Katharevousa

Katharevousa (Kathareuousa, Greek: Καθαρεύουσα, IPA: [kaθaˈrɛvusa]), literally "the pure one", is a form of the Greek language set in motion during the early 19th century by Greek intellectual and revolutionary leader Adamantios Korais (1748-1833). A graduate of the University of Montpellier in 1788, Korais spent most of his life as an expatriate in Paris. Being a classical scholar, he was repelled by the Byzantine and later influence on Greek society and was a fierce critic of the ignorance of the clergy and their subservience to the Ottoman Empire. He held that education was a prerequisite to Greek liberation.

Katharevousa was set at a midpoint between Ancient Greek and the Modern Greek of the time. It stressed both a more ancient vocabulary and a simplified form of the archaic grammar. The first known use of the term katharevousa is in a work by the Greek polymath Nikephoros Theotokis, in 1796.

Part of its purpose was to mediate the struggle between the “archaists” favouring full reversion to archaic forms, and the “modernists”.The original name Katharevousa can also be translated as “the clean one”, implying a form of Greek without extraneous influences, as it may hypothetically have independently evolved from Ancient Greek, but in its modern Greek connotation it merely means "formal language".

In later years, Katharevousa was used for official and formal purposes (such as politics, letters, official documents, and newscasting) while Dhimotiki, (δημοτική) ‘demotic’ or popular Greek, was the daily language. This created a diglossic situation whereby most of the Greek population was excluded from the public sphere and advancement in education unless they conformed to Katharevousa. However, in 1976 Dhimotiki was made the official language and by the end of the 20th century full Katharevousa in its earlier form had become obsolete. Nevertheless many grammatical and syntactical rules that Katharevousa had adopted, and much vocabulary from the Katharevousa strand, have come into contact with Dhimotiki during the two centuries of its existence, so that the project's emphasis has made an observable contribution to the language as it is used today. One may say that the Modern Greek of today is not any longer the Dhimotiki of old, but rather set midway between it and the traditional Katharevousa as formulated in the 19th century. Indeed, amongst Katharevousa's greatest contributions is the creation of Greek-rooted neologisms to describe items and concepts that did not exist in earlier times, such as "newspaper", "police", "automobile", "airplane", "television", and much else, rather than borrowing words for these directly from other languages.

See also

• Diglossia
• Greek diacritics
• Greek language question
• Greek orthography
• Linguistic purism