rich genus Berberis , 400 to 600 species have been described (over 200 species in the Chinese flora alone). Here is a selection:

European species
  • Berberis aetnensis C. Presl (Syn .: B. vulgaris subsp. Aetnensis (C. Presl) Rouy & Fouc. ), Origin : Sicily, southern Italy, Corsica, Sardinia
  • Cretan barberry ( Berberis cretica L. ), native to: Greece, Aegean Sea, Turkey, Cyprus
  • Berberis hispanica Boiss. & Reut. (Syn .: B. vulgaris subsp. Australis (Boiss.) Heywood ), native to: southern Spain, Algeria, Morocco
  • Common barberry , buckthorn ( Berberis vulgaris L. ), Origin: Europe, Middle East, naturalized in North America
Non-European species
Hybrids
  • Berberis × bristolensis Ahrendt (= Berberis calliantha × Berberis verruculosa )
  • Scarlet barberry ( Berberis × carminea Ahrendt = Berberis aggregata × Berberis wilsoniae var. Parvifolia )
  • Frikarts barberry ( Berberis × frikartii C.K. Schneid. = Berberis candidula × Berberis verruculosa )
  • Berberis × hybrido-gagnepainii Ahrendt (= Berberis gagnepainii × Berberis verruculosa )
  • Berberis × interposita Ahrendt (= Berberis hookeri var. Viridis × Berberis verruculosa )
  • Lolog barberry ( Berberis × lologensis Sandwith = Berberis darwinii × Berberis linearifolia )
  • Berberis × media Groot. (= Berberis candidula × Berberis thunbergii )
  • Berberis × mentorensis L.M. Ames (= Berberis julianae × Berberis thunbergii )
  • Berberis × ottawensis C.K. Cutting. (= Berberis thunbergii × Berberis vulgaris )
  • Berberis × rubrostilla Chitt. (= Berberis aggregata × Berberis wilsoniae var. Parvifolia )
  • Narrow-leaved barberry ( Berberis × stenophylla Lindl. = Berberis darwinii × Berberis empetrifolia )

use

Barberries are often planted as ornamental trees in gardens and parks . Many species can also be used as hedges . There are many cultivated forms.

The berries are used, for example, in Persian cuisine (barberry rice) to refine dishes. The taste is slightly sour.

Commercially, there are dried barberries fruits (berries) for consumption, over a very high -vitamin C have content.

Some species are used medicinally.

See also

swell

  • Berberis on the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.

literature

  • Alan T. Whittemore: Berberis. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 3: Magnoliophyta: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 1997, ISBN 0-19-511246-6 (English, online ). (Section description)
  • Junsheng Ying, Ying Tsun-shen: Berberis. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 19: Cucurbitaceae through Valerianaceae, with Annonaceae and Berberidaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-04-9 , pp. 715-771 (English, online ). (Sections Description and Systematics)
  • Franz H. Meyer, Ulrich Hecker, Hans Rolf Höster, Fred-Günter Schroeder: Woody flora. Founded by Jost Fitschen. 11th expanded and corrected edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01268-7 .
  • Robert Zander : Zander. Concise dictionary of plant names. Edited by Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold . 17th edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-8001-3573-6 .
  • John Kelly, John Hillier: The Hillier Trees & Shrubs. Thalacker-Medien, Braunschweig 1997, ISBN 3-87815-086-5 .
  • Andreas Roloff, Andreas Bärtels: Flora of the woods. Purpose, properties and use . With a winter key from Bernd Schulz. 2nd completely revised edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2006, ISBN 3-8001-4832-3 .
  • Christopher Brickell: The Great Plant Encyclopedia. A to Z (edited by The Royal Horticultural Society). Dorling Kindersley, Starnberg 2004, ISBN 3-8310-0657-1 .
  • Leslie R. Landrum: Revision of Berberis (Berberidaceae) in Chile and Adjacent Southern Argentina. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 86, No. 4, 1999, pp. 793-834 (online) .
  • Walter Erhardt, Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Rosie McCall: Biologists spot First UK Case Of An Ancient Crop Disease In Six Decades ( English ) IFLScience. February 15, 2018. Retrieved January 24, 2019.
  2. ↑ Werner Greuter , Hervé-Maurice Burdet , Guy Long (eds.): Med-Checklist. A critical inventory of vascular plants of the circum-Mediterranean countries . Vol. 1: Pteridophyta (ed. 2), Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones (Acanthaceae - Cneoraceae) . Conservatoire et Jardin Botanique, Genève 1984, ISBN 2-8277-0151-0 ( online ).
  3. ↑ Entries on Berberis in Plants For A Future

Web links

Commons : Barberries ( Berberis )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files