Empire State Building
| Empire State Building | |
|---|---|
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| The Empire State Building from the roof of Rockefeller Center . | |
| Basic data | |
| Place: | New York City |
| Construction time : | 1930-1931 |
| Opening: | May 1, 1931 |
| Status : | Built |
| Architectural style : | Art deco |
| Architect : | William F. Lamb |
| Architects : | Shreve, Lamb and Harmon offices |
| Use / legal | |
| Usage : | Office, viewing platform, telecommunications |
| Owner : | Tony Malkin |
| Technical specifications | |
| Height : | 381 m |
| Height to the top: | 443.2 m |
| Height to the roof: | 381 m |
| Top floor: | 373 m |
| Rank (height) : | 6th place (New York) 8th place (USA) 47th place (world) |
| Floors : | 102 |
| Elevators : | 73 |
| Usable area : | 208,000 m² |
| Building material : | Structure: steel ; Facade: glass , limestone , granite |
| Building-costs: | 40.9 million US dollars equivalent: $ 685 million (2020) |
| address | |
| Address: | 350 Fifth Avenue |
| Post Code: | NY 10118 |
| City: | Midtown Manhattan , New York City |
| Country: |
 United States
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The Empire State Building is a skyscraper in the New York borough of Manhattan . With a structural height of 381 meters - around 443 meters to the top of the antenna - the building, which was erected in an unusually short construction period from 1930 to 1931, was not only the tallest building in New York , but also the tallest building in the world until 1972 . Since the World Trade Center was destroyed in the attacks of September 11, 2001 , until the topping-out ceremony for the successor building, the One World Trade Center, in 2013 it was again the tallest structure in the city.
The Empire State Building is located on the southern edge of New York's Midtown Manhattan on Fifth Avenue between 33rd and 34th Streets in the southern part of Manhattan Island , which is surrounded by the Hudson and East Rivers . Its address is 350 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10118 .
The rooms on the 102 floors of the Empire State Building are mainly used for commercial purposes. On the open space on the 86th floor and on the 102nd floor there are publicly accessible viewing platforms , which are among the most visited sights in the city. The name of the skyscraper is derived from The Empire State , a nickname of the US state of New York . The Empire State Building has been a national monument of the United States since 1986 . The Empire State Building is considered the "epitome of the skyscraper". This validity is mainly due to its great response in the media, especially to its diverse portrayal in films.
description
Architecture and construction technology
The Empire State Building, like the Chrysler Building, is part of the Art Deco architectural style . Its shape was influenced by the 1916 building code ( zoning law ), which stipulated that all high-rise buildings in New York had to taper the floor plan the higher it was. No straight facade was allowed to be more than 37.5 meters high. This was to ensure that every high-rise building did not cast too large a shadow on its neighbors and thus make these buildings appear unattractive to potential tenants.
Up to the 86th floor, the skyscraper consists of a single, 320-meter-high main block, which tapers from street level upwards with slight recesses. This also gives the building its characteristic shape. The open space on the 86th floor forms the first viewing platform. Above that follows a 16-story, slim tower, the floors of which are primarily used for the operation of broadcasting systems. Finally, above the 102nd floor, there is the roof of the Empire State Building, which is 381 meters high. This is where the building's 62-meter-high antenna is located. This was installed in 1950, but was originally around five meters higher than the current one - at that time the building, including the antenna, was 448.7 meters high. In 1984 the antenna was exchanged for the current one.
The construction of the Empire State Building consists of a steel frame typical of the time it was built, which is held together by a rivet construction . The facade was designed with limestone and granite and inserted into the steel frame during construction. The 6379 window elements were installed individually on the facade. This steel construction (only the floor slabs are made of concrete) with a weight of around 370,000 tons is very heavy in relation to its size, to which the facade made of granite and limestone contributes. Around 60,000 tons of steel were used to build the building.
The lobby of the building was lavishly designed with marble . On the walls there are inlaid works that are supposed to represent the Empire State Building as the eighth wonder of the world alongside the seven wonders of the world. A map of the North American continent is visible in the background . This should refer to the geographical location of the building (New York).
height
The Empire State Building was the tallest building on earth from its completion in 1931 to 1972. It has a roof height of 381 meters and a total height of 443.2 meters with antenna. The approximately 62 meter long antenna on its roof was only retrofitted in December 1950. On May 1, 1931, it replaced the 319 meter high Chrysler Building as the tallest building in the world.
It was also the tallest structure on earth until 1954, when a transmission tower towered over it. Until the Moscow television tower was completed in 1967 , it was still the tallest non-guyed structure on earth. It was not until 1972 that the rank of the tallest building was taken over by the north tower of the World Trade Center at 417 meters. The World Trade Center has been the tallest building in New York City since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks . In May 2013, however, it was surpassed by the One World Trade Center at a height of 541 meters and has since been the second tallest structure in the city. In October 2014 it was also overtaken by 432 Park Avenue within New York . It is also currently (as of 2015) the fifth tallest building in the United States after the One World Trade Center as well as the 442 meter high Willis Tower , 432 Park Avenue (426 meters) and the 423 meter high Trump Tower in Chicago.
After the completion of the Empire State Building, no taller structures were built for a long time (apart from radio masts) for two reasons: On the one hand, with the classic steel frame construction, the possibilities of the technology were exhausted; In addition, this type of construction became too expensive above a certain height, especially with regard to the individual insertion of the windows. On the other hand, due to the economic situation, there was hardly any need for additional office space. Much of the office space in those skyscrapers that were built in New York in the 1930s was not fully used until the 1950s.
lighting
The metal mast and the two tallest, inwardly offset sections of the Empire State Building have been illuminated in different colors from 1964 when it gets dark until midnight. Without a special occasion, the building is illuminated with white light.
On many occasions, the top of the Empire State Building glows in different colors, for example red-white-blue for the US holidays , red-green for Christmas , orange on Halloween , red on Valentine 's Day , green on St. Patrick's Day and on Earth Day , blue and white for Yankees home games in the World Series finals and in the colors of the rainbow on Christopher Street Day . The top is illuminated in the colors of the German national flag once a year on the day of the German-American Steuben Parade . The Empire State Building's official website provides an overview of the monthly lighting schedule.
Special current events or appreciations are also expressed through special lighting. After the sudden death of Frank Sinatra in 1998, based on the nickname "Ol 'Blue Eyes", the Empire State Building was bathed in blue light. After the actress died in King-Kong , Fay Wray in 2004, the skyscraper remained completely unlit for 15 minutes. The light was also used for commercial purposes, for example in 1995 when Microsoft introduced the Windows 95 operating system to illuminate the skyscraper in the colors of the Windows logo blue, red, green and yellow.
On the evening of November 6, 2012, the building was illuminated in the national colors as part of the US presidential election . When the incumbent Barack Obama was confirmed as the election winner, the building was completely bathed in blue light (the color of the Democratic Party ).
After the unexpected 7-1 victory of the German national team in the semi-finals of the 2014 World Cup against Brazil , the building shone in black, red and gold. This color combination was repeated shortly afterwards in the German World Cup victory . On the day before the final, the national colors of the two final opponents Argentina and Germany were alternately projected onto the façade. The day after the finale, at least one television station reported that some New York residents called the building operator concerned because they believed the unlit black tip was defective.
The lighting effects began shortly after the opening: when Roosevelt was elected President on November 8, 1932 , a flashing light was switched on at the top. This remained until four Freedom Lights headlights were installed in 1956 . These were intended to greet people who came to New York by plane, like the Statue of Liberty those who came by ship. In 1964 a further generation of lighting went into operation. In 1976, the color reference to current events started; in 2005, after the death of Pope John Paul II , the building remained dark for a while. In 2012, an LED lighting system was installed that can light up with rapid color changes. Moving light strips and ornaments are possible as a grid of LEDs shines from the facade.
history
planning
The Waldorf-Astoria , built in 1897 and demolished in October 1929, was located on the planned construction site of the Empire State Building . The name "Empire State Building" was derived from Empire State (in German about "Imperiums-Staat"), the nickname of the state of New York .
On August 29, 1929, General Motors investor John Jakob Raskob and Al Smith , former New York State Governor and then President of the project, announced plans for a new skyscraper, which would be the tallest in the world. They presented a design with a height of about 305 meters. As a result, the race for the tallest building on earth in New York City came to a head again. At that time, the Bank of Manhattan tower at 40 Wall Street and the Chrysler Building were competing for the title of tallest building in the world. As a result, a competition broke out between the two business centers of New York: Wall Street in Lower Manhattan against Midtown . Smith and Raskob selected a construction site on Fifth Avenue between 33rd and 34th Streets, well south of central Midtown, in the hopes that the sheer presence of the gigantic building would turn 34th Street into a new business hub .
The New York office Shreve, Lamb and Harmon was chosen as the architect . As there were no plans for a high-rise building of this size so far, none of the three architects had previously implemented a similar project of this size. May 1, 1931 was set for the opening date, leaving a construction period of 20 months. The contract for the construction of the building was awarded to the company Starrett Brothers and Eken . In the summer of 1929 a height of 320 meters with 85 floors was announced.
When in November 1929 a spire was erected on the Chrysler Building, so that it reached 319.4 meters, this had its first effects on the plans for the Empire State Building, because the Chrysler Building had now achieved the record for the world's tallest skyscraper and clearly towers over the tower of the Bank of Manhattan (283 meters). On December 11, 1929, Al Smith announced that the Empire State Building would reach a height of 381 meters according to the final plans. The new record height resulted from another specially designed 61 meter high tower, which was to sit on the 320 meter high main block. At this new height, the builders of the Chrysler Building had no chance of designing their skyscraper in such a way that it could surpass the Empire State Building.
According to the original plans, the 61-meter-high tower was to serve as a mooring mast for airships from Europe , so that passengers on the transatlantic route could exit the airship via gangplanks and arrive directly in the heart of the city on Fifth Avenue after an elevator ride. Critics of the project immediately dismissed the plan as not feasible and referred to the strong updrafts at great heights, which would make safe docking and permanent stay at the anchor mast impossible. These concerns turned out to be justified after the docking process only succeeded once and for a few minutes during a test with a small airship without passengers getting out.
construction
In January 1930, work began on the building's foundation, which was completed in March. So on March 17, 1930, construction of the building began. Around 50 years of experience in high-rise construction went into the construction of the Empire State Building. As early as the end of the 19th century, high-rise buildings began to be built in New York. Since 1908 the city has had the tallest building on earth. More than 3,400 construction workers were active on the construction site. Thanks to the good construction logistics, the workers ensured a high construction rate; so every morning detailed plans were posted on the construction site, which precisely coordinated the construction process for that day. The hourly wage was 1.92 US dollars (29 US dollars by today's purchasing power). On average, around 4.5 floors could be built per week. In September 1930, 14 new floors were completed within 10 days. In the short time from March to September 1930 alone, 60 floors could be built in the shell. The steel used for the construction came from Pennsylvania and was on the construction site in just eight hours, where it was lifted up by eight cranes . The cranes had to be dismantled again and again after a few floors and reassembled again on the floors above. After the steel had been hoisted up by the cranes, the workers assembled it and then riveted it with a tolerance of less than three millimeters. The high speed of construction is due to the remarkable logistics and construction planning. To supply the workers on the construction site, mobile canteens were set up on some floors, which moved upwards as the height increased. There the workers could buy a full day's meal for 50 cents.
In November 1930, the steel frame for the main block, which until then comprised 85 floors, was completed. However, work on the interior and facade was still in progress on the floors below. In November 1930, work began on the 16-story tower that sits on the main block. Because of the narrow floor plan of the building at this great height, construction was only continued with two cranes. On March 17, 1931, the last girder was installed on the building, completing the external construction work and the skyscraper had reached its final height of 381 meters. A large flag of the USA was hung on the roof for some time at the topping-out ceremony . The interior work continued for another six weeks. The construction time was 18 months and is considered to be one of the most important logistics and civil engineering services.
For the interior work, the Lahn marble from the quarries around Villmar , Schupbach and Gaudernbach in Hesse , which is considered to be particularly solid and water-repellent , was used. These Devonian reef limestone are particularly colorful and can have fossil-rich decorations. The New York architectural firm Shreve, Lamb and Harmon had temporarily employed an envoy in Europe, whose job it was to check the proper transport and correct deliveries. According to modern knowledge, seven types of Lahn marbles have been installed in the interior of the building. In addition, other types of natural stone from Belgium, France, Italy and the United States were used for interior decoration. The Tompkins-Kiel Marble Company acted as importer of the required rocks . Two American companies, William Bradley & Sons and the Traitel Marble Company, took over the installation of the elaborate design . At the time, the cost of “marble” equipment was $ 982,000.
The working day started at 3:30 a.m. and ended at 4:30 p.m. 60,000 tons of steel and 10 million bricks were processed. The Mohawk Indians, who were free from giddiness and used as rivets, caused a particular stir . Every day, in groups of four, they struck up to 800 rivets synchronized into the steel frame and threw glowing building materials and tools at each other at a height of over 300 meters over 40 meters. The photographer Lewis Hine commissioned by the client John J. Raskob photographed the workers. These images became so popular that they were reused in film and advertising and remained a popular common property.
14 people died during construction. The local press followed the construction project and reported regularly about it:
“Everything is like a hunt for heaven; the steelworkers in the lead, and all the others follow them like crazy. "
opening
The grand opening took place on May 1, 1931 by US President Herbert Hoover and former Governor Al Smith. The event was broadcast nationwide on the radio. Smith had his grandchildren cut the ribbon at the entrance when the building was inaugurated. On the evening of the opening day, the building was brightly lit for the first time, even in those areas in which the building was not rented at all.
Since opening
After opening, many offices were empty until the 1950s. Only the lower floors have already been occupied. Although the upper floors were almost completely empty, the lighting was mostly switched on. For a long time, the viewing platform, with one million visitors a year, generated more than the total rental income. The New Yorkers spoke of the Empty State Building (empty = empty). Even if the Empire State Building did not succeed in establishing a new center between Midtown Manhattan and Wall Street - it has remained a lonely solitaire , not necessarily a disadvantage for its far-reaching effect - it cannot be said to have failed. New Yorkers instantly fell in love with their new landmark as a great way to end the busy, overwrought 1920s and the brave mark of courage and tenacity in times of depression.
The Empire State Building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in November 1982 . In June 1986 it was recognized as a National Historic Landmark .
In 2008, some technical upgrades were made to the building, including renewing the heating system. As a result, the Empire State Building should have a better energy balance and be more environmentally friendly. With the replacement of the 6254 windows, an energy saving of 38% should have been achieved, which corresponds to a saving of four million US dollars per year.
The previous outdoor lighting with colored metal halide lamps was converted to colored LEDs in 2012, which enables significantly smaller and more varied color effects. However, the new option of moving color effects is rarely used, for example on St. Patrick's Day and Valentine's Day.
In 2016, the state fund of the Emirates Qatar acquired 9.9 percent of the building.
Airplane collision in 1945
On July 28, 1945 there was the plane collision with the Empire State Building ; a B-25 bomber flew to the 78th floor in fog. 14 people died. The Empire State Building withstood the impact and reopened the next day. The damage to the building was repaired within a few months.
Betty Lou Oliver, who was burned in the collision, tried to take an elevator to the lobby, but the elevator's suspension cables were damaged in the collision and she fell 75 floors (more than 300 meters). She survived the crash and received an entry in the Guinness Book of Records for the highest survived fall by elevator. Parts of the damaged elevator and the strongly compressed air in the narrow elevator shaft slowed the fall sufficiently.
IPO 2013
The Empire State Building has been owned by different owners throughout history. The last private owners, the heirs of the real estate entrepreneurs Lawrence Wien and Leona Helmsley , brought the Empire State Building to the stock exchange in 2013 together with 29 other properties in Manhattan in the legal form of a REIT . The Qatar Investment Authority , a sovereign wealth fund of the rich oil country Qatar , is one of the largest shareholders with a stake of almost 16%.
use
Generally, the Empire State Building is used as an office building. Almost all floors up to the 86th floor are occupied by offices, used by insurance companies, leasing agencies, advertising agencies, law firms and financial institutions. In the building are 73 elevators from Otis installed, which operate in shafts with a total length of 11 kilometers.
Channel
The building was equipped with an anchor mast for airships , which, however, was never used as such, apart from a one-off test carried out with a small airship type, although one of the murals of the wonders of the world in the vestibule shows it in operation.
Since December 22, 1931, the top of the Empire State Building has served as a transmission mast . The company Radio Corporation of America (RCA) for testing purposes began broadcasting a television program. To this end, in May 1934 she set up operating rooms and a small antenna transmitter on the 85th floor, which was tested together with the electrical engineer and inventor Edwin Howard Armstrong . After the test phase, the RCA moved into the premises in October 1935 and operated from there, initially on a test basis and commercially from July 1, 1941, its services for the station WNBT.
The first radio signals were broadcast by the NBC program WEAF-FM (now: WQHT) in 1940. Until 1950 the NBC had the exclusive right to use the installations as a transmission system. The Federal Communications Commission broke this monopoly as more television stations appeared in New York in the 1940s. In December 1950, a 68 meter high transmitting antenna was installed on top of the Empire State Building to meet the increased demand. At the same time, other TV stations moved into floors 81 to 83. A combined broadcast of television and radio programs from the new antenna began in 1951. In 1965, additional antennas were installed on the viewing platform on the 102nd floor.
With the construction of the 400 meter high World Trade Center, the reception quality of radio and television programs deteriorated. Many companies then moved to the World Trade Center before completion. As a result, the transmission system was fundamentally renewed, so that new radio and television stations from the New York area settled back in the Empire State Building.
Currently (as of 2015) the following television and radio programs are broadcast from the Empire State Building. The reception area is shown in brackets.
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Touristy
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The Empire State Building houses two viewing platforms. The first of them is in the large open space on the 86th floor at a height of 320 meters. From there you have a good view of all of New York City and the New York metropolitan area . On a clear day, a distance of over 80 km is possible. High-speed elevators go up there. This observation deck is considered to be one of the most visited attractions in the world. Since the building opened in 1931, over 120 million people have visited this viewing terrace. The observation deck was originally intended for release of airship travelers as the top of the tower was the anchoring of airships serve. In fact, an airship was trying to get a pile of newspapers hanging on a rope onto the building. The undertaking finally succeeded, but with so many difficulties that docking was no longer an option. The updrafts were far too strong at this height. Presumably, the plans for an airship port were more of a kind of public relations gag from the start, but one that shows the intention to think of the unbelievable and to consider the impossible to be possible. The docking of an airship was effectively staged in the opening sequence of the film Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow in 2003 . Another vantage point is the Empire State Building on the 102nd floor, the top floor of the building. It is 373 meters high, but is located inside the building and offers less space, which is due to the fact that the building floor plan is only very narrow at the top. This second viewing platform was closed from 1999 to 2005 and was extensively renovated in 2019. When visiting the two viewing platforms, very high safety precautions now apply; it is forbidden to take glass with you. Due to the security checks, visitors have to be prepared for waiting times of over half an hour.
There is a Skyride cinema on the second floor of the Empire State Building . This enables visitors to take a virtual 3-D flight over New York City.
In the immediate vicinity of the building there are other attractions, such as Times Square to the north.
Empire State Building Run-Up
The Empire State Building Run-Up is a stair race from the entrance hall to the 86th floor on the observation deck, which has been held annually since 1978. The participants are runners and climbers. The stair race overcomes a vertical distance of 320 meters and comprises 1576 steps. The record was set in 2003 by the Australian professional cyclist Paul Crake with 9 minutes and 33 seconds. At the last run in 2018, the Colombian Frank Carreno won with a time of 10 minutes and 50 seconds. The most successful participant of the run so far is the Stuttgart stair runner Thomas Dold with a second place and seven victories in a row.
meaning
Both historically and currently, the Empire State Building enjoys an almost legendary role in culture and architecture. Although it hasn't been the tallest building in the world since 1972, it hasn't hurt its fame or popularity. Mainly because of its design, which is considered to be particularly aesthetically successful, and its construction, which is recognized as an outstanding technical achievement, it is able - even more than the Chrysler Building and other Art Déco buildings - to arouse positive feelings in the viewer.
The photos of workers on the steel scaffolding during the construction phase went around the world and are still so popular that they are shown on numerous posters. The important photographer Lewis Hine was hired by the builders for this purpose and his book on the construction of the Empire State Building is part of the history of photography . In addition, the building was celebrated, at least by the builders, as the eighth wonder of the world : the Empire State Building was displayed in a row with the classic wonders of the world as a window mosaic in the lobby. In fact, the American Society of Civil Engineers included the structure in the list of the architectural wonders of the modern world in 1995 .
In contrast, skyscrapers from the 1960s and 1970s, for example the World Trade Center, were rather unpopular, which was mainly due to the angular design, which many people could not identify with.
The Empire State Building could become something of a "myth" for two other reasons. On the one hand, through its enormous presence - this is how the building decisively shapes the skyline of Midtown Manhattan . It is still the tallest building in this neighborhood (and the third tallest in New York) and stands out particularly against the city's multi-towered silhouette. On the other hand, through the distribution in numerous well-known films such as King Kong and the white woman , first produced in 1933, in which the monkey King Kong climbs onto the roof of the skyscraper. The building's popularity is due to this film in particular. Another film adaptation followed in 1976, in which King Kong climbs the World Trade Center . In the 2005 film version, the final scene of the film takes place on the Empire State Building again. The Empire State Building also plays a special role in other films such as Empire , Percy Jackson - Thieves in Olympus (film) , James Bond , Independence Day , Sleepless in Seattle , The Great Love of My Life and The Day After Tomorrow Skyline is depicted or is directly related to the plot or the actors. Another well-known movie of the building is Empire of Andy Warhol . In addition, some literary works deal with the building. The construction of the skyscraper is also described in various works on the history of New York, such as Ric Burns New York from 1609 to the present day . The Empire State Building is still regarded as a New York landmark and the “epitome of the skyscraper”. Since 1986, it has been a national monument of the United States .
After the completion of the Empire State Building, a few more skyscrapers were built that have certain similarities with the New York model, which is perceived as elegant and beautiful. The Torre Latinoamericana in Mexico City , built in 1946, for example, is heavily modeled on the Empire State Building.
See also
- List of tallest office buildings in the world
- List of tallest buildings in North and Central America
literature
- Nathan Aaseng: Construction. Building the Impossible. Oliver Press, Minneapolis MN 1999, ISBN 1-881508-59-5 .
- Neal Bascomb: Higher. A Historic Race to the Sky and the Making of a City. Doubleday, New York NY et al. 2003, ISBN 0-385-50660-0 .
- Ric Burns, James Sanders, Lisa Ades: New York- from 1609 to the present day. Special edition. Frederking & Thaler, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-89405-535-9 ( Geo ).
- Benjamin Flowers: Skyscraper. The Politics and Power of Building New York City in the Twentieth Century. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia PA 2009, ISBN 978-0-8122-4184-6 .
- Jonathan Goldman: The Empire State Building Book. St. Martin's Press, New York NY 1980, ISBN 0-312-24455-X .
- Theodore James, Jr .: The Empire State Building. Harper & Row, New York NY 1975, ISBN 0-06-012172-6 .
- Mark Kingwell: Nearest Thing to Heaven. The Empire State Building and American Dreams. Yale University Press, New Haven CT et al. 2006, ISBN 0-300-10622-X ( American Icons ).
- Mitchell Pacelle: Empire. A Tale of Obsession, Betrayal, and the Battle for an American Icon. Wiley, New York NY 2001, ISBN 0-471-40394-6 .
- Dirk Stichweh: New York Skyscrapers. Prestel Verlag, Munich et al. 2009, ISBN 978-3-7913-4054-8 .
- John Tauranac: The Empire State Building. The Making of a Landmark. Scribner, New York NY 1995, ISBN 0-684-19678-6 .
- Geraldine B. Wagner: Thirteen Months to Go. The Creation of the Empire State Building. Thunder Bay Press, San Diego CA 2003, ISBN 1-59223-105-5 .
- Carol Willis (Ed.): Building the Empire State. WW Norton, New York NY et al. 1998, ISBN 0-393-73030-1 .
Web links
- Official website of the Empire State Building (English)
- Work on the abyss , photo series from the construction of the Empire State Building, Kevin Witzenberger, one day , August 26, 2015
- Crash into the Empire State Building. Zigzag flight through Manhattan's canyons , Marc Pitzke, one day, July 29, 2014
- Construction of the Empire State Building - Race to the Clouds , Ralf Berhorst, Spiegel Online , December 8, 2008
- Compare the size of the tallest buildings in New York City on skyscraperpage.com
Individual evidence
- ↑ "The Empire State Building is being turned inside out"; Welt am Sonntag No. 89 of October 17, 2010, pp. 89,91.
- ^ History 1900s: Empire State Building
- ↑ a b Emporis: Empire State Building
- ^ Empire State Building Architecture Style. Retrieved March 2, 2019 .
- ↑ Nigel Hawkes: Miracles. Südwest Verlag, Augsburg 1998, ISBN 3-86047-250-X , p. 85.
- ↑ ctbuh.org Tallest steel structure buildings in the world
- ↑ BROADCAST ANTENNAS ON THE EMPIRE STATE BUILDING. Retrieved March 2, 2019 .
- ↑ a b c d Andres Lepik, Skyscraper , Prestel-Verlag Munich 2005, p. 48.
- ^ Schaedel: New York - History - Geschichte: Germany Colors on Empire State Building. In: New York - History - History. April 21, 2015, accessed April 23, 2020 .
- ↑ Lighting plan of the Empire State Building
- ↑ The Villager: Whatever happened to Fay Wray? Siren didn't fade away ( Memento from May 12, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), Volume 74, Number 22 (September 29 to October 5, 2004)
- ↑ Washington Post : With Windows 95's Debut, Microsoft Scales Heights of Hype , August 24, 1995.
- ↑ On Tuesday, July 8, 2014, the Empire State Building will be lit in yellow, red and black. In: Empire State Building. Empire State Realty Trust, July 8, 2014, archived from the original on July 15, 2014 ; accessed on July 8, 2014 .
- ↑ On Saturday, July 12, 2014, the Empire State Building will be lit National colors of Germany and Argentina in honor of the World Cup finalists. In: Empire State Building. Empire State Realty Trust, archived from the original on May 12, 2015 ; accessed on June 23, 2020 (English).
- ↑ Colorful messages to the city that never sleeps www.farbimpulse.de, the online magazine for color in science and practice, brillux.de, February 3, 2016, accessed May 12, 2016.
- ↑ GEO epoch No. 33 - New York 1625-1945, page 160
- ↑ a b Spiegel: Construction of the Empire State Building - Race to the clouds.
- ^ H. Braun: German zeppelins and American politics. In: History of Technology. 71 (4), (2004), p. 275.
- ↑ architectural history of esbnyc.com: facts about the construction ( Memento of 2 January 2010 at the Internet Archive )
- ^ Building of Empire State Building ( Memento from April 17, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), video contribution
- ↑ a b c d e Ric Burns, Lisa Ades and James Sanders, New York - from 1609 to today , Frederking Thaler Verlag, German edition 2005, p. 383.
- ^ Thomas Kirnbauer: Lahn marble in the Empire State Building, New York. In: Lahn-Marmor-Nachrichten, No. 23, Verein Lahn-Marmor-Museum e. V. ( Memento of December 17, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), Villmar 2012, ISSN 1619-0289 , pp. 3–10. (PDF, 36 MB)
- ↑ 80 years of the Empire State Building: 14 months to build, eternal fame. Retrieved April 23, 2020 .
- ^ Empire State Building in the National Register Information System. National Park Service , accessed August 19, 2019.
- ↑ Listing of National Historic Landmarks by State: New York. National Park Service , accessed August 19, 2019.
- ↑ New York's highest landmark is getting something on the roof ; Benedikt Hartl, May 10, 2012.
- ↑ Qatar now also owns part of the Empire State Building. In: Faz.net. August 25, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2016 .
- ↑ Longest Fall Survived In An Elevator . ( Memento from February 20, 2006 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Associated Press: Qatar buys a piece of the Empire State Building. In: New York Post. August 24, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2020 (American English).
- ↑ Empire State IPO prices at $ 13 per share, low end of range . In: Reuters . October 2, 2013 ( reuters.com [accessed July 15, 2020]).
- ↑ REITs Atlas: Understanding REITs and Real Estate Stocks . ISBN 978-1-67315-107-7 , pp. 40 .
- ↑ EMPIRE STATE REALTY TRUST A Company Profile | Information on EMPIRE STATE REALTY TRUST A. Retrieved July 15, 2020 .
- ^ H. Braun: German zeppelins and American politics. In: History of Technology. 71 (4), (2004), p. 275.
- ↑ Imposante Bauwerke.de: The tallest building in New York: The Empire State Building
- ↑ Sebastian Moll: New York Outlook . In: Stuttgarter Nachrichten . No. 239 , October 15, 2019, p. 8 ( online [accessed November 24, 2019]).
- ↑ esbnyc.com: The viewing platform of the Empire State Building ( Memento from January 22, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Dold to Seek Eighth Win in Empire State Building Run-Up Powered by the MMRF , New York Road Runners
- ^ Empire State Building - Past Race Winners ( Memento from January 2, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Race Results | NYCRUNS. Retrieved March 2, 2019 .
- ↑ Thomas Dold biography. Retrieved March 2, 2019 .
- ↑ ( page no longer available , search in web archives: ASCE: Seven Wonders )
- ↑ orf.at: An American Myth ( Memento from May 17, 2006 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Skyscraperpage: Torre Latinoamericana
| before | Tallest skyscraper in the world | after that |
| Chrysler Building | 381 m 1931-1972 |
World Trade Center 1 |
| before | Tallest building in the world | after that |
| Chrysler Building | (381 m) 1931-1967 |
Ostankino TV tower |
Coordinates: 40 ° 44 ′ 54 ″ N , 73 ° 59 ′ 9 ″ W.