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{{Short description|Chinese scholar-bureaucrat and hydrologist}}
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{{Chinese name|Pan}}
{{Family name hatnote|Pan|lang=Chinese}}
{{Infobox person
⚫
'''Pan Jixun''' ({{zh|t=潘季馴}}; 1521–1595), courtesy name Shiliang (時良), pseudonym Yinchuan (印川), was a Chinese [[scholar-official]] and hydrologist of the Ming dynasty. He was noted for his monograph ''Overview of River Management'' (''Hefang yilan'' [河防一覽]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=中国水利史纲要|last=Yao|first=Hanyuan|publisher=|year=1987|isbn=|location=|pages=451–4|language=zh|trans-title=A Outline of Chinese Hydraulic History}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Science/hefangyilan.html|title=Hefang yilan 河防一覽|last=Theobald|first=Ulrich|date=|website=chinaknowledge|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-07-30}}</ref>
| image =
| caption =
| name = Pan Jixun
| native_name = 潘季馴
| native_name_lang = zh
| birth_name =
| other_names =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1521|04|23}}
| birth_place = Wucheng County, [[Zhejiang]], [[Ming dynasty|Ming Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1595|04|12|1521|04|23}}
| death_place = Wucheng County, Zhejiang, Ming Empire
| death_cause =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Scholar-official]]<br>hydrologist
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| movement =
| spouse = <!-- {{marriage||}} -->
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| awards = <!-- {{Awards|award= |year= |title= }} -->
| signature =
| module =
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
|pic=File:Ming Zuling.png
|picsize=250px
|piccap=The diagram of the former layout of the [[Ming Zuling]] printed in the ''[[Siku Quanshu]]'' reprint of the ''Overview of River Maintenance''
| s = {{linktext|潘|季|驯}}
| t = {{linktext|潘|季|馴}}
| p = Pān Jìxùn
|w=P'an Chi-hsün
| altname = Courtesy Name
| s2 = {{linktext|时|良}}
| t2 = {{linktext|時|良}}
| p2 = Shíliáng
|w2=Shih-liang
| altname3 = Pseudonym
| c3 = {{linktext|印|川}}
| p3 = Yìnchuān
|w3=Yin-ch'uan
}}
⚫
'''Pan Jixun'''<!--Chinese in infobox; see [[WP:MOS-ZH]]--> (1521–1595), [[courtesy name]] '''Shiliang''' and [[hao (name)|pseudonym]] '''Yinchuan''', was a Chinese [[scholar-bureaucrat]] and hydrologist of the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] [[list of Chinese dynasties|dynasty]]. He was noted for his monograph ''Overview of River Management'' ({{lang|zh|《河防一覽》}}, ''Héfáng Yīlǎn'').<ref name="Yao 1987">{{cite book|script-title=zh:中国水利史纲要|last=Yao|first=Hanyuan|publisher=|year=1987|isbn=|location=|pages=451–4|language=zh|trans-title=An Outline of Chinese Hydraulic History}}</ref><ref name="Theobald 2018">{{Cite web|url=http://chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Science/hefangyilan.html|title=Hefang yilan 河防一覽|last=Theobald|first=Ulrich|website=chinaknowledge|language=en|access-date=2018-07-30}}</ref>


==Biography==
==Biography==
Pan was a native of Wucheng county (modern [[Huzhou]]), [[Zhejiang]]. He passed the provincial examination of 1550. He was made a judge in [[Jiujiang]] afterwards, and became the inspecting censor of Guangdong, director of education of the North Metropolitan Area, and undersecretary in the Grand Court of Judicial Review. By leaving Guangdong, he implemented the "fair tax arrangement for the hundred-and-tithing system" (''junping lijia fa'' 均平里甲法) there. Later, he was appointed Right Assistant Censor-in-chief, and then Director-General of the Grand Canal (''zongli hedao'' 總理河道), but he was obliged to resign and mourn his deceased mother soon. He returned to the position in 1570, and built low dyke (''lüti'' 縷堤) from [[Xuzhou]] to [[Pizhou]], which incurred criticism for hindering the tribute navigation, and he was demoted in the next year. [[Zhang Juzheng]] reinstated Pan in 1578.<ref>exactly Director-General of the Grand Canal and Director-General of the Grain Tribute had been compacted into one position, knonw as ''zongli hecao'' ''tidu junwu'' 總理河漕提督軍務, prior to his reinstatement, until 1588</ref> During that time he had constructed the Gaojia Dyke (高家堰) that made sure that the silt of the Yellow River was cleared by the waters of the Huai River. He was rewarded with the title of Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent and promoted to Minister of Works, then Right Censor-in-Chief and Director of the Grand Canal (''zongdu hedao'' 總督河道).
Pan was a native of Wucheng County (modern [[Huzhou]]) in [[Zhejiang]]. He passed the [[keju|provincial examination]] of 1550. He was made a judge in [[Jiujiang]] afterwards and became the inspecting censor of [[Guangdong]], director of education for [[Beizhili]], and undersecretary in the Grand Court of Judicial Review. Before leaving Guangdong, he implemented the "fair tax arrangement for the hundred-and-tithing system" ({{lang|zh|均平里甲法}}, ''junping lijia fa''). Later, he was appointed Right Assistant Censor-in-Chief and then Director-General of the Grand Canal ({{lang|zh|總理河道}}, ''zongli hedao''), but he was soon obliged to resign to [[Chinese mourning|mourn]] his mother's passing. He returned to the position in 1570 and built a low dyke ({{lang|zh|縷堤}}, ''lüdi'') from [[Xuzhou]] to [[Pizhou]] that incurred criticism for hindering the traffic in tribute grain. He was demoted in the next year. [[Zhang Juzheng]] reinstated Pan in 1578, the positions of Director-General of the Grand Canal and Director-General of the Grain Tribute having been combined into a single position known as the ''zongli hecao tidu junwu'' ({{lang|zh|總理河漕提督軍務}}). Before this was undone in 1588, he expanded the [[Han dynasty|Han]]-era [[Gaojia Weir]] ({{lang|zh|高家堰}}, ''Gaojiayan'') first constructed by [[Chen Deng]], attempting to use the Huai to clear the silt of the Yellow River which then flowed south into [[Hongze Lake]]. He was rewarded with the title of Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent and promoted first to Minister of Works and then to Right Censor-in-Chief and Director of the Grand Canal ({{lang|zh|總督河道}}, ''zongdu hedao'').


The Director-General of the Grand Canal since 1572 to 1574, Wan Gong's solution for the Grand Canal and the Yellow River is building dyke to confine and narrow a section of the watercourse, increasing the velocity of the current ensued, the current with higher velocity would carry more silt, so that the watercourse would discharge silt into the sea. Pan endorsed and generalized that, he summarized it in eight characters: "Entraining silt with confined current by building dykes" (築堤束水, 以水攻沙 in Chinese).
As Director-General of the Grand Canal in 1572{{ndash}}1574, Wan Gong's solution for the Grand Canal and the Yellow River was building dyke to confine and narrow a section of the watercourse, increasing the velocity of the current ensued and causing the current with higher velocity to carry more silt so that the watercourse would discharge silt into the sea. Pan endorsed and generalized that, summarizing in eight characters: "Clearing silt with current confined by building dykes" ({{lang|zh|築堤束水, 以水攻沙}}).


Pan proposed several suggestions towards the emperor of [[Wanli Emperor|Wanli]]:<ref name=":0" />
Pan proposed several suggestions towards the [[Wanli Emperor]]:<ref name="Yao 1987" />


# Fill breaches to keep the Yellow River follow its original course
# Fill breaches to keep the Yellow River on its course
# Build dykes to avoid the river burst again
# Build dykes to contain future flooding
# Repair sluices and dams to protect the Grand Canal
# Repair sluices and dams to protect the Grand Canal
# Build weirs to consolidate embarkment
# Consolidate weirs and embankments
# Suspend dredging the estuary to reduce expenses
# Suspend dredging of estuaries to reduce expenses
# Let the proposal, recovering the defunct course of the Yellow River as a distributary to the sea, lie
# Suspend any plans to return the Yellow River to its former northern course

⚫
During early 1580, Pan became the Minister of War in [[Nanjing]] and then the Minister of Justice. He requested that the emperor forgive [[Zhang Juzheng]]'s bereaved family, which caused him to be demoted to common status in 1584. Four years later, the emperor permitted Grand Secretary Shen Shixing to recall Pan.


Pan used ''liukun'' ({{lang|zh|柳輥}}) to plug gaps. These were bundles of rods forming a ring around a central trunk, usually more than 20 feet in diameter and 150 feet long.{{what?|date=March 2023}}<!--English feet or Chinese chi?--> He argued that [[levee]]s should never be built as extremely long and continuous embankments.<ref name="Goodrich, Fang 1976">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644.|last=Goodrich, Fang|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1976|isbn=0-231-03801-1|location=|pages=}}</ref> There were constituent embankments of the system. Those along a river (''lüdi'') concentrated the water, those parallel to these ({{lang|zh|遥堤}}, ''yaodi'') were necessary in case the inner dams broke, and transverse dams ({{lang|zh|格堤}}, ''gedi'') forced silt into controlled deposits. Later, he put forward the idea of reinforcing the embankments with silt gathered in depressions by diverting floods and using silt levees to replace lower ''lüdi''.<ref name="Yao 1987" /><ref name="Theobald 2018" /> These practices impeded the drainage of the Huai and Yellow Rivers and expanded [[Hongze Lake]]. The prefectural seat of [[Si Prefecture (Huai valley)|Sizhou]] was flooded and [[Ming Zuling]] tomb was threatened.<ref name="Yao 1987" /> This led to further censure and forced his resignation soon after Shen's removal.<ref name="Goodrich, Fang 1976" /> Under the [[Qing dynasty|Qing]], the situation he left around Hongze Lake led to Sizhou and the Ming Zuling's entire submersion beneath the lake. Even after the Yellow River returned to its northern course in the mid-19th century, it wasn't until the 1960s that the water receded enough to once again reveal the tombs.
⚫
During the early 1580, Pan became the minister of War in Nanjing, and then the minister of Justice. He request the emperor to relent and forgive Zhang Juzheng's bereaved family, which led him reduced to commoner status in 1584. Some four year later, the emperor permitted the Grand Secretary Shen Shixing to recall Pan.


==Monuments==
Pan used ''liukun'' (柳輥, an equipment, usually more than 20 feet in diameter, and 150 feet long, put rod fascines to form a ring around a trunk draped with turfs to make, such a cylinder rarely be moved even in a rapid flow, supposedly) to plug gaps. Besides, he also argued that dykes should never be built as extremely long and continuous embankments.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644.|last=Goodrich, Fang|first=|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1976|isbn=0-231-03801-1|location=|pages=}}</ref> There were constituent dykes of the system. Dykes alongside of a river (''lüti'') would concentrate the water, parallel dams to these (''yaoti'' 遥堤) would help in case the inner dams break, and transverse dams (''geti'' 格堤) would enable silt to deposit. Later, he put forward that reinforcing the dykes with silt gathered in depressions, by diverting floods, and using silt levees to replace lower ''lüti'', also.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
There is a bridge in Longquan Subdistrict, [[Wuxing District]] of [[Huzhou]], [[Zhejiang]] named "[[Pangong Bridge]]" ({{zh|s=潘公桥|labels=no}}) after Pan Jixun.


==See also==
However, his practice impeded the drainage of the Huai River and extended [[Hongze Lake]], the city of [[Si Prefecture (Huai valley)|Sizhou]] was submerged and the [[Ming Ancestors Mausoleum]] was threatened in the ensuing days.<ref name=":0" /> Thus he was censured and forced to resign soon after Shen's removal.<ref name=":2" />
*[[Jin Fu (Qing dynasty)|Jin Fu]]


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
<references />


{{authority control}}
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[[Category:1521 births]]
[[Category:1521 births]]
[[Category:1595 deaths]]
[[Category:1595 deaths]]
[[Category:Canal engineers]]
[[Category:Chinese canal engineers]]
[[Category:Hydraulic engineers]]
[[Category:Hydraulic engineers]]
[[Category:Chinese hydrologists]]
[[Category:Chinese hydrologists]]
[[Category:Ming dynasty politicians]]
[[Category:Ming dynasty government officials]]
[[Category:Ming dynasty essayists]]
[[Category:Ming dynasty essayists]]
[[Category:Politicians from Huzhou]]
[[Category:Politicians from Huzhou]]

Latest revision as of 18:08, 11 June 2023

In this Chinese name, the family name is Pan.
Pan Jixun
潘季馴
Born(1521-04-23)April 23, 1521
Wucheng County, Zhejiang, Ming Empire
DiedApril 12, 1595(1595-04-12) (aged 73)
Wucheng County, Zhejiang, Ming Empire
Occupation(s)Scholar-official
hydrologist
Pan Jixun
The diagram of the former layout of the Ming Zuling printed in the Siku Quanshu reprint of the Overview of River Maintenance
Traditional Chinese潘季馴
Simplified Chinese潘季驯
Courtesy Name
Traditional Chinese時良
Simplified Chinese时良
Pseudonym
Chinese印川

Pan Jixun (1521–1595), courtesy name Shiliang and pseudonym Yinchuan, was a Chinese scholar-bureaucrat and hydrologist of the Ming dynasty. He was noted for his monograph Overview of River Management (《河防一覽》, Héfáng Yīlǎn).[1][2]

Biography[edit]

Pan was a native of Wucheng County (modern Huzhou) in Zhejiang. He passed the provincial examination of 1550. He was made a judge in Jiujiang afterwards and became the inspecting censor of Guangdong, director of education for Beizhili, and undersecretary in the Grand Court of Judicial Review. Before leaving Guangdong, he implemented the "fair tax arrangement for the hundred-and-tithing system" (均平里甲法, junping lijia fa). Later, he was appointed Right Assistant Censor-in-Chief and then Director-General of the Grand Canal (總理河道, zongli hedao), but he was soon obliged to resign to mourn his mother's passing. He returned to the position in 1570 and built a low dyke (縷堤, lüdi) from Xuzhou to Pizhou that incurred criticism for hindering the traffic in tribute grain. He was demoted in the next year. Zhang Juzheng reinstated Pan in 1578, the positions of Director-General of the Grand Canal and Director-General of the Grain Tribute having been combined into a single position known as the zongli hecao tidu junwu (總理河漕提督軍務). Before this was undone in 1588, he expanded the Han-era Gaojia Weir (高家堰, Gaojiayan) first constructed by Chen Deng, attempting to use the Huai to clear the silt of the Yellow River which then flowed south into Hongze Lake. He was rewarded with the title of Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent and promoted first to Minister of Works and then to Right Censor-in-Chief and Director of the Grand Canal (總督河道, zongdu hedao).

As Director-General of the Grand Canal in 1572–1574, Wan Gong's solution for the Grand Canal and the Yellow River was building dyke to confine and narrow a section of the watercourse, increasing the velocity of the current ensued and causing the current with higher velocity to carry more silt so that the watercourse would discharge silt into the sea. Pan endorsed and generalized that, summarizing in eight characters: "Clearing silt with current confined by building dykes" (築堤束水, 以水攻沙).

Pan proposed several suggestions towards the Wanli Emperor:[1]

  1. Fill breaches to keep the Yellow River on its course
  2. Build dykes to contain future flooding
  3. Repair sluices and dams to protect the Grand Canal
  4. Consolidate weirs and embankments
  5. Suspend dredging of estuaries to reduce expenses
  6. Suspend any plans to return the Yellow River to its former northern course

During early 1580, Pan became the Minister of War in Nanjing and then the Minister of Justice. He requested that the emperor forgive Zhang Juzheng's bereaved family, which caused him to be demoted to common status in 1584. Four years later, the emperor permitted Grand Secretary Shen Shixing to recall Pan.

Pan used liukun (柳輥) to plug gaps. These were bundles of rods forming a ring around a central trunk, usually more than 20 feet in diameter and 150 feet long.[clarification needed] He argued that levees should never be built as extremely long and continuous embankments.[3] There were constituent embankments of the system. Those along a river (lüdi) concentrated the water, those parallel to these (遥堤, yaodi) were necessary in case the inner dams broke, and transverse dams (格堤, gedi) forced silt into controlled deposits. Later, he put forward the idea of reinforcing the embankments with silt gathered in depressions by diverting floods and using silt levees to replace lower lüdi.[1][2] These practices impeded the drainage of the Huai and Yellow Rivers and expanded Hongze Lake. The prefectural seat of Sizhou was flooded and Ming Zuling tomb was threatened.[1] This led to further censure and forced his resignation soon after Shen's removal.[3] Under the Qing, the situation he left around Hongze Lake led to Sizhou and the Ming Zuling's entire submersion beneath the lake. Even after the Yellow River returned to its northern course in the mid-19th century, it wasn't until the 1960s that the water receded enough to once again reveal the tombs.

Monuments[edit]

There is a bridge in Longquan Subdistrict, Wuxing District of Huzhou, Zhejiang named "Pangong Bridge" (潘公桥) after Pan Jixun.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d Yao, Hanyuan (1987). 中国水利史纲要 [An Outline of Chinese Hydraulic History] (in Chinese). pp. 451–4.
  2. ^ a b Theobald, Ulrich. "Hefang yilan 河防一覽". chinaknowledge. Retrieved 2018-07-30.
  3. ^ a b Goodrich, Fang (1976). Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-03801-1.
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