User:Zodon

This is a wikipedia user page. There is nothing here of general interest, it is just a scratch pad of my notes, accumulating references, space for my testing, drafts, etc. for working on other pages.

PS238

Notes

Help:Merging and moving pages

{{ redirect| redirected page | message |page on similar topic}}

{{main | main article on this topic }}

{{Anchor | target name for section link}}

{{reflist|colwidth=30em}} Multiple column references based on browser settings (more compatible than specifying number of columns.

{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} ... {{refend}} For references just listed (rather than footnoted). Can also use colbegin/end.

{{as of|year|...}} Likely to become dated quickly.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/ URL for finding changes to pages linked to by a wiki page

{{WikiProject Computing}}

Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam

Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine/Reproductive medicine task force

WP:BRD

Help:Parser function

Popularity

Article view stats

Google search trends

Todo

Respond

drsvard

subject order in BC articles http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Medicine/Reproductive_medicine_task_force#Section_order_and_naming_in_contraception_articles

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dynamic_voltage_scaling&diff=prev&oldid=226076393

Repro rights - dealt with parts, but the early removals still questionable http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reproductive_rights&diff=prev&oldid=227997164

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_computing&curid=1661475&diff=228628757&oldid=228614524

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Beginning_of_pregnancy_controversy&curid=5506519&diff=230692075&oldid=230559672

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Population_control&diff=prev&oldid=227231240

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Population_control&curid=72156&diff=231194707&oldid=230358703#United_States

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One-child_policy&diff=prev&oldid=232831517

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Vaccination_and_religion&curid=4028818&diff=233252176&oldid=233252025#References

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USB_flash_drive&diff=234866743&oldid=234513834

Reproductive physiology - goes to Repro endocrinology and infertility (seems pretty strange, not sure where it should go).

Sep sexual practices from LGBT in sex ed. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Sex_education&diff=prev&oldid=222152160

Proposed merger Men's health into Andrology.

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gardasil&diff=235661513&oldid=235083609

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Population_control&diff=231194707&oldid=230358703

This edit made the phrasing wrong: I fixed it temporarily, but find some sources so can put the general explanation back. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolescent_sexuality_in_the_United_States&diff=236920274&oldid=236881885

Should merge The Energy Detective, Cent-a-meter and take the chunk out of Misc electric loads & energy conservation to make an item on end user display electric meters.

Check that it didn't change contraceptive use, fix arrangement (again). http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolescent_sexuality_in_the_United_States&curid=9064442&diff=237334291&oldid=237317456 (More closely link contraceptive use to STD/pregnancy prevention).

Adolescent sexuality in the United States

 These were forked out of it, rather than editing to 

Sexual behavior of American Adolescents Effects of the sexual behavior of American adolescents

Bunch of edits here - some of them messed up facts/language/etc. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_papillomavirus&diff=238706475&oldid=238689444

Merge of sustainable urban ... - could tidy up.

Need work (or merging away): Enterprise flash drive Secure USB drive

?? questionable http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calendar-based_methods&curid=26485&diff=240635060&oldid=240031897

COCP - why oral pill? Extended cycle combined oral contraceptive pill -> Extended cycle combined contraceptive?

Electricity meter - combine Time of use with variable rate.

BC

Condom

• Mechanism of action
  • Block sperm
  • Block pathogens - from mucous membranes, from skin
  • Block semen - immunosuppressive, prostaglandens, etc.

• Side effects

• Cautions

Add emergency contraception.

Reproductive health template

Genetic counseling

• Reproductive technology
• Human Sexuality
• Sex therapy

• Sexual violence seems to subsume Sexual assault Sexual abuse etc.

• Foster care - as option for parent/family (as compared to adoption)?

Q:

• Something on lines of human development - pregnancy, birth, teratogen
  • Puberty or Menarchy
  • Menopause

• Sexual trauma counseling (doesn't exist at the moment)

• Public Health

• Fertility

• Population policy
• Population/overpopulation/human impact/etc.
• Genital modification/etc.
• Unintended pregnancy?
• Infertility medicine/treatment?

• Conservation medicine

• Pregnancy
  • Teen Pregnancy?
• Maternal-Fetal Medicine
• Infant health/well baby/etc.

Pregnancy

Preparation

- should have mention of pre-conception counseling and family planning (plan for, health of mother/infant, preparation).

http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/preconception/QandA.htm http://www.medpagetoday.com/OBGYN/Pregnancy/tb/3136

http://familydoctor.org/online/famdocen/home/women/pregnancy/basics/076.html

Nav template

Birth control methods - Order of section, why sterilization after post-coital, what is the order? (not alphabetical, not obviously by effectiveness, ...) not by prevalence (would be Sterilization, Intra-uterine, hormonal, barrier, behavioral, spermicide, anti-estrogen, - not sure where epc and abortion would come)

• Specifically strange item is the post intercourse. Why does it come where it does?
  • Abortion is not a method of contraception (so should be after all contraceptive methods).
    • EPC acts primarily as hormonal/intra-uterine contraceptive.
    • Also, in BC article - doesn't make sense to put EPC between IUD and abortion, EPC is either hormonal or IUD, so should go between those two.

(Behavioral is also odd since it includes contraceptive and non-contraceptive methods), but at least it goes at the end.

• The invasiveness/reversability ordering doesn't make a whole lot of sense now, hormonal is all over the map, from pill (which have to be careful if miss a day or so(?)), to implant, which requires anesthesia/surgery and is probably more invasive than IUD, Depo requires months for reversal (if memory serves).

RH task force

Sections - Lyrls list:

1. terminology (which comes first? hist or terminology)
2. history
3. Types/formulations/varieties/available forms
4. effectiveness
5. fitting or use or procedure
6. "contraindications"
7. advantages", "disadvantages", "benefits and drawbacks", "potential concerns" complications", "cautions and warnings", "side effects and complications", "cautions and contraindications", "side effects", "health issues", and "safety"
8. prevalence
9. mechanism of action - "quite a bit further down"
10. society and culture
11. research

My comments - would rather put history down with society & culture Where would you put physical and chemical properties? How can you deal with drug interactions, if haven't got mechanism of action already covered? Why put prevalence before mechanism of action (prevalence is social aspect, relates to effectiveness advantages & disadvantages), mechanism relates to physical & chem properties, drug interactions,

• Use
• Mechanism early (before contraindications/advant/disadvantages)
• contraindications
• interactions, complications
• side effects
• advantages

Other uses

From Protocl:

1. Mechanism
2. Contraindications
3. Precautions
4. Drug interactions
5. Side effects
6. Benefits
7. Especially appropriate
8. Instructions/"client education"

Misc

Seem related, think about how to connect/add.

• Reproductive rights
• Template:Sex
• Template:Sexual ethics

Female condom on comparison of contraceptive methods

See consumer reports - http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/health-fitness/health-care/condoms-and-contraception-205/a-comparative-guide/index.htm

"Interrupts sexual foreplay. Large and awkward to use."

[2]

HPV Vaccine - merge in material from Gardasil article (when don't want to do a lot of thinkin).

Comparison contra methods - note 6

One more recent study found higher effectiveness if guidelines were consistently adhered to,Frank-Herrmann P; et al. (2007). "The effectiveness of a fertility awareness based method to avoid pregnancy in relation to a couple's sexual behaviour during the fertile time: a prospective longitudinal study". Human Reproduction. 22 (5): 1310–1319. PMID 17314078. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help) see Fertility awareness#Effectiveness.

Wikipedia:Manual of Style (medicine-related articles) Influenza - sample of well writ med article

References

Trusell95 "Economic value of contraception" (PDF). American Journal of Public Health. 85 (4): 494–503. April 1995.

ICTVdB etc

• ICTVdB Virus Code: 00.050.1.01

ICTVdBcite

/sandbox

Risks and contraindications

Oral contraceptives may influence coagulation, increasing the risk of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism, stroke and myocardial infarction (heart attack). The Stroke Journal said that OCs confer "risk of first ischemic stroke." The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism also concluded in 2005 that "a rigorous meta-analysis of the literature suggests that current use of low-dose OCs significantly increases the risk of both cardiac and vascular arterial events."

Combined oral contraceptives are generally accepted to be contraindicated in women with pre-existing cardiovascular disease, in women who have a familial tendency to form blood clots (such as familial factor V Leiden), women with severe obesity and/or hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol level), and in smokers over age 35.

Recent scientific research has shown that there is evidence that these pills are carcinogenic, at the same time they decrease the risk of ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, and colorectal cancer. They confer a risk of first schemic stroke, and significantly increase the risk of cardio-vascular disease. These pills also lead to increased deep vein thrombosis.

The risk of thromboembolism varies with different preparations; With second-generation pills (with an estrogen content less than 50μg), the risk of thromboembolism is small with an incidence of approximately 15 per 100,000 users per year, compared with 5 per 100,000 users per year among non-pregnant individuals not taking the pill, and 60 per 100,000 pregnancies. In individuals using preparations containing third-generation progestogens (desogestrel or gestodene), the incidence of thromboembolism is approximately 25 per 100,000 users per year. Also, the risk is greatest in subgroups with additional factors, such as smoking (which increases risk substantially) and long-continued use of the pill, especially in women over 35 years of age.

Monograph 91 of The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) stated in 2005 that "there is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogecity of combined estrogen-progestogen contraceptives." Research into the relationship between breast cancer risk and hormonal contraception is complex and seemingly contradictory. The large 1996 collaborative reanalysis of individual data on over 150,000 women in 54 studies of breast cancer found that: "The results provide strong evidence for two main conclusions. First, while women are taking combined oral contraceptives and in the 10 years after stopping there is a small increase in the relative risk of having breast cancer diagnosed. Second, there is no significant excess risk of having breast cancer diagnosed 10 or more years after stopping use. The cancers diagnosed in women who had used combined oral contraceptives were less advanced clinically than those diagnosed in women who had never used these contraceptives." This data has been interpreted to suggest that oral contraceptives have little or no biological effect on breast cancer development, but that women who seek gynecologic care to obtain contraceptives have more early breast cancers detected through screening. While taking the pill, there are approximately 0.5 excess cancers per 10,000 women aged 16–19, and approximately 5 excess cancers per 10000 women aged 25–29.

Crooks and Baur said that the health risks of oral contraceptives are lower than those from pregnancy and birth, and "the health benefits of any method of contraception are far greater than any risks from the method". Some organizations have argued that comparing a contraceptive method to no method (pregnancy) is not relevant—instead, the comparison of safety should be among available methods of contraception.

Risks and contraindications

Oral contraceptives may influence coagulation, increasing the risk of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism, stroke and myocardial infarction (heart attack). The Stroke Journal said that OCs confer "risk of first ischemic stroke." The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism also concluded in 2005 that "a rigorous meta-analysis of the literature suggests that current use of low-dose OCs significantly increases the risk of both cardiac and vascular arterial events."

Combined oral contraceptives are generally accepted to be contraindicated in women with pre-existing cardiovascular disease, in women who have a familial tendency to form blood clots (such as familial factor V Leiden), women with severe obesity and/or hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol level), and in smokers over age 35.

Recent scientific research has shown that there is evidence that these pills are carcinogenic, at the same time they decrease the risk of ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, and colorectal cancer. They confer a risk of first schemic stroke, and significantly increase the risk of cardio-vascular disease. These pills also lead to increased deep vein thrombosis.

The risk of thromboembolism varies with different preparations; With second-generation pills (with an estrogen content less than 50μg), the risk of thromboembolism is small with an incidence of approximately 15 per 100,000 users per year, compared with 5 per 100,000 users per year among non-pregnant individuals not taking the pill, and 60 per 100,000 pregnancies. In individuals using preparations containing third-generation progestogens (desogestrel or gestodene), the incidence of thromboembolism is approximately 25 per 100,000 users per year. Also, the risk is greatest in subgroups with additional factors, such as smoking (which increases risk substantially) and long-continued use of the pill, especially in women over 35 years of age.

Monograph 91 of The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) stated in 2005 that "there is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogecity of combined estrogen-progestogen contraceptives." Research into the relationship between breast cancer risk and hormonal contraception is complex and seemingly contradictory. The large 1996 collaborative reanalysis of individual data on over 150,000 women in 54 studies of breast cancer found that: "The results provide strong evidence for two main conclusions. First, while women are taking combined oral contraceptives and in the 10 years after stopping there is a small increase in the relative risk of having breast cancer diagnosed. Second, there is no significant excess risk of having breast cancer diagnosed 10 or more years after stopping use. The cancers diagnosed in women who had used combined oral contraceptives were less advanced clinically than those diagnosed in women who had never used these contraceptives." This data has been interpreted to suggest that oral contraceptives have little or no biological effect on breast cancer development, but that women who seek gynecologic care to obtain contraceptives have more early breast cancers detected through screening. While taking the pill, there are approximately 0.5 excess cancers per 10,000 women aged 16–19, and approximately 5 excess cancers per 10000 women aged 25–29.

Crooks and Baur said that the health risks of oral contraceptives are lower than those from pregnancy and birth, and "the health benefits of any method of contraception are far greater than any risks from the method". Some organizations have argued that comparing a contraceptive method to no method (pregnancy) is not relevant—instead, the comparison of safety should be among available methods of contraception.

Risks and contraindications

Oral contraceptives may influence coagulation, increasing the risk of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism, stroke and myocardial infarction (heart attack). The Stroke Journal said that OCs confer "risk of first ischemic stroke." The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism also concluded in 2005 that "a rigorous meta-analysis of the literature suggests that current use of low-dose OCs significantly increases the risk of both cardiac and vascular arterial events."

Combined oral contraceptives are generally accepted to be contraindicated in women with pre-existing cardiovascular disease, in women who have a familial tendency to form blood clots (such as familial factor V Leiden), women with severe obesity and/or hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol level), and in smokers over age 35.

Recent scientific research has shown that there is evidence that these pills are carcinogenic, at the same time they decrease the risk of ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, and colorectal cancer. They confer a risk of first schemic stroke, and significantly increase the risk of cardio-vascular disease. These pills also lead to increased deep vein thrombosis.

The risk of thromboembolism varies with different preparations; With second-generation pills (with an estrogen content less than 50μg), the risk of thromboembolism is small with an incidence of approximately 15 per 100,000 users per year, compared with 5 per 100,000 users per year among non-pregnant individuals not taking the pill, and 60 per 100,000 pregnancies. In individuals using preparations containing third-generation progestogens (desogestrel or gestodene), the incidence of thromboembolism is approximately 25 per 100,000 users per year. Also, the risk is greatest in subgroups with additional factors, such as smoking (which increases risk substantially) and long-continued use of the pill, especially in women over 35 years of age.

Monograph 91 of The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) stated in 2005 that "there is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogecity of combined estrogen-progestogen contraceptives." Research into the relationship between breast cancer risk and hormonal contraception is complex and seemingly contradictory. The large 1996 collaborative reanalysis of individual data on over 150,000 women in 54 studies of breast cancer found that: "The results provide strong evidence for two main conclusions. First, while women are taking combined oral contraceptives and in the 10 years after stopping there is a small increase in the relative risk of having breast cancer diagnosed. Second, there is no significant excess risk of having breast cancer diagnosed 10 or more years after stopping use. The cancers diagnosed in women who had used combined oral contraceptives were less advanced clinically than those diagnosed in women who had never used these contraceptives." This data has been interpreted to suggest that oral contraceptives have little or no biological effect on breast cancer development, but that women who seek gynecologic care to obtain contraceptives have more early breast cancers detected through screening. While taking the pill, there are approximately 0.5 excess cancers per 10,000 women aged 16–19, and approximately 5 excess cancers per 10000 women aged 25–29.

Crooks and Baur said that the health risks of oral contraceptives are lower than those from pregnancy and birth, and "the health benefits of any method of contraception are far greater than any risks from the method". Some organizations have argued that comparing a contraceptive method to no method (pregnancy) is not relevant—instead, the comparison of safety should be among available methods of contraception.

No arguments - display link to the database.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/ Another URL

Examples of how ICTVdB entries used - so can see what would make useful template.

{{ICTVdB}} {{ICTVdB|code=00.046| family=Orthomyxoviridae}} {{ICTVdB|code=00.046.0.03.002| name=Dhori virus.}} {{ICTVdB|code=00.046.0.03.002| name=Dhori virus. | format=cite}} {{ICTVdB|code=00.046.0.03.002| name=Dhori virus. |inline}}

• Code = 00.046
• Name =
• Form = cite | inline | plain | short | bare | url

• Version = 4
• --> (2006)

• Family = Orthomyxoviridae May not need this if can get away with using same format as for regular on family.

00.046.0.03.002. Dhori virus.

ICTVdBcite|00.034.0.01.001|Raspberry bushy dwarf virus

Official citation: (links added)

ICTVdB Management (2006). _00.046.0.03.002. Dhori virus._ In: ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 4. Büchen-Osmond, C. (Ed), Columbia University, New York, USA

For families, cite as: (May not need to treat them differently - seem to see some places listed as below, but others listed same as above)

Index of Viruses - Orthomyxoviridae (2006). In: ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 4. Büchen-Osmond, C (Ed), Columbia University, New York, USA. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/Ictv/fs_index.htm

External link

ICTVdBlink|

Way to generate something on the lines of: ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database: Raspberry bushy dwarf virus http://phene.cpmc.columbia.edu/ICTVdB/00.034.0.01.001.htm

ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database: Tobacco streak virus

ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database: virus name URL

To do - if leave second parameter empty, just display the code with link.

ICTVdBcode|00.034.0.01.001

Should it have a field in cite web?

NCBI Taxonomy EL

Create NCBI Taxonomy EL template. NCBI Taxonomy ID: 12059. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=12059

{{Taxonomy ID|12080}}

NCBI TAXID

(Covers more than just viruses.)

Pap

Focal epithelial hyperplasia Epidermodysplasia verruciformis

Cytotechnology

Dysplasia

Prevalence - STD article should cover other STIs in prevalence (HIV, HPV, etc.)

Worldwide prevalence: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16168781

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17597569?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_Discovery_RA&linkpos=1&log$=relatedarticles&logdbfrom=pubmed "On the basis of these estimates, around 291 million women worldwide are carriers of HPV DNA, of whom 32% are infected with HPV16 or HPV18, or both."

• That only gives HPV positive status, a lot more have been infected.

HPV testing of questionable value for primary screening for cervical cancer.

• Observers vary widely in assessment of the utility of HPV testing as a method of detecting cervical cancer.
  • Very large number of false positive tests in sexually active young women.
• Of doubtful value in replacing the Pap smear.

Koss, Leopold (2006). Koss' Diagnostic Cytology and its Histopathologic Bases (5th ed ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 297. ISBN 0781719283, 9780781719285. OCLC 57731380. observers [...] vary widely in assessment of the utility of the [HPV] test as a method of cancer detection. The most important argument against this application of HPV testing is the very large number of false positive tests in sexually active young women (Clavel et al, 1999; Bishop et al. 2000; Davey and Armenri, 2000; Koss, 2000; Cuzick, 2000). {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help); Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

• Human papillomavirus Cervical ca section should mostly go in cervical ca.
  • HPV vaccine
    • Gardasil - merge much of it to HPV vaccine

Canada is cost effectiveness. (Should go under future impact, as should the part of safety and effectiveness about commentary by researcher.)

Look at HPV vaccine sections also (consider how to combine this stuff).

• • • Cervarix
  • Pap test
  • Cervical cancer

• Dysplasia
  • Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Vaccine controversy - Financial - include financial interest of critics. (Malpractice industry.) Vaccines not highly profitable (influenza vaccine hard to manufacture - few makers, articles on subject from few years ago.) (Compare to viagra, supplements.)

Askarisk for asthma - insufficient antigens theory. More vaccines now, but less antigenic material than in earlier vaccines.

Separate religion and alternative medicine from arguments against - they are not arguments against per se.

Give more ballanced view (not all religions oppose), not all alternative medicine opposes. (Highly compatible with some alternative med theories.)

Screening

• Medical test
  • Diagnostic test evidently much of it came from medical test (and much of it is applicable to medical test, might be better to roll it back into medical test).
    • Diagnostic testing Should be merged to diagnostic test and genetic testing
  • Screening (medicine)

Virus

• Wikipedia:WikiProject Viruses/Templates
• International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses

Should be an infobox for ICTV virus codes - link to ICTVdB or data. (or as fields in taxobox)

Help:Infobox

[3]

Viruses - category needs subcats for classes/etc. Category:Viruses also maybe categorization links

Vaccination

Vaccine interference - short article, (1 paragraph) seems like could be rolled into major article like vaccination.

Vaccine critic - Basically a list of people, should probably merge into list of vaccine topics.

Population

Sustainable portal - population

Portal:Sustainable development/Topics Sustainability portal - needs population, etc. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sustainable_development/Topics/Sustainability_and_energy_development (added Carrying capacity to eco footprint)

Population

• Family planning
• Overpopulation
• Population control
• I PAT
• Immigration
• Birth control

Maybe:

• Population growth
• Zero population growth

FP

Family Planning and Access to Safe and Legal Abortion Are Vital to Safeguard the Environment http://www.arhp.org/Publications-and-Resources/Contraception-Journal/December-2007

Of 210 million pregnancies annually worldwide, 80 million (38%) are unplanned, and 46 million (22%) end in abortion, 34 million unintended births. (By comparison - US % unplannned, % abortion?) In US of 6.1 million pregnancies in 2001, half were unintended (as were more than 80% of the 800,000 annual teen pregnancies), resulting in 1.3 million abortions, 4 million births (of which one-third were unintended) and 800,000 miscarriages.

Information on world unintended pg - Long acting contraception decrease unintended Pg. http://www.arhp.org/publications-and-resources/contraception-journal/september-2008

 Has some material on IUDs that might be useful also.  (Cost/profit/insurance coverage/...)

Plan for mother and child health.

For maternal and baby’s health, wait until mother is at least 18 years old, before trying to become pregnant.

Spacing

If desire an additional child, healthiest for mother and succeeding child to wait at least 2 years after previous birth before attempting to conceive (but not more than 5 years). After a miscarriage or abortion, wait at least 6 months.

References for USAID HTSP

Child spacing less than 18 months or more than 5 years resulted in increased risk of premature birth or low birth rate.

"4 million babies die each year within a month of birth, including almost 19,000 in the U.S. The World Health Organization estimates that just over a fourth of these deaths are directly related to premature birth."

"In the United States between 6% and 10% of pregnancies among women who have already given birth occur less than six months after childbirth."

"Researchers found that infants born to women who conceived less than six months after giving birth had a 40% increased risk for being born prematurely and a 61% increased risk of low birth weight, compared with infants born to mothers who waited 18 months to two years between pregnancies." (Based on article in JAMA)

Resources

Raising a child uses significant amount of resources. Money, time, social, environmental. Planning can help assure that resources are available. (needs citation)

Financial

Childbirth and prenatal health care cost averaged $7,090 for normal delivery in 1996.

Estimated expenses raise child born in 2007 to age 17:

$196,010 $269,040 $393,230 (low mid high income groups)

11,500 15,800 23,100 (average annual expenditure).

College expenses (average annual expenses 2007-2008)

at 4-year public colleges (in-State) tuition and fees averaged $6,185, room and board $7,404

at 4-year private (nonprofit) colleges tuition and fees averaged $23,712, room and board $8,595

For 2-year public colleges, tuition and fees averaged $2,360

"College Board (2008) estimated that in 2007-2008, annual average (enrollment-weighted) tuition and fees were $6,185 at 4-year public colleges (in-State tuition) and $23,712 at 4-year private (nonprofit) colleges; annual room and board was $7,404 at 4-year public colleges and $8,595 at 4-year private colleges. For 2-year colleges in 2007-2008, annual average tuition and fees were $2,360 at public colleges."

Time

"The time involved in rearing children is considerable." For more on these indirect costs, see.

Social

Parental leave

Child care Health care (Nutrition, Exercise, Public health, Preventive medicine) Education

Environmental

Person has a large environmental impact. Deciding to create a new one is Deciding whether to have a child is one of the most Individual influence on population.

I PAT I = P × A × T

Average life expectancy at birth:

• World 66 years
• China 73 years
• US 78 years

List of countries by life expectancy

• Water

See also: water crisis

• Water footprint

Water usage:

• World 81,840 m³ water/person
• China 51,100 m³ water/person
• US 193,440 m³ water/person

The global average Water Footprint is 1240 m³ water/person/year. The Chinese average is 700 m³ water/person/year one of the smallest in the world and the United States's 2480 m³ water/person/year is the largest in the world.

Average annual per-capita freshwater consumption, North America 1,851,170 liters Average annual per-capita consumption, Africa 245,944 liters

Total consumption?

• Food

Food security

• Energy
  • Fuel

• Greenhouse gases

Direct emissions

Carbon footprint

• Solid waste
  • Garbage

4.5 lbs/day in US

• • Sewage

• Environmental footprint

Refs

External links

• Bankrate.com cost of raising a child calculator Based on USDA figures.

Possibles

Growth Fetish

Wikilinks

x United Nations Population Fund x International Conference on Population and Development x International Planned Parenthood Federation

• World Health Organization

• • The Family Planning Association of Hong Kong
  • Planned Parenthood

Birth rate

Parental leave

• Financial plan
• Adolescent sexuality
  • Teenage pregnancy

Contraception sections in both could use bunch of improvement (Maybe article on contraceptive use in the united states?, with subsection on teen, then these just link to it? Might also give place for cost effectiveness (which is also US data).)

Symbol: Red Triangle, Family Planning

US Govt: OPA

• Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration
• United States Agency for International Development

[4]

Category:Medical and health organizations by medical specialty

Category:Sexual health

Reproductive health organizations

Organizations

Americans for UNFPA

• Guttmacher Institute
• Association of Reproductive Health Professionals

• World Population Foundation

• Population Council - Develop contraceptives
• Program for Appropriate Technology in Health

• Population Connection
• Population Reference Bureau

Privacy

Privacy DOI DOIbot

Computer

SSD

Comparison to hard disks - perhaps combine some items out of the advantages/disadvantages format. e.g.

• Weight and size: hard disks can store more data per unit volume than DRAM or flash SSDs, except for very low capacity/small devices. Low-capacity SSDs have lower weight and size, but size and weight per unit storage are still better for traditional hard drives, and microdrives allow up to 20 GB storage in a CompactFlash 42.8×36.4×5 mm (1.7×1.4×.2 in) form-factor. Up to 256 GB, flash SSDs are currently lighter than 2.5inch hard drives of the same capacity.

Power consumption, likewise.

Quiet

• Quiet PC

Solid state drive

Green

• Green computing

[5] Importance of low power in high performance computing. - Might use as ref in Green computing, or in Performance per watt, also delves into DVFS.

Items somebody removed from see also in green computing - check for merit:

• Ars System Guide special: it's easy being green - Ars Technica

• Top 10 Computing Energy Savers - Lifehacker

• Saving Power on idle PCs - CalTech

• Green Computing Guide - University of Colorado, Boulder

Public computers and information resources located at a library, internet cafe or telecenter.

• • Wake on LAN, wake on timer

Power over Ethernet - remote on/off X10

• Standby power - cleanup after merging in Phantom load.
  • Phantom load - merge into standby power
  • Sleep mode merge most of it into standby power

Minimalism (computing) - may have a place in green c. Software bloat

Interesting snippet from an article that probably got the axe:

According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) data centers in the US use more power than all the televisions in the country and this is expected to double over the next four years. Servers and data centers today consume almost twice the amount of electricity they did in 2000. These figures show a pressing need for companies to work together to reduce the consumption of technology products today.

References

EPA Report to Congress on Data Center and Server Energy Efficiency, April 23, 2007

External Links

Green Computing Impact Organization, Inc. (GCIO) [6]

EPA Report to Congress [7]

Frequency and voltage scaling

• Power management

• Low-power electronics - more comprehensible explanation of a bunch of this than several of the others.

Duplicates a bunch of the material in some of the other energy saving/etc. articles.

• Voltage and frequency scaling yet another article on this

Frequency

These also might be merged into it

• Frequency scaling
  • Underclock
  • Dynamic frequency scaling

Merge Dynamic freq. and freq. scaling, merge into frequency and voltage scaling. Underclock probably also.

• • Overclock - probably big enough to leave separate).

Voltage

• Should CPU core voltage subsume the others?

(Related, but may apply to other than CPU)

• Voltage scaling
  • overvolting
  • undervolting
  • Dynamic voltage scaling - again, somewhat overlap with Undervolt. (Not so much with overvolt, though that may not be fundamental.)

Also dual-voltage CPU

There is proposal to merge overvolt, undervolt into dynamic voltage scaling. Overlap not complete - suggest move to

 voltage scaling, (with dynamic voltage scaling being a redirect).  
 Then undervolt and overvolt would fit within scope.

Clock

Clean your clock: Clock signal Should be merged: - bunch of small articles, each with just a bit of the picture (or more coherent overview to link them).

• Clock generator

• Clock rate
  • Megahertz Myth - merge?

Maybe this all should be merged into clock signal also. (Would be improved by a reference to actually show if this is a multiplier, or misnomer.)

• • Clock multiplier
    • CPU locking should probably also merge (and needs better redirects

CPU clock ratio locking, clock multiplier locking, etc.)

• • • Clock doubling - merged into above

Side note - digital circuits it is hard to get down to an explanation of what it means (it is there, just have to dig through several levels and it is buried). A synchronous circuit is a digital circuit in .... Digital circuit takes you to digital electronics, which says: Digital electronics are electronics systems that use digital signals. Digital signals says: "The term digital signal is used to refer to more than one concept. It can refer to discrete-time signals that are digitized, or to the waveform signals in a digital system." And finally digital takes you to a useful definition.

Performance per watt

Main article: Performance per watt

Created from FLOPS per watt

• Redirects
  • instructions per watt, MIPS/watt, MIPJ, MIPSPW, MIPW-S - redirect to above

• • Processing power fixed to instr/sec. (power maybe go to disambiguation performance per watt or instructions per second or FLOPS)

• Examples:

CDC 6600 3 MFLOPS ?? power

• • Instructions per second

• • • Instructions Per Cycle maybe should be merged with
    • Cycles Per Instruction

• Efficient energy use - should link to Performance per watt (now in see also)

• CPU power dissipation - mostly big catalog of numbers, explanation of causes lacking,

especially clock rate, voltage (some coverage in under/over clock/volt articles).

Enviro tech template

Grouping might make this template a bit less overwhelming. (Out of date now).

Sustainability template

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