Adair Crawford

Adair Crawford (1748 - 1795), a British chemist, was a pioneer in the development of methods for measuring the specific heat capacity of substances and the heat of chemical reactions (calorimetry). In his influential 1779 book "Experiments and Observations on Animal Heat", Crawford presented new experiments proving that respiratory gas exchange in animals is a combustion (two years after Antoine Lavoisier's influential "On combustion in general"). In 1790, along with his collegue William Cruickshank at Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, London, Crawford noted the distinctiveness of a strontium mineral from barium minerals and may thereby be said to be the first discoverer of strontium, though he didn't isolate the pure element.

Crawford's book "Experimental Enquiry into the Effects of Tonics and Other Medicinal Substances on the Cohesion of Animal Fibre", written near the end of his life, is available on the Internet and offers a very readable presentation of his way of doing chemistry. Here's an example from it:

With a view to determine the changes which animal fibre might undergo by exposing it to the action of Port wine, six portions of the small intestines of a kitten were taken. Three of these were introduced into a phial, which was nearly filled with Port wine, and closed with a cork; and the remaining three were immersed in water, as a standard. Being placed in a cool situation during three days, the portions in contact with the wine were found to have greater firmness than those that were immersed in the water. The sum of the weights required to break the former was 9 lb. O oz.; the sum of those required to break the latter was 7 lb. 4 oz. .... With a view to guard against error in trials of this nature, it is of importance that the portions of the intestine should be as nearly as possible of the same length. They should likewise have nearly the same degree of curvature. For a very curved portion of the intestine is more easily broken than a straight one.... If the trials be frequently repeated, results will be obtained that approach near to the truth.... From the foregoing trials, it appears, that the firmness, elasticity, and strength of the intestines of a kitten are considerably increased by immersing them three days in Port wine. I have found, however, that a much less time than this is sufficient for the wine to produce its full effect. In several experiments a manifest increase of cohesion appeared to have taken place in less than an hour; and after ten hours have elapsed, I believe no farther augmentation is produced.[1]

Adair Crawford was born near Belfast and studied medicine at Glasgow and Edinburgh universities. He was Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, London, and physician at St Thomas' Hospital, London. It is no coincidence that the titles of his publications usually begin with the word experiments. Crawford let the details of his experiments and their plain results do the talking, and generally refrained from theorizing and over-interpretation. He did maintain the later-discredited Phlogiston Hypothesis but wasn't doctrinaire about it. He died at Lymington in Hampshire.

References

• Experiments and Observations on Animal Heat, and the Inflammation of Combustible Bodies, by Adair Crawford, Publ. by Murray in London (1779; second edition 1788).
• Adair Crawford and calorimetry, Blaxter, K. L., Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, Vol. 37, Issue 1 pp. 1-3 (1978).
• Experimental Enquiry into the Effects of Tonics and Other Medicinal Substances on the Cohesion of Animal Fibre, by Adair Crawford (published posthumously 1816).