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{{Short description|Genus of spiders}}
{{italic title}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Parawixia
| taxon = Parawixia
| image = Garden Spider (Parawixia dehaani) (8752762063).jpg
| image = Garden Spider (Parawixia dehaani) (8752762063).jpg
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| image_caption = Abandoned web orb-weaver (''[[Parawixia dehaani|P. dehaani]]'') in [[Taman Negara National Park]], [[Malaysia]]
| image_width =
⚫
| authority = [[Frederick Octavius Pickard-Cambridge|F. O. Pickard-Cambridge]], 1904<ref name=NMBE />
⚫
| image_caption = ''[[Parawixia dehaani]]'' in [[Taman Negara National Park]], [[Malaysia]]
| type_species = ''[[Parawixia destricta|P. destricta]]''
⚫
| authority = [[Frederick Octavius Pickard-Cambridge|F. O. Pickard-Cambridge]], 1904<ref name = WSC_g376/>
| type_species_authority = ([[Octavius Pickard-Cambridge|O. Pickard-Cambridge]], 1889)
| subdivision_ranks = Species<ref name = WSC_g376/>
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
| subdivision = 31, [[#Species|see text]]
{{Specieslist
|[[Parawixia acapulco]]|Levi, 1992
|[[Parawixia audax]]|(Blackwall, 1863)
⚫
|[[Parawixia barbacoas]]|Levi, 1992
|[[Parawixia bistriata]]|(Rengger, 1836)
⚫
|[[Parawixia casa]]|Levi, 1992
|[[Parawixia Chubut]]|Levi, 2001
|[[Parawixia dehaani]]|(Doleschall, 1859)
⚫
|[[Parawixia destricta]]|(O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889)
|[[Parawixia divisoria]]|Levi, 1992
⚫
|[[Parawixia guatemalensis]]|(O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889)
⚫
|[[Parawixia honesta]]|(O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899)
⚫
|[[Parawixia hoxaea]]|(O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889)
⚫
|[[Parawixia hypocrite]]|(O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889)
|[[Parawixia inopinata]]|Camargo, 1950
|[[Parawixia kochi]]|(Taczanowski, 1873)
|[[Parawixia Maldonado]]|Levi, 1992
|[[Parawixia matiapa]]|Levi, 1992
⚫
|[[Parawixia monticola]]|Keyserling, 1892)
|[[Parawixia nesophila]]|Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936
⚫
|[[Parawixia ouro]]|Levi, 1992
⚫
|[[Parawixia porvenir]]|Levi, 1992
⚫
|[[Parawixia rigida]]|(O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889)
⚫
|[[Parawixia rimosa]]|(Keyserling, 1892)
|[[Parawixia tarapoa]]|Levi, 1992
⚫
|[[Parawixia tomba]]|Levi, 1992
⚫
|[[Parawixia tredecimnotata]]|F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904
|[[Parawixia undulate]]|(Keyserling, 1892)
⚫
|[[Parawixia velutina]]|(Taczanowski, 1878)
}}
}}
}}


'''''Parawixia''''' is a genus of orb web weaving spiders from the family [[Araneidae]].<ref name = WSC_g376>{{cite web | url = http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/376 | title = Gen. Parawixia F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 | accessdate = 18 September 2016 | publisher = Natural History Museum Bern}}</ref> Most species of ''Parawixia'' are found in the [[Neotropical|Neotropics]] but one species, ''[[Parawixia dehaani]]'', is found in [[Australasian ecozone|Australasia]] and tropical Asia as far west as [[India]].<ref name = WSC_g376/>
'''''Parawixia''''' is a [[genus]] of [[Araneidae|orb-weaver spiders]] first described by [[Frederick Octavius Pickard-Cambridge|F. O. Pickard-Cambridge]] in 1904.<ref name=Pick1904>{{citation| last=Pickard-Cambridge| first=F. O.| year=1904| contribution=Arachnida - Araneida and Opiliones| title=Biologia Centrali-Americana, Zoology}}</ref> Most species are found in the [[Neotropical|Neotropics]] but one species, ''[[Parawixia dehaani]]'', is found in [[Australasian realm|Australasia]] and tropical Asia as far west as [[India]].<ref name=NMBE />


==Natural history==
==Natural history==
''Parawixia audax'' is one of the better known species and it makes a loose, large web placing itself in the hub, head down, or in a retreat creasted from a rolled-leaf. These are places 1–2 m above the ground but most species probably live in the canopy and so are rarely collected. ''Parawixia bistriata'' is known to be social and makes its webs fairly high up, frequently on
''Parawixia audax'', one of the better known species, makes a large loose web, placing itself either in the center with its head down or in a retreat created from a rolled-leaf. This species builds webs {{convert|1|to|2|m}} above the ground, but there are likely many more species farther up in the canopy that are rarely collected by usual means.

telephone poles. All the individuals in a colony are of the same age and size and during the day they share a retreat in which they cluster together.<ref name = "Levi">{{cite journal | last1 = Levi | first1 = Herbert W. | year = 1992 | title = Spiders of the orb-weaver genus ''Parawixia'' in America (Araneae: Araneidae) | journal = Bulletin of The Museum of Comparative Zoology | volume = 153 | issue = 1 |pages = 1–46}}</ref>
''[[Parawixia bistriata]]'' builds its webs much higher from the ground, frequently found on telephone poles. It is known to be [[Sociality|social]], and all individuals in a colony are of the same age and size. During the day, they share a retreat where they cluster together.<ref name=Levi1992>{{cite journal| last=Levi| first=Herbert W.| year=1992| title=Spiders of the orb-weaver genus ''Parawixia'' in America (Araneae: Araneidae) |journal=Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology| volume=153 |issue=1 |pages=1–46}}</ref>

==Species==
{{as of|2019|04}} it contains thirty-one species:<ref name=NMBE>{{cite journal| title=Gen. Parawixia F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904| website=World Spider Catalog Version 20.0| accessdate=2019-05-14| year=2019| publisher=Natural History Museum Bern| url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/376| doi=10.24436/2| last1=Gloor| first1=Daniel| last2=Nentwig| first2=Wolfgang| last3=Blick| first3=Theo| last4=Kropf| first4=Christian}}</ref>
*''[[Parawixia acapulco]]'' <small>[[Herbert Walter Levi|Levi]], 1992</small> – Mexico
*''[[Parawixia audax]]'' <small>([[John Blackwall|Blackwall]], 1863)</small> – Colombia to Argentina
⚫
*''[[Parawixia barbacoas]]'' <small>Levi, 1992</small> – Colombia, Ecuador
*''[[Parawixia bistriata]]'' <small>(Rengger, 1836)</small> – Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina
⚫
*''[[Parawixia casa]]'' <small>Levi, 1992</small> – Colombia
*''[[Parawixia chubut]]'' <small>Levi, 2001</small> – Chile, Argentina
*''[[Parawixia dehaani]]'' <small>([[Carl Ludwig Doleschall|Doleschall]], 1859)</small> – India to Philippines, New Guinea
**''[[Parawixia dehaani|Parawixia d. octopunctigera]]'' <small>([[Embrik Strand|Strand]], 1911)</small> – Papua New Guinea (New Ireland)
**''[[Parawixia dehaani|Parawixia d. pygituberculata]]'' <small>(Strand, 1911)</small> – Papua New Guinea (New Ireland), Indonesia (Sulawesi)
**''[[Parawixia dehaani|Parawixia d. quadripunctigera]]'' <small>(Strand, 1911)</small> – Indonesia (Aru Is.)
⚫
*''[[Parawixia destricta]]'' <small>(O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889)</small> – Mexico to Panama
*''[[Parawixia divisoria]]'' <small>Levi, 1992</small> – Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia
⚫
*''[[Parawixia guatemalensis]]'' <small>(O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889)</small> – Mexico, Guatemala
⚫
*''[[Parawixia honesta]]'' <small>(O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899)</small> – Mexico
⚫
*''[[Parawixia hoxaea]]'' <small>(O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889)</small> – Guatemala to Panama
⚫
*''[[Parawixia hypocrita]]'' <small>(O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889)</small> – Guatemala to Brazil
*''[[Parawixia inopinata]]'' <small>[[Hélio Ferraz de Almeida Camargo|Camargo]], 1950</small> – Brazil
*''[[Parawixia kochi]]'' <small>([[Władysław Taczanowski|Taczanowski]], 1873)</small> – Trinidad to Brazil, Guyana, French Guiana
*''[[Parawixia maldonado]]'' <small>Levi, 1992</small> – Peru
*''[[Parawixia matiapa]]'' <small>Levi, 1992</small> – Trinidad, Colombia, Peru, Brazil
⚫
*''[[Parawixia monticola]]'' <small>([[Eugen von Keyserling|Keyserling]], 1892)</small> – Brazil
*''[[Parawixia nesophila]]'' <small>[[Ralph Vary Chamberlin|Chamberlin]] & [[Wilton Ivie|Ivie]], 1936</small> – Costa Rica, Panama
⚫
*''[[Parawixia ouro]]'' <small>Levi, 1992</small> – Peru, Brazil
⚫
*''[[Parawixia porvenir]]'' <small>Levi, 1992</small> – Colombia
⚫
*''[[Parawixia rigida]]'' <small>(O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889)</small> – Guatemala to Panama
⚫
*''[[Parawixia rimosa]]'' <small>(Keyserling, 1892)</small> – Costa Rica to Bolivia
*''[[Parawixia tarapoa]]'' <small>Levi, 1992</small> – Ecuador, Peru, Brazil
⚫
*''[[Parawixia tomba]]'' <small>Levi, 1992</small> – Peru, Brazil
⚫
*''[[Parawixia tredecimnotata]]'' <small>F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904</small> – Mexico to Belize, Greater Antilles
*''[[Parawixia undulata]]'' <small>(Keyserling, 1892)</small> – Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina
⚫
*''[[Parawixia velutina]]'' <small>(Taczanowski, 1878)</small> – Colombia to Argentina


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q648830}}


[[Category:Araneidae]]
[[Category:Araneidae]]
[[Category:Spider genera]]
[[Category:Araneomorphae genera]]
[[Category:Spiders of Asia]]
[[Category:Spiders of Central America]]
[[Category:Spiders of Mexico]]
[[Category:Spiders of South America]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Frederick Octavius Pickard-Cambridge]]

Latest revision as of 21:54, 12 December 2020

Parawixia
Abandoned web orb-weaver (P. dehaani) in Taman Negara National Park, Malaysia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Araneidae
Genus: Parawixia
F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904[1]
Type species
P. destricta
Species

31, see text

Parawixia is a genus of orb-weaver spiders first described by F. O. Pickard-Cambridge in 1904.[2] Most species are found in the Neotropics but one species, Parawixia dehaani, is found in Australasia and tropical Asia as far west as India.[1]

Natural history[edit]

Parawixia audax, one of the better known species, makes a large loose web, placing itself either in the center with its head down or in a retreat created from a rolled-leaf. This species builds webs 1 to 2 metres (3 ft 3 in to 6 ft 7 in) above the ground, but there are likely many more species farther up in the canopy that are rarely collected by usual means.

Parawixia bistriata builds its webs much higher from the ground, frequently found on telephone poles. It is known to be social, and all individuals in a colony are of the same age and size. During the day, they share a retreat where they cluster together.[3]

Species[edit]

As of April 2019 it contains thirty-one species:[1]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Gloor, Daniel; Nentwig, Wolfgang; Blick, Theo; Kropf, Christian (2019). "Gen. Parawixia F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904". World Spider Catalog Version 20.0. Natural History Museum Bern. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2019-05-14.
  2. ^ Pickard-Cambridge, F. O. (1904), "Arachnida - Araneida and Opiliones", Biologia Centrali-Americana, Zoology
  3. ^ Levi, Herbert W. (1992). "Spiders of the orb-weaver genus Parawixia in America (Araneae: Araneidae)". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 153 (1): 1–46.
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