Green building

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Cologne Oval Offices, construction site of a green building in Cologne-Bayenthal .

As green building (Engl. Green building ) will a building designated under the guiding principle of sustainability has been developed. The buildings are characterized, among other things, by high resource efficiency in the areas of energy , water and materials , while at the same time harmful effects on health and the environment are reduced. The guiding principle is ideally pursued over all phases of the building's life cycle from project development, planning and construction to operation, maintenance and dismantling .

Overview

The classification as a green building is intended to reduce the general impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment through the following measures:

  • efficient use of energy, water and other resources,
  • Protecting the health of building users and improving employee productivity,
  • Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation

Ecological building follows a similar concept , which transfers aspects of sustainability to the construction of new buildings and the repair measures and renovation of existing buildings. Other terms used synonymously for the above process are sustainable planning and "green" architecture.

The associated concepts of sustainable development and future viability are an integral part of practices for the construction of green buildings. The actual use of green buildings has several advantages:

  1. reduced operating costs through increased productivity and reduced consumption of energy and water,
  2. improved health of the public and users thanks to improved indoor air quality and
  3. reduced environmental pollution, for example by reducing rainwater runoff and avoiding heat island effects .

Sustainable building principle

The classic approach to sustainability is based on three dimensions:

  • Ecology,
  • Economy and
  • Sociocultural,

which are to be regarded as equivalent. In addition to these three dimensions, the planning and execution, the technical properties as well as the location characteristics are quality-determining. Sustainable building is characterized by the integral consideration of the qualities of sustainability. The aim is to optimize the building over its entire life cycle, to minimize the consumption of energy and resources and to reduce the environmental impact.

The environmental compatibility of buildings

Green buildings have the task of reducing the impact on the environment by a significant amount, because buildings, especially in industrialized countries, are responsible for high consumption of land, energy and water and thus also for changes in the air and the earth's atmosphere . The United States develops more than 8,100 square kilometers of open space, wildlife habitats, and wetlands annually.

40% of the total amount of energy consumed by citizens of the United States and the European Union in 2006 was used in buildings. Within this proportion, 54% of the energy in the US was used for residential buildings and 46% for commercial buildings. In terms of electricity consumption , buildings accounted for 68% of the total consumed in the US in 2002, with residential buildings consuming 51% and commercial buildings consuming 49%. Buildings are also responsible for 38% of the carbon dioxide emissions in the United States , of which 20.6% are homes and 17.5% are commercial buildings. In addition, buildings are responsible for 12.2% of the total amount of water consumed in the United States.

According to the EPA, these statistics illustrate the need to reduce the consumption of natural resources by buildings and the amount of pollution they cause in order to achieve a high level of sustainability in the future.

However, the possible environmental compatibility of buildings is often underestimated, while the costs of “green” construction are overestimated. A recent survey by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development found that these prices are overestimated by up to 300%. Service providers from the real estate and construction industry still estimate the additional costs to be around 17% above the level for conventional construction, which, however, corresponds to more than three times the actual cost difference of just 5%.

Measures to build green buildings

The term green building is associated with a large number of practices and techniques that are intended to contribute to reducing and eliminating the effects of buildings on the environment and human health.

The primary use of renewable resources is often emphasized, such as the use of sunlight through passive, active and photovoltaic technologies as well as the use of plants and trees on green roofs, in rain gardens and to reduce rain runoff. Many other techniques, such as using compressed gravel for parking lots instead of concrete or asphalt to improve groundwater replenishment , are also used. However, effective green buildings are made up of more than just a random collection of environmentally friendly technologies. Rather, they require careful and systematic planning with regard to the resources used in construction - both in terms of the impact on the environment and consumption - but also the emission of pollutants over the entire life cycle of a building.

At the same time, the philosophy of “green” architecture and sustainable planning is based on the intention to bring the design of a building into harmony with the natural conditions and resources of its surroundings from an aesthetic point of view. In this context, various central measures are necessary: ​​the identification of "green" material from local sources, the reduction of pollution, the optimization of systems and the development of locally renewable energy.

Materials for green buildings

As a rapidly renewable raw material, bamboo is one of the materials that are often used in a green building.

Building materials typically referred to as "green" include, among other things, rapidly renewable plant materials such as bamboo and straw , wood from environmentally friendly forests, natural stone , recycled stone , recycled metal and other products that are non-toxic, reusable, renewable and / or recyclable (e.g. B. trass , linoleum , sheep's wool , floor panels made of paper flakes, burnt earth, rammed earth, clay , vermiculite , linen , sisal , seagrass , cork , granular expanded clay , coconut , wood fiber boards, calcium sandstone etc.) are. Construction materials should be extracted and processed in the local area around the construction site in order to minimize the energy that has to be used for their transport.

Solar cells convert the radiant energy of light directly into electrical energy.

Reduced energy consumption

Measures to reduce energy consumption are often implemented in green buildings . In order to increase the efficiency of the building envelope (the threshold between the air-conditioned and non-air-conditioned zone), high-performance windows and insulation materials are used in walls, roofs and floors , for example . Another strategy - the integration of passive solar energy - is often used in low-energy houses. The planning of windows , walls, local awnings , canopies and trees is based on the requirement to place windows and roofs in shaded areas for the summer months, while maximum solar energy gain is to be achieved in the winter months. In addition, the effective placement of windows enables the provision of more daylight and thus the reduced use of electrical light during the day. Solar-powered water heating systems can also reduce energy consumption.

In addition, the generation of renewable energy on site through solar energy , wind power , hydropower or biomass can have a significant impact on the environmental sustainability of the building. Last but not least, electricity generation is also the most cost-intensive item in a building.

Reduced waste

“Green” architecture reduces the waste of energy , water and building materials . In the construction phase, one goal should be to reduce the amount of material that ends up in the landfill . Well-planned buildings also help reduce the amount of waste generated by their residents by providing on-site solutions such as compost bins.

There are several options to minimize the impact on springs or water treatment systems: gray water (waste water from dishwashers, washing machines, etc.) can be used for underground irrigation or, if it has been treated, for purposes that do not require potable water, such as toilet flushing or car washing , can be used. Rainwater tanks are used in a similar way.

Centralized wastewater treatment systems can be costly and use a large amount of energy. An alternative to this process is to convert wastewater into fertilizer, which avoids unnecessary costs and also offers other advantages. By collecting human waste at the source and passing it on to a semi-central biogas plant with other biological waste, liquid fertilizer can be produced. This concept was demonstrated by a settlement in Lübeck in the late 1990s . The transport of the biological waste takes place in the sanitary room via a vacuum toilet , since the hygienic flushing can be guaranteed with very little water. Practices like these supply the soil with organic nutrients , creating CO 2 sinks that pull CO 2 out of the earth's atmosphere and offset greenhouse gas emissions . In addition, the production of artificial fertilizer often costs more energy than this process.

Rating systems for green buildings worldwide

Many countries have developed their own standards for energy efficient buildings. Here are some examples of current assessment methods:

  • Australia: Nabers, Green Star
  • Brazil: AQUA, LEED Brasil
  • China: GBAS
  • Germany: DGNB , BNB
  • Finland: Celebrities E.
  • France: HQE
  • Great Britain: BREEAM
  • Hong Kong: HK-BEAM
  • India: LEED India, TerriGriha
  • Italy: Protocollo Itaca
  • Canada: LEED Canada, Green Globes
  • Malaysia: GBI Malaysia
  • Mexico: LEED Mexico
  • Netherlands: BREEAM Netherlands
  • New Zealand: Green Star NZ
  • Austria: ÖGNB - TQB (since 1998 TQB; since 2009 ÖGNB); klima: aktiv (since 2005, Ministry of Environment); DNGB, since 2009 - adapted by ÖGNI
  • Philippines: BERDE, PHILGBC
  • Portugal: Lider A
  • Switzerland: Minergie , SNBS
  • Singapore: Green Mark
  • Spain: VERDE
  • South Africa: Green Star SA
  • United States: LEED, Green Globes

International reference systems and assessment methods

IPCC Fourth Assessment Report Climate Change 2007 is the fourth assessment report (Assessment Report - AR4) of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in a series of additional reports. The IPCC was established by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information on climate change, as well as their potential impacts and possible options for their adaptation and mitigation.

UNEP and Climate Change The United Nations Environment Program aims to facilitate the transition to low-carbon societies, support climate change efforts, promote understanding of climate change science and raise public awareness of this global challenge.

GHG Indicator The GHG Indicator describes the UNEP guidelines for calculating greenhouse gas emissions from commercial buildings and non-commercial organizations.

Agenda 21 Agenda 21 is a United Nations (UN) program aimed at sustainable development. It is a comprehensive plan that proposes actions to be taken globally, nationally and locally by UN organizations, governments and large corporations in all areas in which humans have an impact on the environment. The number 21 refers to the 21st century.

FIDIC's PSM The guidelines of FIDIC 's Project Sustainability Management were created for project engineers and other stakeholders. They should help them to formulate goals with regard to sustainable developments for their projects, which are understood and accepted as representing the interests of society as a whole. This process should also include the approval to align the project goals with local conditions and priorities and support those involved in managing projects in measuring and verifying their progress.

The PPP guidelines are subdivided into further motifs and sub-motifs under the three key words relating to sustainability, ' social ', ecological 'and' economic '. A specific characteristic was defined for each individual sub-motif, which, together with the guidelines, emphasizes the relevance of the topic in the context of an individual project.

iiSBE's SBtool

The SBTool , formerly known as GBTool , was created with the aim of assessing the ecological and sustainable efficiency of buildings. It is the software implementation of the Green Building Challenge (GBC) assessment method, developed since 1996 by a group of more than a dozen teams. The GBC project was founded by Natural Resources Canada , but responsibility was transferred to the International Initiative for a Sustainable Built Environment (iiSBE) in 2002 .

Sustainable Building Alliance

The SBA is a not-for-profit, independent international network of universities, research centers, and physical assessment organizations, whose purpose is to accelerate the international adoption of sustainable building practices by promoting common techniques in construction testing and assessment. The SBA initiative is supported by the UNESCO Chair of Sustainable Buildings and the UNEP sustainable building an construction initiative.

Overview of assessment methods and reference systems

CEEQUAL

The Civil Engineering Environmental Quality and Award Scheme is an evaluation and award program for improving the quality of sustainability in civil and public-sector building projects . Its goal is the promotion of ecological quality in civil building construction and thus the promotion of the improvement of ecological and social work performance within the project specification, planning and construction.

The system is based on a point evaluation system that can be applied to any civil or public building construction project and social aspects such as the consumption of water, energy and land, influences on ecology, the landscape, the environment, archeology , but also Waste reduction and management, relationships within the community and their benefits are taken into account. Awards are given to projects in which clients , planners and designers have created unmistakable ecological performance standards that go beyond legal and ecological minima.

Assessments are carried out by trained examiners who are responsible for delimiting the assessment results to be expressed (in cooperation with the CEEQUAL verifier).

EN 15804 (CEN TC350)

A large part of EN15804 Sustainability of constructionworks is currently under development, but some sections are already subject to approval. This standard is intended to provide a methodology for assessing the sustainability of materials, buildings and construction projects, taking into account the life cycle assessment.

  • Ecological product declaration - product category rules
  • Ecological product declaration - communication formats
  • Ecological Product Declaration - methodology and data for common information
  • Description of the building life cycle
  • Evaluation of the ecological efficiency of buildings - computational methods
  • Integrated assessment of the efficiency of buildings - Part 1: General framework
  • Integrated assessment of the efficiency of buildings - Part 2: Framework conditions for the assessment of ecological efficiency
  • Integrated assessment of the efficiency of buildings - Part 3: Framework for assessing social efficiency
  • Integrated assessment of the efficiency of buildings - Part 4: Framework conditions for the assessment of economic efficiency

The development of the standard should be completed by the end of 2011.

Regulatory tools, R&D, financial and political processes & examples in some countries

It is impossible to list the existing oversupply of public, private (or both) initiatives at national and international levels. An existing draft document from the OECD / IEA and UNEP gives the public a precise idea of ​​the guidelines implemented in various countries.

A general conclusion that emerges from studying the literature is that there has been a noticeable increase in the number of guidelines and instruments that are either in the planning process or currently in effect.

EU GreenBuilding Program

The GreenBuilding program, which started in January 2005, is a voluntary program of the European Commission which aims to help owners and users of non-residential buildings (private or public) to improve the energy efficiency of their building stock. All companies, businesses and organizations that want to contribute to the realization of the GreenBuilding goals by using renewable energy sources can take part. The GreenBuilding program works through the voluntary commitment of the participating companies and organizations. These obligations result from the energetic inventory of the building and the resulting recommendations for improving energy efficiency and integrating renewable energies.

A distinction is made between “partner” and “supporter” among the participants. All owners or long-term tenants of non-residential buildings can acquire partner status. As a GreenBuilding partner, you are entitled to help in implementing an action plan with the aim of reducing operating costs in the energy sector. This action plan takes into account that the quality of use of the building is maintained or improved. The support status is linked to a five-step process.

  1. Creation of a “GreenBuilding Funding Plan” in which the activities of the organization are clearly defined as part of its participation in the GreenBuilding program.
  2. Proof of the successful support of at least one building owner / user in obtaining GreenBuilding partner status.
  3. Approval of the funding plan by the European Commission; the commission grants the organization support status for a period of three years.
  4. Implementation of the funding plan and reporting to the Commission.
  5. Renewal of the support status by the commission after three years if it is proven that at least one other building owner / user was supported in becoming a GreenBuilding partner.

There are no legal obligations associated with the supporter status and supporters can exit the program at any time without any consequences, but in order to gain the right to use the supporter status in their external communication, the participants must first go through the 3rd stage.

Australia

In Australia there is a process called First Rate , which is designed to increase the energy efficiency of residential buildings. The Green Building Council of Australia (GBCA) has established a standard for green buildings known as the Green Star .

There are at least three different projects in Adelaide trying to understand the principles of green buildings. The “Eco-City” project is located in Adelaide's city center, the “Aldinga Arts Eco” village was established in Aldinga and the “Lochiel Park” is located in Campbelltown . Guidelines for the development of the two project sites are summarized in statutes. These include the recycling of gray and rainwater , the collection of rainwater, the use of solar collectors for the generation of energy and hot water, the planning of solar-passive buildings as well as communal gardens and landscape architecture. Other projects, such as Mawson Lakes and the Lightview project near Northgate, both north of Adelaide's CBD, also meet the green building guidelines.

Melbourne has developed a rapidly growing awareness of the environment, with many government grants and discounts being made available for water tanks, water efficient products (such as shower heads) and hot water systems. The city is home to many green buildings and supports numerous sustainable developments, such as the CERES Environmental Park. Another project of this type is EcoLinc in Bacchus Marsh. Two of Australia's most famous “green” commercial buildings are also based in Melbourne: 60L and Council House 2 (also known as CH2).

There are at least three different projects in Perth that follow the principles of green building . The commercial building on Murray Street in West Perth, designed by Eco Design Consultant in collaboration with Troppo Architects , is one of them. The other two are mixed developments along Wellington Street in the city center. Guidelines for the building plans of the projects are summarized in the statues and approved by the Green Building Council Australia . The services for obtaining the ' Green Star ' certificate concern

  • the quality of the indoor climate,
  • the energy,
  • the Transport,
  • the water,
  • the materials,
  • land consumption and environmental protection
  • the emissions and
  • Innovations.

The newest building to receive the six-star award is in Canberra , where Australian Ethical Investment Ltd. renovated an existing office complex at Trevor Pearcey House. The total cost of this was $ 1.7 million, with the renovation saving an estimated 75% carbon emissions, 75% water usage, and using over 80% recycled materials. The architects were Collard Clarke Jackson Canberra, the architectural planning was done by Kevin Miller, the interior design was done by Katy Mutton.

In New South Wales , the online rating system BASIX (Building Sustainability Index) requires that in all newly built housing estates the water consumption and CO 2 emissions of free-standing accommodation are compared by 40% and that of connected buildings by 20 to 30% is limited with the average consumption in the country. The online system offers planners a mathematical model of the construction project that takes into account the interaction between the entire energy and water system by publishing climatic and normalized precipitation readings for individual locations.

Canada

Canada has adopted the "R-2000" guidelines for buildings constructed after 2000. So that they follow the R-2000 standard in its efforts to increase the efficiency of energy and promote sustainability, the building owners are offered numerous incentives.

The EnerGuide for New Houses service was established as a result of the R-2000 residential building program . This is available across Canada and was designed to enable home builders and buyers to build homes that use significantly less energy than regular homes. Some Canadian provinces make this service mandatory for all new homes.

In December 2002 the Canada Green Building Council was founded in Canada , which in July 2003 received an exclusive license from the US Green Building Council to adapt the LEED rating system to Canadian conditions. The way for the introduction of LEED in Canada was already prepared by BREEAM-Canada, a standard for environmental impact assessment introduced by the Canadian Standards Association in June 1996. The US authors of LEED-NC 1.0 had adopted many of their determinations from BREEAM-Canada for the guidance of their assessment process and the allocation of credit points according to performance criteria.

Exterior view of the LEED certified Lassonde building, École Polytechnique de Montréal.

In March 2006, Canada's first green building service hub, the Light House Sustainable Building Center , opened on Granville Island in the heart of Vancouver . Simultaneously planned as a location for public and professional visitors, the Light House Resource Center was established by Canadian ministries and companies to help implement “green” practices and recognize the economic necessity of green buildings for the new regional economy.

  • The Beamish Munro Hall in Queen's University was equipped with environmentally friendly construction materials such as fly ash concrete, triple-glazed windows, dimmable fluorescent lights and a grid-connected photovoltaic matrix.
  • The Gene H. Kruger Pavilion at Laval University has largely used environmentally friendly, non-toxic, recycled and renewable materials, and advanced biomechanical concepts that reduce energy consumption by 25% compared to a specific building of the same size. The structure of the building was made entirely of wood products, which also reduce the environmental impact of the pavilion .
  • The Calgary Water Center officially opened on June 4th, 2008 and was awarded the Canadian LEED Gold Certificate. The 17,000 square meter office building costs 95 cents ( CAD ) per day , conserves energy and water, and provides a productive, healthy environment for both visitors and employees.
  • The École polytechnique de Montréal received a LEED certificate in gold from the US Green Building Council in 2005 for its two Lassonde buildings . The buildings are characterized, for example, by their BACnet control systems, which enable permanent monitoring of energy and water requirements, as well as sensors that automatically switch off air conditioning and lighting.

France

In July 2007 the French government set up six working groups to define new ways for France's environmental policy. The proposed recommendations were then subjected to a public survey that led to the proposal package, which was published in late October 2007. The proposals contained therein were presented to the French parliament in early 2008.

The name of the process, "Le Grenelle de l'Environnement", is based on a conference held in 1968 at which the government negotiated with the trade unions to end social unrest that had been going on for weeks.

The six working groups deal with the following topics: climate change, biodiversity and natural resources, health and the environment, production and consumption, democracy and government, and competitiveness and employment.

The suggestions are as follows:

  • investing € 1 trillion over the next four years in clean energy as part of a far-reaching environmental plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, including the green tax proposal; dir cut France's energy consumption by 20% and increase the use of renewable energies such as wind power and biofuels by 20% by 2020;
  • moving cargo over new high-speed railroad tracks and waterways instead of highways;
  • a number of “green” taxes, including a tax on the most polluting vehicles, as well as a tax on trucks that cross the French border.

Construction labels

The French regulation (FR) for new building constructions estimated a regular (every five years) increasing increase for the urgently needed improvement of the level, which in 2020 (RT 2020) will achieve a 40% reduction in energy consumption (compared to RT 2000) should have. Current labels are:

  • THPE 2005 = 20% better than RT 2005
  • THPE EnR 2005 = 30% better than RT 2005+ (renewable energy production for the majority of heating systems)

Within the framework of "Grenelle de l'Environnement", it is expected that performance will accelerate for the following objects for tertiary buildings:

I. Low Consumption Buildings (BBC) by 2010 with minimal demand in terms of renewable energy and CO 2 absorbing materials levels .
II. New passive houses (BEPAS) or positive houses (BEPOS) by 2020.
III. Labels for the renovation of existing BBC buildings

All of these projects are compatible with European and international regulations and frameworks.

Germany

Parliament

The German Energy Agency's "Existing low-energy house" project makes an important contribution to the energetic renovation of buildings in Germany. The so-called “low-energy houses” undercut the requirements of the Energy Saving Ordinance (EnEV) for comparable new buildings by around 50 percent on average. Both methods from the field of energy-efficient construction and findings from the urban, sustainable renovation of residential buildings play a major role in the renovation. At least one model project is being implemented in each federal state . Companies in particular benefit from the new sustainable buildings , as their energy efficiency can contribute to significant savings in operating costs.

Green building techniques are used in the following construction projects in Germany :

  • Solar settlement in Freiburg im Breisgau , in which construction projects in plus-energy construction are funded;
  • Vauban project, located in the district of the same name in Freiburg;
  • houses planned by Baufritz ; they combine the absorption of passive solar energy with heavily insulated walls, triple-glazed doors and windows, non-toxic paints and varnishes, summer shading, heat recovery ventilation and gray water treatment systems.
  • the converted Reichstag building in Berlin , which produces its own energy.

India

The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) is actively committed to promoting sustainability in the Indian construction industry and is the central pillar of the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC). This has licensed the LEED Green Bulding Standard of the US Green Building Council and is currently responsible for the certification of Indian new and unfinished buildings according to its standards, while the US Green Building Council takes on this for all other projects . Many energy efficient buildings have been built in India's various climates . More and more Indian architects are adopting green bulding techniques.

The CII-IGBC recently announced that the construction company Shree Ram Urban Infrastructure will attempt to obtain LEED Platinum certification, making this project the first to achieve this status not only in India but also around the world receives. The planned building, which is to bear the title Palais Royale , will be built in Worli, Mumbai , and is expected to be over 300 m high.

Israel

Israel recently implemented a voluntary standard for "Buildings with Reduced Environmental Impact" 5281. This standard is based on a point evaluation procedure (55 = certified, 75 = excellent) and, together with the complementary standards 5282-1 5282-2 for energy analysis and 1738 for sustainable products, provides a system for evaluating the environmental compatibility of buildings. The US Green Building Council's LEED assessment process has been applied to a number of buildings in Israel, including the new Intel Development Center in Haifa . However, local industry is already pushing for an Israeli version of LEED to be introduced soon.

Malaysia

The Standards and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM) promotes green bulding techniques. A prominent representative in the field of ecological building is the Malaysian architect Ken Yeang.

Mexico

This house is mostly made of bales of straw.

The Mexican city ​​of San Felipe , Baja California , is home to the largest solar cell-powered community in North America : In El Dorado Ranch, a construction project in San Felipe, a residential area that is completely independent of the electricity grid has been built with more than 3000 properties .

Because of the arid climate in this city on the Sea of ​​Cortez , numerous green building initiatives have been launched, including:

  • Straw bale construction , allows insulation factors from R-35 to R-50 as verified by the US Department of Energy ;
  • predominantly use of Xeriscape landscaping, a method that reduces water and energy consumption and the use of chemical pollutants;
  • Use of the special Paspalum grass variety "SeaDwarf", a salt water tolerant grass with the ability to withstand continuous irrigation with a salt content of more than 20,000 ppm TDS , in golf course construction.

New Zealand

The New Zealand Green Building Council was in formation in July 2005. In the same year an institutional body was formed and finally given the formal organizational status on February 1, 2006. In the same month, Jane Henley was named CEO, and activities to gain membership in the World GBC began. In July 2006 the first complete committee with 12 members was formed, who exchanged ideas about the opportunities for New Zealand industry to participate in the organization. A number of their main concerns could still be implemented in 2006/2007, B. Membership in the World GBC, the introduction of the Green Star NZ - Office Design Tool and the incorporation of other societies.

South Africa

The Green Building Council of South Africa (founded in 2008) has developed an assessment tool with Green Star SA , which is based on the specifications of the Green Building Council Of Australia , in order to provide the real estate industry with an objective measure of green buildings and the ecological management in the Recognize and reward the real estate industry. Each Green Star SA rating tool represents a different market sector (e.g. office, retail, multi-unit residential area, etc.).

The first tool developed by the Green Star SA office was published in raw form for public explanations in July 2008. A final publication in its final form will take place at the Green Building Council of South Africa Convention & Exhibition '08 from 2-4. November 2008.

The process of incorporating an energy standard aimed at promoting energy saving practices as a standard in the South American context is well underway in South Africa.

Green Building Media (founded in 2007) has also had a decisive influence on the establishment of green buildings in South Africa . This happened not only through their information portal, but also through the monthly e-Journal of South Africa , which is sent to experts in the construction industry. Two events are held annually with the topic of sustainability: the Green Building Conference and a seminar on retrofitting.

Great Britain

The Association for Environment Conscious Building (AECB) has been promoting sustainable building in the UK since 1989.

UK building codes include requirements for insulation levels and other aspects of sustainability in the construction industry.

In Wales, information on and access to sustainable buildings is available through a non-profit organization called Rounded Developments Enterprises. They run a center for sustainable building in Cardiff.

One of the most famous green buildings in the UK is Media Centers' Friendly Street Building .

United States of America

The Empire State Building in New York City received a LEED Gold Certificate in 2011.

In parallel with LEED, numerous other organizations and programs to promote sustainable building have been established in the United States :

The National Association of Home Builders , a trade association representing home builders , refurbishers and suppliers, has launched a voluntary local green building program called NAHBGreen. The program includes an online grading system, national certification, industry education and training of local examiners. The online rating system can be used free of charge by contractors and homeowners.

The Green Building Initiative is a non-profit association of leading companies in the construction industry with the aim of establishing building designs that are progressive and environmentally-oriented, but can also be carried out practically and inexpensively by planners. The GBI has developed a web-based assessment process called Green Globes , which is expanded in accordance with ANSI procedures.

The US Environmental Protection Agency's EnergyStar program evaluates commercial buildings based on their energy efficiency and provides EnergyStar qualifications for new residential buildings that meet their standard for energy-efficient construction.

Washington was the first state in the United States to enact green buildings law in 2005. According to this, all government facilities with a floor area of ​​more than 465 m², including government-funded school buildings, must meet or exceed LEED standards during construction or after renovation . The benefits associated with this law are expected to be as follows: saving water and energy costs by 20%, reducing wastewater production by 38% and reducing building rubble by 22%.

One of the first small towns in the United States to enact a green building bill was Charlottesville , Virginia. This represents a significant shift in the understanding of construction and architecture, because after all, the LEED set of rules was originally designed for commercial buildings. However, as US homeowners become more interested in "green" housing, the companies involved in the production and manufacture of LEED building materials will be likely candidates for the next round of private equity and public investment .

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

When LEED is a progressive part of the US Green Building Council , the currently strives for a national standard for green building. The Green Building Rating System is an intermediary certification program that was set up with the intention of monitoring the “green” construction of buildings on the basis of certain criteria . Various sub-companies are grouped under LEED, such as LEED for New Construction , for Core and Shell , for Commercial Interiors , for Existing Buildings , for schools, retail and healthcare facilities ( Schools, Retail and Healthcare Institutions) and for Homes . LEED has developed detailed checklists , processes and criteria that must first be followed when building buildings so that they can be certified by the company. The purpose of this certification is to make buildings a healthy and safe zone for the people who live and work in them.

LEED has developed certification models with different levels that are based on various criteria and can be credited as well as in points. The credits are divided into six categories:

  • environmentally friendly location,
  • Water efficiency,
  • Energy and atmosphere,
  • Materials and resources,
  • Environmental quality of the interior,
  • Innovation and design process.

The different certification levels are based on the number of points a building receives for meeting the requirements in all six categories. They range from “certified” to “platinum”, which is the best level that can be achieved with LEED certification and indicates the highest level of environmental and health compatibility.

In addition, the LEED awards numerous other certifications, such as:

  • LEED for New Construction: New buildings and major refurbishments (the most frequently requested LEED certification)
  • LEED for Existing Buildings: LEED certifications for existing buildings
  • LEED for Commercial Interiors: Rooms furnished by tenants for commercial purposes
  • LEED for Core and Shell: Shell construction projects (entire building without interior fittings)
  • LEED for Homes: private homes
  • LEED for Neighborhood Development: Environment development
  • LEED for Schools: Acknowledges the unique nature of the design and construction of K-12 schools
  • LEED for Retail: Consists of two rating systems; one is based on New Construction and Major Renovations, Version 2.2, the other on LEED for Commercial Interior, Version 2.0

For existing buildings, LEED has developed the LEED-EB system (EB = existing building). Recent research has shown that buildings that achieve LEED-EB ratings can generate a tremendous amount of ROI. According to a white paper published by the Leonardo Academy , in which LEED-EB buildings are compared with data from the BOMA Expirience Exchange Report from 2007, the LEED-EB-certified buildings examined show above-average operating cost savings in 63% of those examined Building up. This ranges from $ 4.94 to $ 15.59 per square meter and has an average value of $ 6.68 and an average of $ 6.07.

The total cost of implementing LEED-EB projects and their certification ranges from $ 0.00 to $ 6.46 per square meter. The average is a value of $ 2.43. This demonstrates that such practices are inexpensive to implement, especially when compared to the potential cost savings. These costs are significantly reduced again if automation ( building automation or room automation ) and technology are integrated into the implementation.

The LEED and the carbon trade

It is expected that the LEED-NC 3.0 will contain the requirement for proof of carbon emissions and the significant reduction of greenhouse gases below a certain base level. The reduction in carbon dioxide should be recorded on the basis of direct and indirect carbon dioxide and similar reductions. This includes emissions related to on-grid electricity, local burning of fossil fuels, and volatile refrigerant emissions.

The effort that goes into measuring emissions and reducing emissions will in future be an endeavor to convert the effects of climate change into money in the same way as the Kyoto Clean Development Project is doing. So far there is only one "green" building project in the world that monetizes the reductions, which is why it is used as a precedent for this type of building. This is the ITC Hotel Sonar Bangla Sheraton & Towers Kolkata in India.

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ US Green Building Council website , accessed April 4, 2012
  2. ↑ a b Frej, Anne B., editor. Green Office Buildings: A Practical Guide to Development . ULI - The Urban Land Institute, Washington, DC 2005, pp. 4-8.
  3. ↑ Basic Information | Green Building | US EPA
  4. ↑ Carl-Alexander Graubner and Katja Hüske: Sustainability in the building industry: Fundamentals - instruments - examples . Ernst & Sohn Verlag, Berlin 2003, ISBN 978-3-433-01512-4 .
  5. ↑ Principle of sustainable building
  6. ↑ S. Baden include: Hurdling Financial Barriers to Lower Energy Buildings: Experiences from the USA and Europe on Financial Incentives and Monetizing Building Energy Savings in Private Investment Decisions. (PDF; 164 kB) Proceedings of 2006 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings. American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy, Washington DC, August 2006.
  7. ^ US Department of Energy. Annual Energy Review 2006. June 27, 2007. Found April 27, 2008.
  8. ^ Energy Information Administration. US Department of Energy. "Energy Consumption by Sector." 2007. Found July 16, 2008.
  9. ^ Environmental Protection Agency
  10. ↑ Environmental Protection Agency Green Building Workgroup, Building and the Environment: A Statistical Summary, December 2004, [1] (PDF; 119 kB) Found on April 29, 2008.
  11. ↑ World Business Council for Sustainable Development, August 2007, page no longer available , search in web archives: Energy Efficiency in Buildings: Business Realities and Opportunities. (Archive links unusable) Found on September 5, 2007.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.wbcsd.org
  12. ^ Hal Levin, 1996. BEST SUSTAINABLE INDOOR AIR QUALITY PRACTICES IN COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
  13. ↑ Duurzaam en Gezond Bouwen en Wonen by Hugo Vanderstadt
  14. ↑ Simpson, JR Energy and Buildings, Improved Estimates of tree-shade effects on residential energy use, February 2002. doi: 10.1016 / S0378-7788 (02) 00028-2
  15. ↑ Lange, Jorg; Grottker, Mathias; Otterpohl, Ralf: Sustainable water and waste management in urban areas. In: Water Science and Technology. 35, 1997, p. 121, doi: 10.1016 / S0273-1223 (97) 00190-X .
  16. ↑ ( Page no longer available , search in web archives: GreenBuilding supporter's guide ). Found November 14, 2011.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.dena.de
  17. ↑ a b Green Building Council Of Australia ( Memento from July 5, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
  18. ↑ CERES EcoHouse , Greenlivingpedia.org
  19. ↑ 60L green building , Greenlivingpedia.org
  20. ↑ CH2 building , Greenlivingpedia.org
  21. ^ Australian Ethical Investment Ltd
  22. ^ Refurbishment of Trevor Pearcey House for Australian Ethical Investments . Australian Institute of Architects. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
  23. ↑ BASIX
  24. ^ Light House Sustainable Building Center
  25. ↑ ( page no longer available , search in web archives: Water Center )@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.calgary.ca
  26. ↑ GOLD for École Polytechnique de Montréal's new "green" buildings - A tangible response to the challenge of climate change . In: Carrefour de l'actu @ lite, Polytechnique Montréal . Retrieved August 14, 2012.
  27. ^ Claudette-MacKay-Lassonde and Pierre-Lassonde Pavillions at École Polytechnique de Montréal ( Memento of July 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive ). In: US Green Building Council . Retrieved August 14, 2012.
  28. ↑ Existing low-energy houses ( Memento from June 23, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) BMVBS, accessed on September 5, 2012
  29. ^ John Imes, Green in German ( Memento of September 12, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) , HOME in the Capital Region, pp. 35–36.
  30. ↑ pfa design firm
  31. ↑ Indigo Design & Engineering Associates Pvt. Ltd.
  32. ↑ Investments & Income ( Memento of July 23, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
  33. ^ A Manual for Ecological Design By Ken Yeang (Book Review) . Archived from the original on March 17, 2010. Retrieved January 1, 2011.
  34. ↑ SANS 204
  35. ↑ greenbuilding.co.za ( Memento from November 28, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  36. ↑ Rounded Developments Enterprises. Retrieved November 25, 2012 (page was displayed as being revised on April 17, 2019).
  37. ↑ Media Centers ( Memento from September 21, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
  38. ^ Empire State Building's Green Transformation Earns LEED Gold . In: GreenBiz.com , September 13, 2011. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
  39. ↑ About NAHBGreen
  40. ↑ Green Building Initiative . Retrieved May 24, 2007.
  41. ^ Washington State Law Mandates Green Building ( Memento of May 3, 2007 on the Internet Archive ), RenewableEnergyAccess, April 21, 2005. Found February 10, 2007.
  42. ↑ Albemarle examines cost, benefits of green buildings , Charlottesville Tomorrow, April 20, 2007. Found May 3, 2007.
  43. ^ Energy Roundup , Wall Street Journal Energy Roundup, May 3, 2077. Found May 3, 2007.
  44. ^ The Power of Small Communities to LEED Change: Charlottesville, VA , Energy Spin. Found May 3, 2007.
  45. ^ US Green Building Council, LEED, Green Building Rating System for Core and Shell Development, September 2003. Green Building Rating System ( Memento from August 19, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 769 kB). Found April 30, 2008.
  46. ↑ Carlisle, N., Glickman, J., Brown, M. Foster, M., Bennett, AK, Sandler, K, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Transforming the Market for Sustainable Design: Effective Public Policies and Strategies , August 2004. Found on April 20, 2008.
  47. ^ Building Owners and Managers Association
  48. ↑ a b Going Green… Is it the Elephant in the Room? ( Memento from February 23, 2009 in the Internet Archive )