Mogok: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox settlement |
{{Short description|City in Mandalay Region, Myanmar}}{{Infobox settlement |
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| settlement_type = City |
| settlement_type = City |
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| native_name = {{my|မိုးကုတ်}} |
| native_name = {{my|မိုးကုတ်}} |
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| official_name = Mogok |
| official_name = Mogok |
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| other_name = Mogoke<ref>[http://www.themimu.info/MapsInfo/Mandalay/MIMU534v01_100815_PyinOoLwin_Mogoke%20map_A3.pdf "Pyin Oo Lwin / Mogoke Map"]{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Myanmar Information Management Unit (MIMU)</ref> |
| other_name = Mogoke<ref>[http://www.themimu.info/MapsInfo/Mandalay/MIMU534v01_100815_PyinOoLwin_Mogoke%20map_A3.pdf "Pyin Oo Lwin / Mogoke Map"]{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Myanmar Information Management Unit (MIMU)</ref> |
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| Line 7: | Line 7: | ||
| pushpin_map = Burma |
| pushpin_map = Burma |
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| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Mandalay, Burma |
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Mandalay, Burma |
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| image_map = |
| image_map = Mogok City.jpg |
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| map_caption = |
| map_caption = |
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| subdivision_type = Country |
| subdivision_type = Country |
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| subdivision_name = {{Flag|Myanmar}} |
| subdivision_name = {{Flag|Myanmar}} |
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| subdivision_type1 = [[Administrative divisions of Burma|Region]] |
| subdivision_type1 = [[Administrative divisions of Burma|Region]] |
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| subdivision_name1 = {{flag| |
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Mandalay Region}} |
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| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Burma|District]] |
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Burma|District]] |
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| subdivision_name2 = [[Pyin |
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pyin-Oo-Lwin District|Pyin-Oo-Lwin]] |
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| subdivision_type3 = Township |
| subdivision_type3 = Township |
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| subdivision_name3 = [[Mogok Township|Mogok]] |
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mogok Township|Mogok]] |
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| Line 30: | Line 30: | ||
| elevation_ft = |
| elevation_ft = |
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| elevation_m = |
| elevation_m = |
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| timezone = [[Time in Burma| |
| timezone = [[Time in Burma|MMT]] |
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| utc_offset = +6.30 |
| utc_offset = +6.30 |
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| website = |
| website = |
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| name = |
| name = |
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}} |
}} |
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[[File:Corundum-271368.jpg|thumb|upright|Large [[ |
[[File:Corundum-271368.jpg|thumb|upright|Large [[ruby]] ([[corundum]]) crystal from Mogok. Size: 5.5 × 3.2 × 3 cm.]] |
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[[File:MyoMa.jpg|thumb|Mogok City ]] |
[[File:MyoMa.jpg|thumb|Mogok City ]] |
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'''Mogok''' ({{MYname|MY=မိုးကုတ်မြို့|MLCTS=mui: kut mrui.}}, {{IPA-my|móɡoʊʔ|}}; [[Shan language|Shan]]: {{shn|မိူင်းၵုတ်ႈ}}, {{IPA-shn|mɤ́ŋ kut|}}) is a |
'''Mogok''' ({{MYname|MY=မိုးကုတ်မြို့|MLCTS=mui: kut mrui.}}, {{IPA-my|móɡoʊʔ|}}; [[Shan language|Shan]]: {{shn|မိူင်းၵုတ်ႈ}}, {{IPA-shn|mɤ́ŋ kut|}}) is a town in the [[Thabeikkyin District]]<ref name="mdy">{{cite web|url=https://www.mlis.gov.mm/lsScPop.do?lawordSn=17846|title=မန္တလေးတိုင်းဒေသကြီးအတွင်းရှိ ခရိုင်အမည်များ တိုးချဲ့ပြင်ဆင်ဖွဲ့စည်းခြင်း}}</ref> of [[Mandalay Region]] of [[Myanmar]], located {{Convert|200|km||abbr=}} north of [[Mandalay]] and {{Convert|148|km||abbr=}} north-east of [[Shwebo, Sagaing|Shwebo]]. |
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== History == |
== History == |
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Mogok is believed to |
Mogok is believed to be founded in 1217 by three lost Shan hunters who discovered rubies at the base of a collapsed mountain later known as Kyee Arr Taung.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2018-03-23|title=Ruby Land's 800th Anniversary showcases peaceful coexistence|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/news/ruby-lands-800th-anniversary-showcases-peaceful-coexistence.html|access-date=2020-06-04|website=The Myanmar Times}}</ref> According to the oral history, the hunters returned to their home in [[Momeik]] and offered the precious stones to the local [[Chao Pha|saopha]] who established a village in what would become modern-day Mogok.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Following the 1885 [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]] when the British conquered and annexed the hither to independent [[Upper Burma]], in 1886 the British launched a military expedition to "open up" the ruby mines at Mogok and make them available to British merchants. George Skelton Streeter, a gem expert and son of Edmund Streeter of the Streeters & Co Ltd jewellery company in London, accompanied the expedition and stayed there to work as a government valuer in British-run mines.<ref>"Edmund Streeter [of the Streeters & Co Ltd jewellery company in London] was a scholar and an author, and a considerable authority on precious stones. The firm's catalogue was more than simply a commercial presentation and it was also an introduction to the infant science of Gemology. Streeter and his family were adventurers in the true Victorian mould. His son George Skelton Streeter accompanied a military expedition to open up the Burmese ruby mines at Mogok in 1886, and stayed there to work as a government valuer. His eldest son Harry lost his life in Australian waters while pearling with the company fleet". Peter Hinks, Introduction to "Victorian Jewellery", Studio Editions, London 1991.</ref> |
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In 2018, the Mogok commemorated the 800th anniversary of the city's founding.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-23|title=Mogok prepares to party for 800th birthday|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/news/mogok-prepares-party-800th-birthday.html|access-date=2020-06-04|website=The Myanmar Times}}</ref> |
In 2018, the Mogok commemorated the 800th anniversary of the city's founding.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-23|title=Mogok prepares to party for 800th birthday|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/news/mogok-prepares-party-800th-birthday.html|access-date=2020-06-04|website=The Myanmar Times}}</ref> |
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| Line 46: | Line 48: | ||
==Geography== |
==Geography== |
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At {{Convert|1170|m||abbr=}} in elevation, the city has a fairly [[temperate climate]] year-round, and is home to [[Bamar]], [[Shan people|Shan]], [[Lisu people|Lisu]], [[Palaung people|Palaung]], and [[Karen people|Karen]] [[ethnic groups]], as well as [[Burmese Chinese|Chinese]], [[Burmese Indians|Indian]]s and [[Burmese Gurkha|Gurkha]]s. |
At {{Convert|1170|m||abbr=}} in elevation, the city has a fairly [[temperate climate]] year-round, and is home to [[Bamar]], [[Shan people|Shan]], [[Lisu people|Lisu]], [[Palaung people|Palaung]], and [[Karen people|Karen]] [[ethnic groups]], as well as [[Burmese Chinese|Chinese]], [[Burmese Indians|Indian]]s and [[Burmese Gurkha|Gurkha]]s. |
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The city is composed of two towns, Mogok and Kyat Pyin. Mogok is four miles long and two miles wide. It is situated in a valley surrounded by a large number of mountains. Kyatpyin lies about {{Convert|7|mi||abbr=}} southwest of Mogok. Tourists that travel to this area need a special authorization and a guide person.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.myanmartourism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=351&Itemid=289 |title= |
The city is composed of two towns, Mogok and Kyat Pyin. Mogok is four miles long and two miles wide. It is situated in a valley surrounded by a large number of mountains.Taung Min Taung mountain is the highest mountain in the region and is at an elevation of more than 7000 feet. Kyatpyin lies about {{Convert|7|mi||abbr=}} southwest of Mogok. Tourists that travel to this area need a special authorization and a guide person.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.myanmartourism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=351&Itemid=289 |title=Tourist Information |access-date=23 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905174547/http://www.myanmartourism.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=351&Itemid=289 |archive-date=5 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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===Climate=== |
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In contrast to the hot to sweltering, [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]] Dry Zone, Mogok has a borderline [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cwa'') and a [[subtropical highland climate]] (''Cwb'') characterised by a warm [[dry season]] with cold mornings from mid-November to mid-April, and a very warm and extremely rainy [[wet season]] akin to that of [[Kachin State]], only less extreme in heat discomfort, from mid-April to mid-November. The annual rainfall of around {{convert|2700|mm|in|0|disp=or}} is comparable to that of [[Yangon]] and three times that of Mandalay. |
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{{Weather box |
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| location = Mogok, elevation {{convert|1176|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020) |
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| single line = Y |
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| metric first = Y |
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| width = auto |
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|collapsed = Y |
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|Jan high C = 23.2 |
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|Feb high C = 25.5 |
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|Mar high C = 28.5 |
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|Apr high C = 29.4 |
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|May high C = 27.8 |
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|Jun high C = 25.8 |
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|Jul high C = 24.9 |
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|Aug high C = 25.3 |
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|Sep high C = 26.5 |
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|Oct high C = 26.5 |
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|Nov high C = 25.6 |
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|Dec high C = 23.3 |
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| year high C = 26.0 |
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|Jan mean C = 14.4 |
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|Feb mean C = 16.5 |
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|Mar mean C = 20.0 |
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|Apr mean C = 22.4 |
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|May mean C = 23.1 |
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|Jun mean C = 22.8 |
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|Jul mean C = 22.4 |
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|Aug mean C = 22.5 |
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|Sep mean C = 22.8 |
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|Oct mean C = 21.5 |
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|Nov mean C = 18.6 |
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|Dec mean C = 15.4 |
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| year mean C = 20.2 |
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|Jan low C = 5.7 |
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|Feb low C = 7.6 |
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|Mar low C = 11.4 |
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|Apr low C = 15.4 |
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|May low C = 18.3 |
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|Jun low C = 19.9 |
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|Jul low C = 19.9 |
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|Aug low C = 19.7 |
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|Sep low C = 19.0 |
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|Oct low C = 16.4 |
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|Nov low C = 11.7 |
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|Dec low C = 7.4 |
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| year low C = 14.4 |
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|precipitation colour = green |
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|Jan precipitation mm = 12.9 |
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|Feb precipitation mm = 10.7 |
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|Mar precipitation mm = 19.5 |
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|Apr precipitation mm = 76.1 |
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|May precipitation mm = 352.7 |
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|Jun precipitation mm = 510.4 |
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|Jul precipitation mm = 475.1 |
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|Aug precipitation mm = 482.2 |
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|Sep precipitation mm = 349.7 |
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|Oct precipitation mm = 287.5 |
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|Nov precipitation mm = 69.8 |
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|Dec precipitation mm = 14.7 |
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| year precipitation mm = 2661.4 |
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| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |
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|Jan precipitation days = 1.1 |
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|Feb precipitation days = 1.4 |
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|Mar precipitation days = 2.6 |
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|Apr precipitation days = 7.7 |
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|May precipitation days = 18.9 |
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|Jun precipitation days = 25.7 |
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|Jul precipitation days = 27.4 |
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|Aug precipitation days = 28.0 |
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|Sep precipitation days = 23.0 |
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|Oct precipitation days = 16.8 |
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|Nov precipitation days = 4.6 |
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|Dec precipitation days = 1.7 |
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|year precipitation days = 158.9 |
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|source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name=WMOCLINO>{{cite web |
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| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Myanmar/CSV/Moekok_48034.csv |
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| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020 |
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| publisher = World Meteorological Organization |
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| access-date = 16 October 2023}}</ref> |
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}} |
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==Economy== |
==Economy== |
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Mogok and other villages nearby have been famous since ancient times for its gemstones, especially [[ruby]] and [[sapphire]], but [[semi-precious stone]]s such as [[spinel]], [[lapis lazuli]], [[garnet]], [[Moonstone (gemstone)|moonstone]], [[peridot]] and [[chrysoberyl]] are also found. The gems are found in [[alluvial]] [[marble]] [[gravel]]s by means of [[Gold panning|panning]], [[tunnel]]ing and digging pits by hand. There is little mechanization of the mining. The gravels derive from the metamorphosed limestones (marbles) of the Mogok metamorphic belt.<ref>Searle, D. L.; Ba Than Haq (1964) "The Mogok belt of Burma and its relationship to the Himalayan orogeny" ''Proceedings of the 22nd International Geological Conference, Delhi'' 11: pp. 132–161</ref><ref>Iyer, Lakshinarayanpuran Anantkrishna Narayana (1953) ''The geology and gem-stones of the Mogok Stone Tract, Burma'' Geological Survey of India Memoir 82, Government of India Press, Calcutta, [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6526679 OCLC 6526679 ]; reprinted in 2007 by White Lotus, Bangkok, {{ISBN|978-974-480-123-4}}</ref> |
Mogok and other villages nearby, especially [[Kyatpyin]] have been famous since ancient times for its gemstones, especially [[ruby]] and [[sapphire]], but [[semi-precious stone]]s such as [[spinel]], [[lapis lazuli]], [[garnet]], [[Moonstone (gemstone)|moonstone]], [[peridot]] and [[chrysoberyl]] are also found. The gems are found in [[alluvial]] [[marble]] [[gravel]]s by means of [[Gold panning|panning]], [[tunnel]]ing and digging pits by hand. There is little mechanization of the mining. The gravels derive from the metamorphosed limestones (marbles) of the Mogok metamorphic belt.<ref>Searle, D. L.; Ba Than Haq (1964) "The Mogok belt of Burma and its relationship to the Himalayan orogeny" ''Proceedings of the 22nd International Geological Conference, Delhi'' 11: pp. 132–161</ref><ref>Iyer, Lakshinarayanpuran Anantkrishna Narayana (1953) ''The geology and gem-stones of the Mogok Stone Tract, Burma'' Geological Survey of India Memoir 82, Government of India Press, Calcutta, [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6526679 OCLC 6526679 ]; reprinted in 2007 by White Lotus, Bangkok, {{ISBN|978-974-480-123-4}}</ref> |
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Gems are sold in [[Market (place)|market]]s in Mogok; however, foreigners require special permits to visit the town, and purchase/[[export]] |
Gems are sold in [[Market (place)|market]]s in Mogok; however, foreigners require special permits to visit the town, and it is illegal to purchase/[[export]] gems from Myanmar other than from government licensed dealers. |
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90% of a certain version of the world's [[rubies]] come from Myanmar (Burma). There are many other ruby sources in the world such as Sri Lanka and various places in Africa. Only in terms of quality Mogok rubies are best. The red stones from there are prized for their purity and [[hue]]. [[Thailand]] buys the majority of Myanmar's [[Gemstone|gems]]. The "''Valley of Rubies''", the mountainous Mogok area, {{convert|200|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of [[Mandalay]], is noted as the original source of ruby including the world's finest "pigeon's blood" rubies as well as the world's most beautiful sapphires in "royal" blue. |
90% of a certain version of the world's [[rubies]] come from Myanmar (Burma). There are many other ruby sources in the world such as Sri Lanka and various places in Africa. Only in terms of quality Mogok rubies are best. The red stones from there are prized for their purity and [[hue]]. [[Thailand]] buys the majority of Myanmar's [[Gemstone|gems]]. The "''Valley of Rubies''", the mountainous Mogok area, {{convert|200|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of [[Mandalay]], is noted as the original source of ruby including the world's finest "pigeon's blood" rubies as well as the one of the world's most beautiful sapphires in "royal" blue, only second to the now extinct Kashmir blue. |
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== Health care == |
== Health care == |
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* Mogok General Hospital |
* Mogok General Hospital |
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*Kyatpyin General hospital |
*Kyatpyin General hospital |
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==Climate== |
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{{Weather box |
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| location = Mogok (1982–2010) |
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| single line = Y |
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| metric first = Y |
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| width = auto |
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| Jan high C = 22.8 |
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| Feb high C = 24.8 |
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| Mar high C = 27.9 |
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| Apr high C = 29.6 |
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| May high C = 27.5 |
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| Jun high C = 25.4 |
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| Jul high C = 24.4 |
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| Aug high C = 25.0 |
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| Sep high C = 26.1 |
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| Oct high C = 26.2 |
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| Nov high C = 24.9 |
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| Dec high C = 22.8 |
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| year high C = 25.6 |
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| Jan low C = 5.0 |
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| Feb low C = 7.2 |
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| Mar low C = 10.8 |
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| Apr low C = 15.1 |
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| May low C = 17.9 |
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| Jun low C = 19.8 |
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| Jul low C = 19.8 |
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| Aug low C = 19.7 |
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| Sep low C = 18.9 |
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| Oct low C = 16.6 |
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| Nov low C = 11.4 |
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| Dec low C = 6.8 |
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| year low C = 14.1 |
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| rain colour = green |
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| Jan rain mm = 6.8 |
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| Feb rain mm = 11.8 |
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| Mar rain mm = 22.0 |
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| Apr rain mm = 77.4 |
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| May rain mm = 362.7 |
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| Jun rain mm = 493.3 |
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| Jul rain mm = 511.3 |
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| Aug rain mm = 479.6 |
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| Sep rain mm = 337.3 |
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| Oct rain mm = 286.1 |
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| Nov rain mm = 85.8 |
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| Dec rain mm = 17.0 |
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| year rain mm = 2691.1 |
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| source 1 = [[Norwegian Meteorological Institute]]<ref name="metno">{{cite web | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20181008145507/http://met-xpprod.customer.enonic.io/publikasjoner/met-report/met-report-2017/_/attachment/download/a3bf1468-4e93-486a-aa3f-4bea3871cffa:b8f39ba9ecfbde7d7c6da8ca769f4a1a96d61d39/MyanmarClimateReportFINAL24Oct2017.pdf | archivedate = 8 October 2018 | url = http://met-xpprod.customer.enonic.io/publikasjoner/met-report/met-report-2017/_/attachment/download/a3bf1468-4e93-486a-aa3f-4bea3871cffa:b8f39ba9ecfbde7d7c6da8ca769f4a1a96d61d39/MyanmarClimateReportFINAL24Oct2017.pdf | title = Myanmar Climate Report | publisher = Norwegian Meteorological Institute | pages =23–36 | accessdate = 1 December 2018}}</ref> |
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}} |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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| Line 112: | Line 148: | ||
{{Commons category|Mogok}} |
{{Commons category|Mogok}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}} |
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{{Mogok Township}} |
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{{Mandalay Division}} |
{{Mandalay Division}} |
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Latest revision as of 12:53, 9 May 2024
Mogok
မိုးကုတ် Mogoke[1] | |
|---|---|
City | |
 | |
  Mogok Location of Mandalay, Burma | |
| Coordinates: 22°55′N 96°30′E / 22.917°N 96.500°E | |
| Country |  Myanmar |
| Region |  Mandalay Region |
| District | Pyin-Oo-Lwin |
| Township | Mogok |
| Population (2014) | |
| • Total | 167,149 |
| • Religions | Theravada Buddhism |
| Time zone | UTC+6.30 (MMT) |
Mogok (Burmese: မိုးကုတ်မြို့; MLCTS: mui: kut mrui., [móɡoʊʔ]; Shan: မိူင်းၵုတ်ႈ, [mɤ́ŋ kut]) is a town in the Thabeikkyin District[2] of Mandalay Region of Myanmar, located 200 kilometres (120 mi) north of Mandalay and 148 kilometres (92 mi) north-east of Shwebo.
History[edit]
Mogok is believed to be founded in 1217 by three lost Shan hunters who discovered rubies at the base of a collapsed mountain later known as Kyee Arr Taung.[3] According to the oral history, the hunters returned to their home in Momeik and offered the precious stones to the local saopha who established a village in what would become modern-day Mogok.[3]
Following the 1885 Third Anglo-Burmese War when the British conquered and annexed the hither to independent Upper Burma, in 1886 the British launched a military expedition to "open up" the ruby mines at Mogok and make them available to British merchants. George Skelton Streeter, a gem expert and son of Edmund Streeter of the Streeters & Co Ltd jewellery company in London, accompanied the expedition and stayed there to work as a government valuer in British-run mines.[4]
In 2018, the Mogok commemorated the 800th anniversary of the city's founding.[5]
Geography[edit]
At 1,170 metres (3,840 ft) in elevation, the city has a fairly temperate climate year-round, and is home to Bamar, Shan, Lisu, Palaung, and Karen ethnic groups, as well as Chinese, Indians and Gurkhas. The city is composed of two towns, Mogok and Kyat Pyin. Mogok is four miles long and two miles wide. It is situated in a valley surrounded by a large number of mountains.Taung Min Taung mountain is the highest mountain in the region and is at an elevation of more than 7000 feet. Kyatpyin lies about 7 miles (11 km) southwest of Mogok. Tourists that travel to this area need a special authorization and a guide person.[6]
Climate[edit]
In contrast to the hot to sweltering, semi-arid Dry Zone, Mogok has a borderline humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) and a subtropical highland climate (Cwb) characterised by a warm dry season with cold mornings from mid-November to mid-April, and a very warm and extremely rainy wet season akin to that of Kachin State, only less extreme in heat discomfort, from mid-April to mid-November. The annual rainfall of around 2,700 millimetres or 106 inches is comparable to that of Yangon and three times that of Mandalay.
| Climate data for Mogok, elevation 1,176 m (3,858 ft), (1991–2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 23.2 (73.8) |
25.5 (77.9) |
28.5 (83.3) |
29.4 (84.9) |
27.8 (82.0) |
25.8 (78.4) |
24.9 (76.8) |
25.3 (77.5) |
26.5 (79.7) |
26.5 (79.7) |
25.6 (78.1) |
23.3 (73.9) |
26.0 (78.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 14.4 (57.9) |
16.5 (61.7) |
20.0 (68.0) |
22.4 (72.3) |
23.1 (73.6) |
22.8 (73.0) |
22.4 (72.3) |
22.5 (72.5) |
22.8 (73.0) |
21.5 (70.7) |
18.6 (65.5) |
15.4 (59.7) |
20.2 (68.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 5.7 (42.3) |
7.6 (45.7) |
11.4 (52.5) |
15.4 (59.7) |
18.3 (64.9) |
19.9 (67.8) |
19.9 (67.8) |
19.7 (67.5) |
19.0 (66.2) |
16.4 (61.5) |
11.7 (53.1) |
7.4 (45.3) |
14.4 (57.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 12.9 (0.51) |
10.7 (0.42) |
19.5 (0.77) |
76.1 (3.00) |
352.7 (13.89) |
510.4 (20.09) |
475.1 (18.70) |
482.2 (18.98) |
349.7 (13.77) |
287.5 (11.32) |
69.8 (2.75) |
14.7 (0.58) |
2,661.4 (104.78) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 1.1 | 1.4 | 2.6 | 7.7 | 18.9 | 25.7 | 27.4 | 28.0 | 23.0 | 16.8 | 4.6 | 1.7 | 158.9 |
| Source: World Meteorological Organization[7] | |||||||||||||
Economy[edit]
Mogok and other villages nearby, especially Kyatpyin have been famous since ancient times for its gemstones, especially ruby and sapphire, but semi-precious stones such as spinel, lapis lazuli, garnet, moonstone, peridot and chrysoberyl are also found. The gems are found in alluvial marble gravels by means of panning, tunneling and digging pits by hand. There is little mechanization of the mining. The gravels derive from the metamorphosed limestones (marbles) of the Mogok metamorphic belt.[8][9]
Gems are sold in markets in Mogok; however, foreigners require special permits to visit the town, and it is illegal to purchase/export gems from Myanmar other than from government licensed dealers.
90% of a certain version of the world's rubies come from Myanmar (Burma). There are many other ruby sources in the world such as Sri Lanka and various places in Africa. Only in terms of quality Mogok rubies are best. The red stones from there are prized for their purity and hue. Thailand buys the majority of Myanmar's gems. The "Valley of Rubies", the mountainous Mogok area, 200 km (120 mi) north of Mandalay, is noted as the original source of ruby including the world's finest "pigeon's blood" rubies as well as the one of the world's most beautiful sapphires in "royal" blue, only second to the now extinct Kashmir blue.
Health care[edit]
- Mogok General Hospital
- Kyatpyin General hospital
Notes[edit]
- ^ "Pyin Oo Lwin / Mogoke Map"[permanent dead link] Myanmar Information Management Unit (MIMU)
- ^ "မန္တလေးတိုင်းဒေသကြီးအတွင်းရှိ ခရိုင်အမည်များ တိုးချဲ့ပြင်ဆင်ဖွဲ့စည်းခြင်း".
- ^ a b "Ruby Land's 800th Anniversary showcases peaceful coexistence". The Myanmar Times. 23 March 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
- ^ "Edmund Streeter [of the Streeters & Co Ltd jewellery company in London] was a scholar and an author, and a considerable authority on precious stones. The firm's catalogue was more than simply a commercial presentation and it was also an introduction to the infant science of Gemology. Streeter and his family were adventurers in the true Victorian mould. His son George Skelton Streeter accompanied a military expedition to open up the Burmese ruby mines at Mogok in 1886, and stayed there to work as a government valuer. His eldest son Harry lost his life in Australian waters while pearling with the company fleet". Peter Hinks, Introduction to "Victorian Jewellery", Studio Editions, London 1991.
- ^ "Mogok prepares to party for 800th birthday". The Myanmar Times. 23 February 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
- ^ "Tourist Information". Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
- ^ Searle, D. L.; Ba Than Haq (1964) "The Mogok belt of Burma and its relationship to the Himalayan orogeny" Proceedings of the 22nd International Geological Conference, Delhi 11: pp. 132–161
- ^ Iyer, Lakshinarayanpuran Anantkrishna Narayana (1953) The geology and gem-stones of the Mogok Stone Tract, Burma Geological Survey of India Memoir 82, Government of India Press, Calcutta, OCLC 6526679 ; reprinted in 2007 by White Lotus, Bangkok, ISBN 978-974-480-123-4
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