Passive house

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A passive house is understood to be a building that, due to its high level of thermal insulation and the functional principle of significantly reducing ventilation heat losses by means of a heat exchanger , generally does not require traditional, water-based building heating .

Schiestlhaus , Hochschwab, 2154  m above sea level A. , Treberspurg und Partner 2004/05 - first high alpine passive house

conditions

According to the certification criteria of the Passive House Institute Darmstadt, the passive house must not exceed a heating requirement of 15 kilowatt hours (energy content of around 1.5 liters of heating oil) per square meter in one year. The maximum permissible heating load is 10 W / m² in the design and must be able to be brought in via the supply air under all weather conditions, even in winter on unfavorable days. Furthermore, a passive house is defined by limit values ​​in the area of ​​the primary energy requirement of 120 kWh / (m² · a), the airtightness and the minimum required efficiency for the installed devices.

The houses are called "passive" because the majority of the heat demand is covered by "passive" sources such as solar radiation and waste heat from people and technical devices. The result is a positive spatial perception coupled with low energy consumption . The passive house is not a new construction method , but a building standard that defines special requirements in terms of architecture , technology and ecology and is not limited to a specific type of building. It is also possible to achieve this standard through modifications and renovations.

Passive house construction

Working principle

Schematic structure of the passive house

A typical passive house has the design features shown in the illustration. Deviations are possible at any point as long as the principle is retained (functional standard).

In the passive house, the special thermal insulation of the walls, windows and roof achieves above-average heat recovery of the radiated heat from residents and household appliances. The ventilation system also reduces heat loss and regulates the fresh air supply for the residents. The fresh air is often preheated by a geothermal heat exchanger and fed into the building. Important components are also good airtightness and a special building shape.

The border area to highly insulated conventional building technologies is marked by water-based heating systems that are used in addition to or to ensure security of supply, mostly only at very low outside air temperatures. As a rule, additional heating in the passive house takes place via electrical heating registers or an electrically operated air-to-air heat pump heating system via the ventilation system. Electric tile heaters are also common (especially in the bathroom) . Despite their energy efficiency, passive houses therefore generally consume more electrical energy than conventionally heated houses.

Thermal insulation

When it comes to saving energy in the passive house, the focus is on reducing energy losses through transmission and ventilation. This is achieved through good thermal insulation of all surrounding areas (roof, basement walls, foundations, windows), a largely impervious building envelope and controlled living space ventilation with heat recovery from the exhaust air. Thermal bridges and leaks are to be avoided (also at the connections).

Cross-section through a plastic or wooden window for passive house applications

In Central European passive houses, the windows are usually triple-glazed, have selective layers for each space between the panes and are filled with the noble gas argon (rarely krypton ). Although windows of this type have a poorer thermal insulation value (U-value) than well-insulated walls, a south-facing window of this quality that is as unshaded as possible has a positive energy balance even in winter thanks to solar energy gains. In the meantime, there are special window constructions for passive houses, for example with two window sashes one behind the other, which guarantee even higher solar gains and the best possible thermal insulation.

The narrowest possible frames maximize the proportion of glass surfaces and thus optimize the energy input , etc. a. because the U-value of a triple glazing of around 0.5 to 0.7 is significantly better than that of the frame. Window designers have always endeavored to build narrow frames in order to have a high proportion of glass area even with small windows. The type of integration of the window in the wall cross-section (during planning and installation) also makes a decisive contribution to thermal insulation.

ventilation

Active ventilation

The building envelopes, especially those of new buildings, are generally almost impermeable to air. As a result, there is insufficient natural air exchange when the windows are closed. For this reason, ventilation systems are often installed today, and not only in passive houses, which ensure the removal of stale air and water vapor and thus a pleasant room climate . In order to limit ventilation heat losses , passive houses require controlled living space ventilation, usually with heat recovery . This ensures the necessary exchange of air and reduces energy losses through window ventilation . All of the air in the house is changed approximately every 1 to 4 hours. With the low air volume flows required for this, air movement, drafts or noises are imperceptible. At higher air exchange rates and if the ducts are too narrow, flow noises can be audible. The fresh, filtered and preheated supply air is supplied to the living rooms and bedrooms, from there it reaches the hallways through overflow openings (for example in or above the doors or by means of undercut door leaves) and is extracted again in kitchens, bathrooms and toilets. From there the exhaust air goes through ducts to the heat exchanger and finally as exhaust air outside.

The heart of the ventilation system is the heat recovery with a heat exchanger , usually a counterflow heat exchanger . 80 to 95% of the heat from the exhaust air can be recovered for the supply air without mixing the air. In normal operation, such a system without a heating function consumes around 40 watts of power for a family home. There are also devices with a rotary heat exchanger , which can also recover part of the humidity. The air filter of the counterflow heat exchanger can also be exchanged for a pollen air filter . The air quality can also be improved and pollutants reduced by installing an ionization module with an ionization tube.

Passive ventilation

In the so-called house-in-house concept or bio-solar house according to Klaus Becher, a different concept is pursued. The house's thermal insulation remains open to diffusion. No vapor barriers, vapor barriers or ventilation systems are used in the house.

In order to remove the old air from the house, a second shell like a greenhouse is placed around the house as the outer building shell. In this, the air heats the shell of the inner house and releases it by natural convection through ventilation slots in the upper part of the outer glass shell.

heater

A large part of the heating requirement in passive houses is derived from internal gains, i.e. H. the heat output from people and devices, as well as from the passive solar gains from the heat input through the windows.

The remaining heat demand can then be provided by any source (e.g. gas heating , district heating , heat pumps , electrical building heating , solar thermal systems , pellet stoves or even oil central heating). The passive house criterion of the Passive House Institute in Darmstadt is a theoretical heating requirement of 15 kWh per square meter of heated living space and year. This corresponds to an energy requirement in the room of approx. 1.5 liters of heating oil, before losses through generation and transport in the building. Such a low heating requirement can be covered by heating the supply air of the ventilation system. A compact design and the inclusion of internal heat sources such as B. the heat output of the residents. Heating via the supply air can regularly only cover a low heating load of around 10–20 W per m². This is mainly due to the low heat capacity of the medium air and, depending on the heat generator, the more or less high and limited temperature spread between the supply air after the heating register and the room air temperature . Larger passive houses with a low occupancy rate are usually heated like conventional buildings via static heating surfaces, only with a smaller size. However, the need is also largely dependent on user behavior. Important influencing factors are e.g. B. the desired room temperature, shading of the windows and the ventilation behavior (intermittent ventilation or windows permanently in the tilt position). In extreme cases, the actual heat demand can be many times that which is optimally possible.

So-called compact devices are often used in smaller passive houses , in which controlled living space ventilation , hot water preparation, a mini heat pump and additional electrical heating are integrated and do not represent traditional building heating . On the other hand, “conventional” systems with a heat generator and separate ventilation not only offer cost and efficiency advantages: In the event of device errors or due to technical progress, system components can be replaced; When choosing individual devices, the respective framework conditions of a building project can be taken into account.

Homely feeling

Constant internal temperature

The essential and special property of a passive house is the constant internal temperature. This applies both over the year and over a day as well as for individual rooms. The inside temperature changes very slowly - when the heating is switched off in the passive house it drops by less than 0.5  K per day (in winter when the sun is not shining). All walls and floors have the same temperature, this also applies to the basement if it is located within the thermal envelope. There are no “cold” external walls or floors, so mold formation is excluded. In summer, the thermal insulation and a possibly existing geothermal heat exchanger ensure that the building remains pleasantly cool and (at least in Central Europe) no air conditioning is required. This also applies to office buildings and school buildings in the passive house standard (source: working group volumes summer climate and passive house schools).

However, the constant indoor temperature is not perceived as comfortable by everyone. Separate temperature control, for example in the bedroom (a little cooler) or the bathroom (a little warmer), is very often desirable, but cannot be implemented in the passive house or only with additional effort (e.g. bathroom: additional electric tile heating ).

Air quality

The controlled living space ventilation of a passive house uses air filters to improve the quality of the indoor air compared to the outside air. With electrical heating registers or air-to-air heat pumps, it can take over the function of heating if the maximum heating load remains below 10 W / m² in all cases during the life of the house. Rapid heating is not possible with a single heating system via controlled living space ventilation due to the low air exchange rate of 0.4 / h to 1.0 / h for reasons of comfort . Additional ventilation is always possible, but basically not necessary.

The lower relative humidity reported in some cases, especially in cold spells in winter, can be increased by reducing the air exchange rate, but this counteracts the heating function if the heating is exclusively via fresh air. Devices with integrated moisture recovery are also available.

costs

Experience shows that a new building is around 5 to 15% more expensive than a conventionally built house according to the currently valid EnEV energy standard . Experience has shown that these additional costs range between 12% and 18% when renovating old buildings. The costs for the ventilation system in the single-family house are approx. 6,000 to 10,000 € (2007) fully installed depending on the equipment.

The payback period can be more than ten years; it essentially depends on the unforeseeable future increase in energy prices and on the interest rate with which the investment is financed. The basic saving in heating energy is around 75% compared to a conventional building according to the latest building standards.

Additional costs for the passive house

  • Good thermal insulation (material costs for the insulation material (by volume))
  • Allowances for enlarged external areas, possibly more complex connection work and detailed training.
  • Use of ventilation technology with heat recovery
  • Well-insulating windows with triple thermal insulation glazing
  • Increased demands on the airtight building envelope
  • In some cases increased effort for special solutions (e.g. for a cat flap )

Lower costs for the passive house

  • Chimney drafts are often not necessary - this means a little more living space (0.5 m × 0.5 m = 0.25 m²) and no chimney sweeping costs
  • Radiators, wall or underfloor heating and the associated technology are rarely required
  • Heating or fuel storage space is often not necessary
  • Usually lower maintenance costs for hot water preparation and heating system

Maintenance costs

Since an electricity-driven heat pump is usually used for heating , a passive house has an increased demand for electricity. There are no separate heating costs for this. With 1 kWh of electrical energy, the heat pump transports between 1.3 and 3.7 kWh of heat to a higher temperature level. In addition, the applied electrical energy can also be used as heat. This results in approx. 2.3 to 4.7 kWh of heat per kWh of electrical energy applied. The performance rate is shown as the Coefficient Of Performance (COP) in the system descriptions . If the heat pump is also used to generate hot water, the energy requirement increases because the heat pumps work less efficiently at higher temperatures. The production of hot water using instantaneous water heaters also requires high-quality, expensive electrical energy . Since ventilation with electrical heating elements and electrical tile temperature control are often installed, the need for electrical "secondary energy" increases significantly when they are used.

The maintenance effort for the building technology corresponds to that of a normal house with additional ventilation technology. The ventilation (without electrical after-heating) with an average power consumption of around 40 watts consumes around 350 kWh per year, plus the costs for filter changes.

advancement

Germany

In Germany, passive houses are subsidized by a low-interest loan from KfW . There are also regional funding programs in many federal states.

Austria

In Austria, passive houses are subsidized with up to 10% of the construction costs. The state of Tyrol promotes passive houses in the course of the housing subsidy with an additional subsidy for energy-saving construction with 14 points. The amount of funding for one point results from the eligible living space in m² × 8 €. For example, if a family of four with a maximum subsidized living space of 110 m² applies, this results in 110 × 8 = € 880 per point. With 14 points, this results in an additional grant of € 12,320 (as of June 2007).

The state of Vorarlberg subsidizes passive houses with a rate of up to € 1,100 per square meter up to 150 m², i.e. a maximum of € 165,000, provided that the guidelines have been met (income limits, floor plan, people). However, this funding must be repaid over a period of approx. 30 years with an extremely low interest rate and not value-secured, so that this also has a strong promotional effect for young families and the construction industry.

comparison

It is controversial whether the building services in a passive house (ventilation + heat pump) are about as expensive as in a conventional house without ventilation (radiators + heating). The construction costs increase effectively by the amount that the better thermal insulation costs (windows, insulation), according to CEPHEUS by around 5 to 8%. The CEPHEUS study came to the conclusion that the capitalized total costs over 30 years for a passive house are not higher than for a conventional new building. The higher capital costs from the first day are offset by the lower energy costs from the first day. The bottom line is the higher quality of living due to ventilation, security against future energy price increases and a better CO 2 balance.

Passive house standards

Energy standards were developed based on the passive house design. Today one can assume a guideline value for the area-related annual heating requirement of 15 kWh / (m² · a). With this value, the most significant savings are achieved in comparison to conventional residential construction in terms of heating fuel consumption: This corresponds to a consumption of heating oil equivalent of around 1.5 liters of heating oil per square meter of living space per year.

Certifications based on energy standards have been defined by private and government bodies on the basis of legal or standards. The former serve primarily as a quality assurance measure in the sense of security in the construction industry and for the customer, the latter also for the implementation of the goals of the Kyoto Protocol ( United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC, Additional Protocol Kyoto Conference 1997) and for funding measures and funds.

PHPP standard of the Passive House Institute (quality-tested passive house)

Logo of the PHI and quality-tested passive house

The Passive House Project Planning Package (PHPP) is being developed by the Passive House Institute in Darmstadt . This defines the following basic framework conditions:

  • Energy value heating heat max. 15 kWh / (m² · a) or heating load max. 10 W / m²
  • Pressure test air change n 50 max. 0.6 h −1
  • Energy value of the total primary energy max. 60 kWh / (m² · a) including household electricity

For non-residential buildings, the following also applies:

  • Energy value useful cooling max. 15 kWh / (m² a)
  • as well as any special conditions for location conditions and special cases of building use that differ from the cool, temperate climate of Europe

The PHPP concept consists of an extensive catalog of criteria. Based on these framework conditions, the institute certifies buildings with the label quality-tested PASSIVHAUS Dr. Wolfgang Feist .

The Passive House Institute is a research center founded by Wolfgang Feist and one of the leading institutions in the field of passive house construction. It was instrumental in the development of the German energy standard norms; The Austrian state klima: aktiv standard is also based on the PHPP standard.

Germany: energy standard

According to German standards, the term describes an energy standard for buildings .

The precise definition is:

"A passive house is a building in which thermal comfort ( ISO 7730 ) can be guaranteed simply by reheating the fresh air volume flow, which is necessary for adequate air quality ( DIN 1946 ) - without using additional circulating air ."

The exact requirements for a passive house are described in the passive house energy standard. This is a further development of the standard for low-energy houses . There is no test center for compliance with the standards in Germany.

Austria: Class A ++ energy certificate, klima: aktiv building standard

For Austria, the passive house according to ÖNORM H 5055 Energy Performance of Buildings - Accompanying documents Energy Efficiency Rating - findings, opinions, advice and recommendations - for the - mandatory for all building energy certification as an energy standard with A ++ respectively. For an energy-saving house / A ++:

Energy pass - categories A ++ to G , heating requirements (HWB) of buildings
HWB in kWh / ( m² · a ) category Heating oil equivalent in l / a
≤ 10 A ++ Passive house 200-300 (a)
≤ 15 A + Nearest energy house 400-700 (a)
≤ 25 A.
≤ 50 B. Low energy house 1000-1500 (a)
≤ 100 C. Target value according to building regulations 2008 1500-2500 (a)
≤ 150 D. old, unrenovated buildings > 3000 (a)
≤ 200 E.
≤ 250 F.
> 250 G
(a)Based on a single-family house with 150 m² and a four-person household (without hot water)
Logo klima: aktiv initiative of the BMLFUW

In addition, the passive house standard is also implemented as a supplement to the newer klima: aktiv building standard, where the catalog of criteria is based around 60% on the PHPP standard of the Passive House Institute Darmstadt. The following apply there:

Since January 1, 2007, a law has been in force in Vorarlberg that makes passive construction mandatory for all new public buildings.

Switzerland: Minergie-P

Logo of the association and standards Minergie

The term passive house as such does not exist in Switzerland. Buildings of this type are classified with a building label according to the Minergie standard, the Minergie-P standard . The certification body is the Lucerne School of Technology and Architecture .

criticism

Environment and comfort

The added value of passive houses in terms of environmental protection and comfort is controversial. Low-energy houses with a high degree of solar coverage can achieve an individually controllable room climate with similar investment costs and often even lower running total costs. By doing without or reducing the use of additional insulation materials , their environmental balance is improved .

It is sometimes criticized that the financial comparisons between passive houses and conventional low-energy houses are embellished. The reasons for this are u. a. listed:

  • The comparative calculations regarding energy consumption are often based on outdated standards. It is mostly ignored that today's standard houses according to newer regulations (for example the German Energy Saving Ordinance ) are already much better than at the turn of the millennium , when passive houses increasingly received public attention. However, comparisons with KfW efficiency houses based on the current standard are seldom made.
  • Ventilation systems with heat recovery and very good thermal insulation (e.g. triple glazing ) have long ceased to be the unique selling points of passive houses and are also increasingly being used in conventional new buildings.
  • Comparative calculations usually do not take into account that the investment amount for a new building often has to be financed by more than 70%. The interest costs are therefore not adequately taken into account in the comparison.
  • The higher material and therefore energy requirements in the manufacture and installation of the thermal insulation must pay for itself from an environmental point of view (see harvest factor ).
  • A passive house corresponds to the common definition of "fully air-conditioned" with the following problems: A pleasant room climate requires a technically very sophisticated design of the ventilation system. This must be carried out by specialist companies. As with fully air-conditioned office buildings, this also applies to a reconfiguration when there is a change in use, for example if a storage room is converted into a bathroom. In conventional buildings, this would only require a different “ventilation behavior”.

costs

An Austrian long-term study on behalf of the construction company Rhomberg Bau came to the result that passive houses with up to 40 kWh / m² can have up to four times more heat than stated, which in retrospect can lead to higher additional costs than calculated. The main reason for the deviation was the usage behavior of the residents. The average internal temperature of the Passive House apartments was 22.1 degrees Celsius. For the calculation, however, a living temperature of only 20 ° C was assumed.

History and Outlook

The polar ship named Fram was the first really functional and appropriate use of the passive house principle. This ship was built in 1883. The walls and ceilings were sealed with several layers and materials and reached a thickness of around 40 cm. The windows, through which the cold could easily penetrate, were replaced by triple panes. So it was possible that the stove did not have to be lit, no matter how low the temperature was below zero. The implementation of this idea on a house took place in the 1970s and 80s. In 1973 the first house of this type was built at the “Danish Technical University” in Copenhagen . According to today's specifications, it is classified as a "low-energy house". During this research project, important knowledge was gained and the foundations for the development of low-energy and, subsequently, passive houses were created.

However, there were significant problems with these initial projects. Neither there were solutions for energy-efficient windows, nor was it about the importance of long-term air tightness clear. In many projects, very complicated technology was also used, which in the end did not work reliably and was far too expensive for series application.

In a “German-Swedish” project one had learned from experience and got the essential things right. With airtightness , good thermal insulation , good windows and reliable, regulated ventilation, they set the course for modern energy-saving houses. The last step to a passive house ready for series production took place in 1990. In international cooperation, a team of German scientists had developed new components such as CO 2 -regulated ventilation and insulated window frames, which were efficient and at the same time could be produced cost-effectively.

The first passive house in Germany

This project resulted in the first recognized passive house in Germany in 1991 , which was built in Darmstadt - Kranichstein and designed by Dr. Wolfgang Feist , at the time at the Institute for Housing and Environment . The heating energy consumption of the four row house units averages 10 kWh / m²a and has remained constant since then. The passive house showed that all components were working perfectly and at that time showed an energy saving of around 90% compared to a conventional house.

The first free-standing passive house was built by oehler faigle archkom in 1998 in Bretten . The first German multi-family passive house has been located in Freiburg, Vauban district, since 1999 . Passive house developments followed in Wiesbaden (21 houses), Hanover-Kronsberg (32 houses) and Stuttgart (52 houses). Between 1999 and 2001, a further 221 residential units were built in five EU countries (Germany, France, Austria, Sweden, Switzerland) at 14 locations as part of CEPHEUS - all with intensive measurement programs that confirm that expectations have been fully met.

Europe's first large office building in passive house standard with seasonal solar storage was built in 1998 as the company headquarters in Cölbe near Marburg. In the meantime, a number of partly larger office buildings in passive house standard have been built, such as the Energon 2002 in Ulm with a net floor area of ​​6911 m² and approx. 420 workplaces or Lu-teco 2006 in Ludwigshafen with 10,000 m² of office space and more than 500 workplaces.

The measure was first used in social housing in 2000 in Kassel (40 units). With the Schiestlhaus am Hochschwab was 2004/05 at 2154  m above sea level. A. the first high-alpine building built using passive construction. The largest passive house development in Europe is currently being built in Vienna, the Eurogate in the third district of Vienna with 1700 apartments, 700 of which are passive house standard.

The first energetically refurbished passive high- rise in the world is located in Freiburg im Breisgau , the high-rise building Bugginger Straße 50. The 45-meter-high building is a 16-storey high-rise with a living space of around 7,000 m², which was built in 1968 in the Weingarten district and in the years From 2009 to 2010 it was renovated. Today it belongs to the municipal housing association Freiburger Stadtbau (FSB).

There are now many thousands of passive houses, mainly in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Italy (South Tyrol), including several large estates in which the low consumption and good comfort have been confirmed by accompanying scientific studies by CEPHEUS. Around half of these houses are in Austria, which is a leader in the field of energy-saving houses. It has been promoting energy-saving houses since 1996, and by 2009 approx. 8,000 apartments were built in A ++ standard (passive house), and another 5,000 were under construction / renovation. In the meantime, public administration buildings, homes, schools, gyms and even industrial buildings with passive house standards have been built, for example at the bambados in Bamberg , which is Europe's first passive house indoor swimming pool with six swimming pools and 1,700 square meters of water.

The first passive house in the USA was built in 2003 in Urbana, Illinois as a private residence. In 2006, another passive house as part of social housing in Urbana and the BioHaus school in Bemidji , Minnesota for the Waldsee German as a foreign language program were completed with the help of the German Federal Environment Foundation . The Austria House in Whistler (British Columbia) for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , which is implemented in passive house standard, achieved a special media presence . This technology is largely unknown in North America, only a few dozen houses have been built.

There are passive houses as solid , wood , clay , formwork construction , as polystyrene stone houses and other construction techniques. In recent times there have been increasing efforts to convert older buildings to passive house standards. Essentially, the same requirements apply here as for the new building, but the planning and technical implementation is much more complex. The first projects were implemented in Hanover, Nuremberg, Ludwigshafen and Frankfurt am Main. During these renovations, the energy consumption for heating was reduced by more than 85%. The same principles and components were used that were developed for the new construction of passive houses.

The Heidelberg Bahnstadt is the largest passive house development in the world, and as of 2016 around 2,600 people lived there. In the future, around 6,000 people will live in the settlement, and it will also offer around 7,000 jobs. Its area is approximately 116 hectares.

See also

literature

  • Passive House Compendium 2019 . Laible, Allensbach 2018, ISBN 978-3-944549-21-7 .
  • Manfred Hegger , Caroline Fafflok, Johannes Hegger, Isabell Passig: Aktivhaus - The basic work: From Passive House to Energy Plus House , Callwey, 2013, ISBN 978-3-7667-1902-7 .
  • Wolfgang Feist : Design principles of passive houses . Verlag Das Example, Darmstadt 2011, ISBN 978-3-935243-00-1 .
  • Gerrit Horn: Passive houses in timber construction: planning, building, operating, Bruder, Karlsruhe 2011, ISBN 978-3-87104-175-4
  • Dietmar Siegele: Passive House - Building the Future . Books on Demand , Norderstedt 2007, ISBN 3-8370-0644-1 .
  • Heinz-Jörn Moriske, Michael Wensing: Investigations into the indoor air hygienic situation in energetically renovated old buildings and in a passive house. In: Hazardous substances - Keeping air clean 67 (3), 2007, pp. 85–90, ISSN  0949-8036 .
  • Stefan Oehler: Large passive houses . Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-17-017271-9 .
  • Anton Graf: New passive houses . Callway, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-7667-1568-2 .
  • Carsten Grobe: Planning and building passive houses . Callway, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-7667-1515-1 .
  • Helmut Krapmeier, Eckart Drössler, Ignacio Martínez: CEPHEUS living comfort without heating. Springer, Vienna / New York NY, ISBN 3-211-83720-5 (German, English, official final document of the project “CEPHEUS Austria 1998–2001 = CEPHEUS - living comfort without heating” ).
  • Fred Ranft, Doris Haas-Arndt: Energy-efficient old buildings - through renovation to a low-energy house. Edited by the Fachinformationszentrum Karlsruhe, BINE Informationsdienst, TÜV, Cologne 2004, ISBN 3-934595-55-3 (TÜV) / ISBN 3-934595-55-3 (Solarpraxis).

Web links

Commons : Passive House  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Passive House Circle Rosenheim Traunstein e. V .: Save energy & costs - passively heat . (PDF) accessed January 14, 2013.
  2. ↑ Georg Küffner: It works without fans. In: FAZ.net . April 4, 2010, accessed October 13, 2018 .
  3. ↑ Wolfgang Feist: Ventilation and humidity - relationships explained in an understandable way. passivhaustagung.de, September 16, 2006, archived from the original on February 17, 2010 ; Retrieved February 4, 2010 .
  4. ↑ Pro Klima, Passive House Institute (ed.): CEPHEUS project information . Final technical report. No. 35 , July 2001 ( Enercity.de ( memento of October 11, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) [PDF; accessed on May 15, 2018]). CEPHEUS project information ( Memento from October 11, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  5. ↑ Small: costs of passive houses . Contribution to the conference on climate protection in housing construction 2009. 2009 ( iwu.de [PDF]).
  6. ↑ Building and renovating energetically: Ventilation is not enough for heating , accessed January 14, 2013.
  7. ↑ How private households use the environment - higher energy consumption despite increased efficiency. (PDF) November 2006, p. 13 , accessed on January 5, 2013 .
  8. ↑ Wolfgang Feist, Passive House Institute (ed.): PHPP 2007: Passive House Project Planning Package 2007 . 7th edition. Darmstadt 2007 ( information [accessed on February 4, 2010]).
  9. ↑ Wolfgang Feist: "Certified Passive House" Certification criteria for passive houses with residential use . In: Passive House Institute (Ed.): Passive House Project Planning Package PHPP 2012 . Darmstadt 2012 ( passiv.de [accessed on April 1, 2013] as of April 18, 2012).
  10. ↑ Passive House Institute. Retrieved April 19, 2019 .
  11. ↑ Wolfgang Feist: "Certified Passive House" Certification criteria for passive houses with non-residential use . In: Passive House Institute (Ed.): Passive House Project Planning Package PHPP 2012 . Darmstadt 2012 ( passiv.de [accessed April 1, 2013] as of April 25, 2012).
  12. ^ Energie Tirol (Ed.): Energy pass. Draw an energy balance! How much heating energy does a building use? Innsbruck 2009, p. 3, 5 ( tirol.gv.at [PDF; accessed on April 17, 2017] Aktion Tirol A ++ - An initiative by the State of Tyrol and Energie Tirol).
  13. ↑ Austrian Society for Environment and Technology , Energy Institute Vorarlberg (publisher): klima: aktiv haus criteria catalog - passive house version 3.3.6., 30 November 2008 ( page no longer available , search in web archives: klima: aktiv haus criteria catalog - passive house ) (PDF)@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.klimaaktiv.at
  14. ↑ Passive house or low energy house? Study shows values ​​for passive houses often do not correspond to reality! In: Trends of the Future , May 29, 2013. Accessed November 6, 2015.
  15. ↑ D-75025 Bretten (Baden-Württemberg) Project ID: 0451. In: Built Passive House Projects Project database. passivhausprojekte.de, October 13, 2006, accessed on February 4, 2010 .
  16. ↑ Andreas Delleske: passive house "Living & Working" Walter-Gropius-Strasse 22, 2005, accessed 4 February 2010 .
  17. ↑ R. Wagner, K. Vajen, S. Beisel, W. Feist, K. Schweitzer, U. Rustige, H. Ackermann: Administration building according to the passive house standard: measurement support and systematic investigations . Ed .: University of Marburg, Department of Physics. ( archiv.solarbau.de [PDF; accessed on February 4, 2010]). archiv.solarbau.de ( Memento from February 28, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  18. ↑ klimaschutz-rhein-neckar.de
  19. ↑ Itself is the radiator . In: Die Zeit , No. 5/2006
  20. ↑ Claudia Füßler: Simply shut down . In: Die Zeit , No. 12/2012.
  21. ↑ First passive high-rise in the world opened , website DETAIL - Journal for Architecture + Baudetail, accessed on October 9, 2013.
  22. ^ Bugginger Straße 50, Weingarten ( Memento from December 11, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), Freiberger Stadtbau website, accessed on September 9, 2013.
  23. ↑ Herwig Steinkellner: Passive House Days arouse interest . In: Salzburger Nachrichten . November 4, 2009, Bauen, p. 27 , col. 2 .
  24. ↑ Lloyd Alter (Toronto): A Passive House in Urbana, Illinois. In: Design & Architecture. treehugger, January 23, 2008, accessed February 4, 2010 .
  25. ↑ Welcome to the Waldsee BioHaus! Concordia Language Villages, February 22, 2007, accessed January 5, 2013 .
  26. ↑ Modernization of old buildings: high energy efficiency is better. Retrieved May 12, 2019 .
  27. ↑ The largest passive house development in the world is being built in Germany . In: Wirtschaftswoche , September 12, 2016. Retrieved September 12, 2016.