Parawixia: Difference between revisions

Parawixia
	Abandoned web orb-weaver (P. dehaani) in Taman Negara National Park, Malaysia
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Chelicerata
Class:	Arachnida
Order:	Araneae
Infraorder:	Araneomorphae
Family:	Araneidae
Genus:	Parawixia; F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904
Type species
	P. destricta; (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889)
Species
	31, see text

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Parawixia is a genus of orb-weaver spiders first described by F. O. Pickard-Cambridge in 1904.^[2] Most species are found in the Neotropics but one species, Parawixia dehaani, is found in Australasia and tropical Asia as far west as India.^[1]

Natural history[edit]

Parawixia audax, one of the better known species, makes a large loose web, placing itself either in the center with its head down or in a retreat created from a rolled-leaf. This species builds webs 1 to 2 metres (3 ft 3 in to 6 ft 7 in) above the ground, but there are likely many more species farther up in the canopy that are rarely collected by usual means.

Parawixia bistriata builds its webs much higher from the ground, frequently found on telephone poles. It is known to be social, and all individuals in a colony are of the same age and size. During the day, they share a retreat where they cluster together.^[3]

Species[edit]

As of April 2019^[update] it contains thirty-one species:^[1]

Parawixia acapulco Levi, 1992 – Mexico
Parawixia audax (Blackwall, 1863) – Colombia to Argentina
Parawixia barbacoas Levi, 1992 – Colombia, Ecuador
Parawixia bistriata (Rengger, 1836) – Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina
Parawixia casa Levi, 1992 – Colombia
Parawixia chubut Levi, 2001 – Chile, Argentina
Parawixia dehaani (Doleschall, 1859) – India to Philippines, New Guinea
- Parawixia d. octopunctigera (Strand, 1911) – Papua New Guinea (New Ireland)
- Parawixia d. pygituberculata (Strand, 1911) – Papua New Guinea (New Ireland), Indonesia (Sulawesi)
- Parawixia d. quadripunctigera (Strand, 1911) – Indonesia (Aru Is.)
Parawixia destricta (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889) – Mexico to Panama
Parawixia divisoria Levi, 1992 – Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia
Parawixia guatemalensis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889) – Mexico, Guatemala
Parawixia honesta (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899) – Mexico
Parawixia hoxaea (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889) – Guatemala to Panama
Parawixia hypocrita (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889) – Guatemala to Brazil
Parawixia inopinata Camargo, 1950 – Brazil
Parawixia kochi (Taczanowski, 1873) – Trinidad to Brazil, Guyana, French Guiana
Parawixia maldonado Levi, 1992 – Peru
Parawixia matiapa Levi, 1992 – Trinidad, Colombia, Peru, Brazil
Parawixia monticola (Keyserling, 1892) – Brazil
Parawixia nesophila Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 – Costa Rica, Panama
Parawixia ouro Levi, 1992 – Peru, Brazil
Parawixia porvenir Levi, 1992 – Colombia
Parawixia rigida (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889) – Guatemala to Panama
Parawixia rimosa (Keyserling, 1892) – Costa Rica to Bolivia
Parawixia tarapoa Levi, 1992 – Ecuador, Peru, Brazil
Parawixia tomba Levi, 1992 – Peru, Brazil
Parawixia tredecimnotata F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 – Mexico to Belize, Greater Antilles
Parawixia undulata (Keyserling, 1892) – Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina
Parawixia velutina (Taczanowski, 1878) – Colombia to Argentina

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c Gloor, Daniel; Nentwig, Wolfgang; Blick, Theo; Kropf, Christian (2019). "Gen. Parawixia F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904". World Spider Catalog Version 20.0. Natural History Museum Bern. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2019-05-14.
^ Pickard-Cambridge, F. O. (1904), "Arachnida - Araneida and Opiliones", Biologia Centrali-Americana, Zoology
^ Levi, Herbert W. (1992). "Spiders of the orb-weaver genus Parawixia in America (Araneae: Araneidae)". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 153 (1): 1–46.

[NMBE-1] Gloor, Daniel; Nentwig, Wolfgang; Blick, Theo; Kropf, Christian (2019). "Gen. Parawixia F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904". World Spider Catalog Version 20.0. Natural History Museum Bern. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2019-05-14.

[Pick1904-2] Pickard-Cambridge, F. O. (1904), "Arachnida - Araneida and Opiliones", Biologia Centrali-Americana, Zoology

[Levi1992-3] Levi, Herbert W. (1992). "Spiders of the orb-weaver genus Parawixia in America (Araneae: Araneidae)". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 153 (1): 1–46.

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Genus of spiders}}
-{{italic title}}
 {{Automatic taxobox
 | taxon = Parawixia
 | image = Garden Spider (Parawixia dehaani) (8752762063).jpg
+| image_caption = Abandoned web orb-weaver (''[[Parawixia dehaani|P. dehaani]]'') in [[Taman Negara National Park]], [[Malaysia]]
-| image_width =
+| authority = [[Frederick Octavius Pickard-Cambridge|F. O. Pickard-Cambridge]], 1904<ref name=NMBE />
-| image_caption = ''[[Parawixia dehaani]]'' in [[Taman Negara National Park]], [[Malaysia]]
+| type_species = ''[[Parawixia destricta|P. destricta]]''
-| authority = [[Frederick Octavius Pickard-Cambridge|F. O. Pickard-Cambridge]], 1904<ref name = WSC_g376/>
+| type_species_authority = ([[Octavius Pickard-Cambridge|O. Pickard-Cambridge]], 1889)
-| subdivision_ranks = Species<ref name = WSC_g376/>
+| subdivision_ranks = Species
-| subdivision = See text.
+| subdivision = 31, [[#Species|see text]]
 }}
-'''''Parawixia''''' is a genus of [[Spider#Orb_webs|orb web weaving spiders]] from the family [[Araneidae]].<ref name = WSC_g376>{{cite web | url = http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/376 | title = Gen. ''Parawixia'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 | accessdate = 18 September 2016 | publisher = Natural History Museum Bern |work=World Spider Catalog}}</ref>  Most species of ''Parawixia'' are found in the [[Neotropical|Neotropics]] but one species, ''[[Parawixia dehaani]]'', is found in [[Australasian ecozone|Australasia]] and tropical Asia as far west as [[India]].<ref name = WSC_g376/>
+'''''Parawixia''''' is a [[genus]] of [[Araneidae|orb-weaver spiders]] first described by [[Frederick Octavius Pickard-Cambridge|F. O. Pickard-Cambridge]] in 1904.<ref name=Pick1904>{{citation| last=Pickard-Cambridge| first=F. O.| year=1904| contribution=Arachnida - Araneida and Opiliones| title=Biologia Centrali-Americana, Zoology}}</ref> Most species are found in the [[Neotropical|Neotropics]] but one species, ''[[Parawixia dehaani]]'', is found in [[Australasian realm|Australasia]] and tropical Asia as far west as [[India]].<ref name=NMBE />
 ==Natural history==
-One of the better known species of ''Parawixia'' is ''P. audax''. It makes a loose, large web placing itself in the hub, head down, or in a retreat creasted from a rolled-leaf. Webs are placed 1–2 m above the ground but most species probably live in the canopy and so are rarely collected.
+''Parawixia audax'', one of the better known species, makes a large loose web, placing itself either in the center with its head down or in a retreat created from a rolled-leaf. This species builds webs {{convert|1|to|2|m}} above the ground, but there are likely many more species farther up in the canopy that are rarely collected by usual means.
-''Parawixia bistriata'' is known to be social and makes its webs fairly high up, frequently on telephone poles. All the individuals in a colony are of the same age and size and during the day they share a retreat in which they cluster together.<ref name = "Levi">{{cite journal | last1 = Levi | first1 = Herbert W. | year = 1992 | title = Spiders of the orb-weaver genus ''Parawixia'' in America (Araneae: Araneidae) | journal = Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology | volume = 153 | issue = 1 |pages = 1–46}}</ref>
+''[[Parawixia bistriata]]'' builds its webs much higher from the ground, frequently found on telephone poles. It is known to be [[Sociality|social]], and all individuals in a colony are of the same age and size. During the day, they share a retreat where they cluster together.<ref name=Levi1992>{{cite journal| last=Levi| first=Herbert W.| year=1992| title=Spiders of the orb-weaver genus ''Parawixia'' in America (Araneae: Araneidae) |journal=Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology| volume=153 |issue=1 |pages=1–46}}</ref>
 ==Species==
+{{as of|2019|04}} it contains thirty-one species:<ref name=NMBE>{{cite journal| title=Gen. Parawixia F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904| website=World Spider Catalog Version 20.0| accessdate=2019-05-14| year=2019| publisher=Natural History Museum Bern| url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/376| doi=10.24436/2| last1=Gloor| first1=Daniel| last2=Nentwig| first2=Wolfgang| last3=Blick| first3=Theo| last4=Kropf| first4=Christian}}</ref>
+*''[[Parawixia acapulco]]'' <small>[[Herbert Walter Levi|Levi]], 1992</small> – Mexico
-{{As of|2016|09}}, the [[World Spider Catalog]] accepted the following species:<ref name=WSC_g376/>
+*''[[Parawixia audax]]'' <small>([[John Blackwall|Blackwall]], 1863)</small> – Colombia to Argentina
-*''[[Parawixia acapulco]]'' <small>Levi, 1992</small> – Mexico
-*''[[Parawixia audax]]'' <small>(Blackwall, 1863)</small> – Colombia to Argentina
 *''[[Parawixia barbacoas]]'' <small>Levi, 1992</small> – Colombia, Ecuador
 *''[[Parawixia bistriata]]'' <small>(Rengger, 1836)</small> – Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina
 *''[[Parawixia casa]]'' <small>Levi, 1992</small> – Colombia
 *''[[Parawixia chubut]]'' <small>Levi, 2001</small> – Chile, Argentina
-*''[[Parawixia dehaani]]'' <small>(Doleschall, 1859)</small> – India to Philippines, New Guinea
+*''[[Parawixia dehaani]]'' <small>([[Carl Ludwig Doleschall|Doleschall]], 1859)</small> – India to Philippines, New Guinea
-*''[[Parawixia destricta]]'' <small>(O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889)</small> ([[type species]]) – Mexico to Panama
+**''[[Parawixia dehaani|Parawixia d. octopunctigera]]'' <small>([[Embrik Strand|Strand]], 1911)</small> – Papua New Guinea (New Ireland)
+**''[[Parawixia dehaani|Parawixia d. pygituberculata]]'' <small>(Strand, 1911)</small> – Papua New Guinea (New Ireland), Indonesia (Sulawesi)
+**''[[Parawixia dehaani|Parawixia d. quadripunctigera]]'' <small>(Strand, 1911)</small> – Indonesia (Aru Is.)
+*''[[Parawixia destricta]]'' <small>(O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889)</small> – Mexico to Panama
 *''[[Parawixia divisoria]]'' <small>Levi, 1992</small> – Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia
 *''[[Parawixia guatemalensis]]'' <small>(O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889)</small> – Mexico, Guatemala
@@ Line 35: / Line 37: @@
 *''[[Parawixia hypocrita]]'' <small>(O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889)</small> – Guatemala to Brazil
 *''[[Parawixia inopinata]]'' <small>[[Hélio Ferraz de Almeida Camargo|Camargo]], 1950</small> – Brazil
-*''[[Parawixia kochi]]'' <small>(Taczanowski, 1873)</small> – Trinidad to Brazil, Guyana, French Guiana
+*''[[Parawixia kochi]]'' <small>([[Władysław Taczanowski|Taczanowski]], 1873)</small> – Trinidad to Brazil, Guyana, French Guiana
 *''[[Parawixia maldonado]]'' <small>Levi, 1992</small> – Peru
 *''[[Parawixia matiapa]]'' <small>Levi, 1992</small> – Trinidad, Colombia, Peru, Brazil
-*''[[Parawixia monticola]]'' <small>(Keyserling, 1892)</small> – Brazil
+*''[[Parawixia monticola]]'' <small>([[Eugen von Keyserling|Keyserling]], 1892)</small> – Brazil
-*''[[Parawixia nesophila]]'' <small>Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936</small> – Costa Rica, Panama
+*''[[Parawixia nesophila]]'' <small>[[Ralph Vary Chamberlin|Chamberlin]] & [[Wilton Ivie|Ivie]], 1936</small> – Costa Rica, Panama
 *''[[Parawixia ouro]]'' <small>Levi, 1992</small> – Peru, Brazil
 *''[[Parawixia porvenir]]'' <small>Levi, 1992</small> – Colombia
@@ Line 51: / Line 53: @@
 ==References==
-{{reflist}}
+{{Reflist}}
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q648830}}
 [[Category:Araneidae]]
-[[Category:Spider genera]]
+[[Category:Araneomorphae genera]]
+[[Category:Spiders of Asia]]
+[[Category:Spiders of Central America]]
 [[Category:Spiders of Mexico]]
-[[Category:Spiders of Central America]]
 [[Category:Spiders of South America]]
-[[Category:Spiders of Asia]]
+[[Category:Taxa named by Frederick Octavius Pickard-Cambridge]]