Energy standard
The energy standard of a building defines how high the energy requirement per square meter of energy reference area and year may be.
In general, a certain energy standard is achieved through structural measures and building services . User behavior has no influence on the standard, but does influence actual consumption.
According to the European Parliament's Industry Committee, all buildings erected after December 31, 2018 should generate their energy requirements on site .
Standards
There are a variety of energy standards and designations in the construction industry. These are partly determined by ordinances and standards. Many standards are now certified and / or quality assured .
In the German-speaking world, the usual measure of energy demand is kilowatt hours per square meter and year [kWh / (m² · a)]. The energy requirement can be converted into other values: 1 kWh / (m² · a) corresponds to 3.6 MJ / (m² · a) or 0.114 W / m² or 0.1 l / (m² · a) heating oil equivalent . This is where the term “3-liter house” comes from, which corresponds to around 30 kWh / (m² · a).
The following delimitation problems arise. Depending on what is meant, the values fulfilled by a house differ significantly from one another:
- The type and purpose of the energy must be determined, e.g. B. primary energy, useful energy, final energy, heating.
- The type and calculation of the area must be determined in more detail.
Germany
Germany's first energy self-sufficient house, the so-called Freiburg Solar House, turned 20 in November 2012.
A KfW efficiency house describes a KfW development bank (KfW) new building and renovation standard. If a building owner decides to implement this KfW standard for his new building, he can receive certain subsidy measures from KfW. The federal government is promoting the energetic renovation and the energy-efficient new building for the KfW efficiency house through the KfW development bank. It is funded with low-interest loans and grants.
The EnEV defines the basic level of efficiency and is updated regularly on the basis of EU legislation. In Germany, the Energy Saving Ordinance (EnEV) determines specifications, based on which the transmission heat loss and the annual primary energy requirement of a so-called reference house are calculated for every construction or renovation project. A KfW Efficiency House 100 may therefore only consume as much primary energy as the reference house. In addition, the transmission heat loss must not exceed 115%. The smaller the number, the more energy-efficient the house is. The efficiency house 40 has the lowest energy requirement, the primary energy requirement of which is only 40% of the reference house. However, KfW bases its calculations on the outdated EnEV Standard 2009 instead of the newer EnEV 2014 (with changes in 2016).
The energy requirement is mostly related to the building area (A N according to EnEV) or the heated living space according to the living space ordinance (WoFlVO). A distinction must also be made between the heating requirement and the primary energy requirement (depending on the energy source ) .
| default | Heating demand Q h | Primary energy demand Q P | Final energy demand Q e | Transmission heat loss H ' T |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Comparative values | ||||
| Non-refurbished house, built in 1960–1980 | 300 kWh / (m² a) | |||
| Average Germany 2002 | 160 kWh / (m² a) | |||
| Thermal protection regulations | ||||
| Thermal Insulation Ordinance (WSVO 77) | ≤ 250 kWh / (m² a) | |||
| Thermal Insulation Ordinance (WSVO 82) | ≤ 150 kWh / (m² · a) | |||
| Thermal Insulation Ordinance (WSVO 95) | ≤ 100 kWh / (m² a) | |||
| EnEV 2002 | ||||
| Low energy house | ≤ 70 kWh / (m² a) | |||
| EnEV 2004 | ||||
| KfW 60 house | ≤ 60 kWh / (m² · a) | |||
| KfW 40 house | ≤ 40 kWh / (m² · a) | |||
| EnEV 2007 | ||||
| KfW Efficiency House 70 | ≤ 60 kWh / (m² · a) | ≤ 70% | ||
| KfW Efficiency House 55 | ≤ 40 kWh / (m² · a) | ≤ 55% | ||
| EnEV 2009 | ||||
| KfW Efficiency House 100 | ≤ ?? kWh / (m² · a) 1 | ≤ 100% | ||
| KfW Efficiency House 85 | ≤ 55 kWh / (m² · a) 1 | ≤ 85% (approx. 50 kWh / (m² a)) | ≤ 100% | |
| KfW Efficiency House 70 | ≤ 45 kWh / (m² · a) 1 | ≤ 70% | ≤ 85% H T, Ref | |
| KfW Efficiency House 55 | ≤ 35 kWh / (m² · a) 1 | ≤ 55% | ≤ 70% H T, Ref | |
| KfW Efficiency House 40 | ≤ 25 kWh / (m² · a) 1 | ≤ 40% | ≤ 55% H T, Ref | |
| EnEV 2014 with changes in 2016 | ||||
| KfW Efficiency House Monument | ≤ ?? kWh / (m² · a) 1 | ≤ 160% | ≤ 175% H T, Ref | |
| KfW Efficiency House 115 | ≤ ?? kWh / (m² · a) 1 | ≤ 115% | ≤ 130% H T, Ref | |
| KfW Efficiency House 100 | ≤ ?? kWh / (m² · a) 1 | ≤ 100% | ≤ 115% H T, Ref | |
| KfW Efficiency House 85 | ≤ ?? kWh / (m² · a) 1 | ≤ 85% | ≤ 100% H T, Ref | |
| KfW Efficiency House 70 | ≤ 45 kWh / (m² · a) 1 | ≤ 70% | ≤ 85% H T, Ref | |
| KfW Efficiency House 55 | ≤ 35 kWh / (m² · a) 1 | ≤ 55% | ≤ 70% H T, Ref | |
| KfW Efficiency House 40 (Plus) | ≤ 25 kWh / (m² · a) 1 | ≤ 40% | ≤ 55% H T, Ref | |
| Passive House (PHPP) | ≤ 15 kWh / (m² · a) 1 | ≤ 120 kWh / (m² · a) 2 | ||
| The following deviations apply to the passive house:
1 The annual heating requirement is balanced according to the LEG / PHI method (PHPP) on the actual heated area (energy reference area) (instead of building usable area A N according to EnEV).
2 The annual primary energy requirement is calculated according to the PHPP and contains the requirements for heating, hot water preparation, ventilation, cooling and household electricity. The primary energy requirement according to EnEV, on the other hand, does not include any requirement for household electricity.
|
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The EnEV 2014 has been in effect since May 1, 2014. On January 1, 2016, some changes to the EnEV 2014 came into effect (EnEV 2014 with changes in 2016). With the amendment of the EnEV, the maximum permissible energy consumption for new building projects has been reduced to the level of a KfW 70 project (EnEV 2009). It is controversial whether the additional costs for building owners will amortize within 10 years.
Austria
Categories for the energy certificate
In Austria , the energy standards - in accordance with the EU building directive - according to ÖNORM H 5055 energy certificate for buildings are regulated as follows:
| HWB in kWh / ( m² · a ) | category | Heating oil equivalent in l / a | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ≤ 10 | A ++ | Passive house | 200-300 (a) |
| ≤ 15 | A + | Nearest energy house | 400-700 (a) |
| ≤ 25 | A. | ||
| ≤ 50 | B. | Low energy house | 1000-1500 (a) |
| ≤ 100 | C. | Target value according to building regulations 2008 | 1500-2500 (a) |
| ≤ 150 | D. | old, unrenovated buildings | > 3000 (a) |
| ≤ 200 | E. | ||
| ≤ 250 | F. | ||
| > 250 | G | ||
This rating scale is determined individually for each house and entered in the energy pass , which is mandatory for every building in Austria (currently being introduced: building permit for construction or renovation from a certain area, for subsidies, etc.). Although this assessment is a matter for the country , it is largely compliant for Austria.
klimaaktiv building standard
In addition to the energy standards defined in ÖNORM H 5055, there is also the klimaaktiv building standard . It is based on the PHPP standard of the Passive House Institute Darmstadt, but goes beyond a pure energy standard .
Swiss Minergy Standard
New and renovated buildings can be certified according to the Minergy Standard . The Minergie standard is particularly widespread in Switzerland . This prescribes maximum energy indicators depending on the use of the building. The gross floor area is the energy reference area .
The Swiss Minergie-P standard for passive houses differs slightly from the German requirements for passive houses.
Demarcation
The zero-energy house standard manages on an annual average without any net energy consumption from outside. The energy required is generated in the house itself. However, this standard says nothing about the energy requirements of the house itself.
Individual evidence
- ↑ EU Industry Committee 2009
- ↑ Wulf Rüskamp: When solar was still exciting . badische-zeitung.de , November 5, 2012; accessed on September 30, 2017.
- ↑ KfW Privatkundenbank - Build, Live, Save Energy
- ^ The KfW Efficiency House
- ↑ The Energy Saving Ordinance 2014. (PDF) ina Planungsgesellschaft in cooperation with Technische Universität Darmstadt, accessed on September 30, 2018 .
- ↑ Christoph Beecken, Stephan Schulze: More energy saved than money. November 1, 2012, accessed on September 30, 2017 (the article refers to two PDF attachments ;: cost variants: additional expenditure and amortization and investment variants: initial costs and ongoing expenditure).
- ^ Energie Tirol (Ed.): Energy pass. Draw an energy balance! How much heating energy does a building use? Innsbruck 2009, p. 3, 5 ( tirol.gv.at [PDF; accessed on April 17, 2017] Aktion Tirol A ++ - An initiative by the State of Tyrol and Energie Tirol).
- ↑ klimaaktiv building standard . klimaaktiv.at