power consumption

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Energy consumption colloquially denotes the need for energy for different uses. Energy is needed to work to do. Depending on the application, mechanical work (moving, accelerating, braking), lighting and heating and cooling processes are differentiated and identified with time-related measurement and characteristic values.

Terms

The term energy consumption has developed colloquially and economically (especially in the energy industry ). From a physical point of view, energy can not be consumed in a closed system, only converted . In the physical sense one speaks of exergy consumption or entropy generation .

Schematic representation of the relationship between primary, final and useful energy as well as the associated conversion losses

By energy consumption is colloquial and economic linguistically meant the consumption of final energy used by consumers in the form of processed petroleum, natural gas and coal products, such as fuels (petrol, diesel), fuel oil, coke, coal, as well as electric current or district heating becomes. This energy is converted into useful energy for mechanical work (moving, accelerating, braking), for lighting and for heating and cooling processes. In engineering, energy consumption is defined as “the amount of certain forms of energy used to meet energy needs under real conditions”.

Final energy is obtained from naturally occurring raw materials belonging to the main groups of fossil fuels , renewable energies and nuclear energy . The generation and use of energy is recorded in energy balances , which begin with the extraction of raw materials as primary energy and lead through conversion processes to the final energy, which is accordingly also referred to as secondary energy.

The final conversion step into useful energy (also known as tertiary energy) for consumers depends to a large extent on the devices, equipment and drives used. This application step cannot be recorded in higher-level energy balances, such as the energy balance for the Federal Republic of Germany , which are therefore limited to the two areas of primary and final energy. Further balances, including useful energy, are carried out in production-related energy balances and efficiency analyzes.

According to the International System of Units, the unit of measurement for energy is 1 joule (J), also called watt- second : 1 J = 1  N · m = 1 kg · m 2 · s −2 . By unit headers , even unit prefixes called multiples or parts are formed, in order to avoid numbers with many digits (example: 1 Mega joules (MJ) = 1,000,000 Joules, also see magnitude (energy) ).

Colloquially, other units of measurement are commonly used, such as kilowatt hours (kWh) for electricity, liters for fuels or weight units for solid fuels. The energy consumption can also be related to a specific result (e.g. fuel consumption per 100 kilometers driven or electricity consumption of a device per year ).

Energy consumption characteristics

The demand for final energy is marked with consumption data, for vehicles e.g. with the fuel consumption , for devices with the energy consumption label and for buildings with the energy certificate . The distribution of electricity consumption in private households has been determined from consulting activities, e.g. B. the Energy Agency North Rhine-Westphalia, which has evaluated consumption data from around 380,000 consultations.

mobility

In connection with mobility, e.g. B. Bicycles per person- kilometer 0 kWh , pedelecs 0.008, subways 0.02, trams 0.08, buses 0.13, trains 0.19 and (people) - cars 0.56 kWh.

Worldwide energy consumption

The global energy demand increased by 2.1% 2017th The increase was more than twice as high as the average in previous years. According to the IEA , more than 70% of it was covered by oil , natural gas and coal , the rest almost from renewable energies . Electricity generation from renewable energies climbed 6.3% thanks to the spread of wind , solar and hydropower .

In 2017, the total global production of primary energy was around 14,035 megatons of oil equivalent (corresponding to 163,227 TWh). This included electricity generation of around 23,856 TWh. When this energy was used, around 32.840 billion tons of carbon dioxide were released. The market value of the energy consumed worldwide was approximately 9.1 trillion US dollars in 2015.

Overall, energy consumption rose from 24,500 TWh in 1950 to around 131,400 TWh in 2010; the per capita energy consumption doubled. With the same growth rate in per capita energy consumption and an increase in the world population to over 9 billion people, this would result in energy consumption of over 350,400 TWh by 2050. In order to cover this energy demand, in addition to the energy consumption in 2010, the power equivalent of around 48,000 fossil power plants with 500 MW each, 24,000 nuclear power plants with 1,000 MW each or 150,000 km² of photovoltaic systems would be necessary. From this data, the need for energy savings, especially in the wealthy countries of the world, is derived.

Shares of the various energy sources in primary energy consumption over time

Energy consumption in Germany

Primary and final energy consumption

In Germany , primary energy consumption in 2018 was approx. 13,106 petajoules (PJ) (corresponding to 3,640 TWh) and the final energy consumption at approx. 8,996 petajoules (PJ) (corresponding to 2,499 TWh). The energy balance for the Federal Republic of Germany shows conversion losses of 31.4% between primary and final energy consumption (balance year 2018).

Final energy consumption and primary energy consumption 2017

During the conversion of the primary energy into usable final energy and finally also during the conversion into the useful energy, losses occur due to the efficiency of the necessary treatment and conversion processes as well as through transport. Energy can be converted from one form to the other, but the second law of thermodynamics sets fundamental limits: thermal energy can only be converted into other forms of energy and transferred between systems to a limited extent. Therefore, losses occur when converting the primary energy, especially in electricity generation. If fossil fuels are used, they are 60 to 70% if only electricity is generated ; By using the resulting heat as district heating, the losses can be reduced to approx. 50% reduced. Remarkably, despite economic growth, energy consumption in Germany has not increased since 1990, but decreased somewhat. Between 1990 and 2011, real gross domestic product increased by 34%, but energy consumption decreased by 9%. The reasons for this are the technological progress in the energy industry, the more economical and more rational use of energy and the relocation of production abroad (see, for example, the list of the largest aluminum producers #production ). The fluctuations in energy consumption in recent years are mainly due to the weather conditions (different heating costs in cold / warm winters).

Primary energy consumption in the Federal Republic of Germany
in petajoules
Energy source 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2016

in %

2017 in% 2018 in%
mineral oil 5,217 5,689 5,499 5,166 4,684 4,525 4,527 4,628 4,493 4,472 4,563 4,671 4,452 34.0 34.5 34.0
Natural gas, petroleum gas 2,293 2,799 2,985 3,250 3,171 2,911 2,920 3,059 2,660 2,800 3,043 3.159 3,071 22.7 23.4 23.4
Hard coal 2,306 2,060 2,021 1,808 1,714 1,715 1,725 1,840 1,759 1,718 1,635 1,502 1,428 12.2 10.9 10.9
Brown coal 3,201 1,734 1,550 1,596 1,512 1,564 1,645 1,629 1,574 1,565 1,525 1,507 1,476 11.4 11.1 11.3
Nuclear energy 1,668 1,682 1,851 1,779 1,533 1,178 1,085 1,061 1,060 1,001 923 833 829 6.8 6.2 6.3
Fuels from renewable energy sources 2 139 191 290 596 1,160 1,153 1,029 1,118 1,112 1,144 1,163 1,203 1,178 8.7 8.9 9.0
Photovoltaics, water and wind power 1 58 83 127 173 254 309 356 381 407 523 529 594 625 3.9 4.4 4.8
Foreign trade balance electricity 3 17th 11 −31 −64 −23 −83 −116 −122 −174 −200 -189 -175 −1.3 -1.4 -1.3
Others 22nd 13 68 222 254 267 244 222 237 242 242 243 222 1.8 1.8 1.7
total 14,905 14,269 14,402 14,558 14,217 13,599 13,447 13,822 13,180 13,293 13,426 13,523 13,106 13,491 100%, 0 13,523

100%

13,106

100%

Population in 1000 79,753 81,817 82,260 82,438 81,752 80,328 80,524 80,767 81,198 82.176 82,522 82,792 83.019
Total per capita in gigajoules 186.9 174.4 175.1 176.6 173.9 169.3 167.0 171.1 162.3 161.8 162.7 163.3 157.9
1 Wind power from 1995
2 mainly firewood, also sewage gas, sewage sludge, garbage, peat
Primary energy consumption in Germany from 1990 to 2018.
Final energy consumption in the Federal Republic of Germany
in petajoules
Energy source 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2016 in% 2017 in% 2018

in %

Fuel 1 2,533 2.711 2,820 2,569 2,471 2,485 2,479 2,549 2,548 2,577 2,662 2,737 2,665 29.3 29.7 29.6
gas 1,871 2,260 2,410 2,279 2,439 2,231 2,267 2,370 2.133 2.233 2,305 2,344 2,279 25.4 25.5 25.3
electricity 1,638 1,648 1,780 1,864 1,899 1,876 1,884 1,884 1,846 1,853 1,863 1,868 1,847 20.5 20.3 20.5
Heating oil 1,446 1,593 1,246 1,596 874 730 771 822 693 675 653 654 609 7.2 7.1 6.8
Other energy sources 2 54 110 201 477 691 656 655 689 662 692 715 739 743 7.9 8.0 8.3
District heating 383 366 265 450 472 420 431 435 383 402 410 411 401 4.5 4.5 4.5
Hard coal 571 455 432 319 375 387 340 338 348 382 378 366 365 4.2 4.0 4.1
Brown coal 975 178 82 78 89 94 92 93 85 84 87 88 87 1.0 1.0 1.0
total 9,473 9,322 9,235 9,127 9,310 8,881 8,919 9,179 8,699 8,898 9,071 9,208 8,996 100 100 100
Population in 1000 79,753 81,817 82,260 82,438 81,752 80,328 80,524 80,767 81,198 82.176 82,522 82,792 83.019
Total per capita in gigajoules 118.8 114.0 112.3 110.7 113.9 110.6 110.8 113.7 107.1 108.3 109.7 111.2 108.4
1 including other mineral oil products
2 mainly firewood, also sewage sludge and garbage

Use of final energy

38.9% of the final energy is converted into mechanical energy (transport tasks, machine drive, etc.), 25.6% into space heating and 22.6% into other process heat. These three areas of application account for 87.1% of the final energy consumption in the Federal Republic of Germany. 5.0% is used for hot water, 2.9% for lighting and 2.4% for information and communication technology (ICT) (balance sheet year 2018).

The colloquially little used energy unit gigajoule when specifying per capita consumption can be illustrated by converting it into kWh or oil quantities : 1 gigajoule (GJ) = 278 kWh or the amount of energy when burning 23.9 kg of crude oil.

Final energy consumption by area in Germany
Final energy consumption according to application areas
in the Federal Republic of Germany
scope of application Figures in petajoules Figures in gigajoules
2008 2009 2010 2011 2017 2018 2011
per capita 		2011
in% 		2018

in %

mechanical energy 3,334 3,236 3,298 3,327 3,589 3,502 40.7 38.1 38.9
Space heating 2,770 2,611 2,813 2,256 2,443 2,302 27.6 25.8 25.6
other process heat 1,875 1,756 1,903 1,979 2,036 2,035 24.2 22.6 22.6
Hot water 0428 0416 0379 0447 441 451 05.5 05.1 5.0
lighting 0300 0297 0296 0321 259 257 04.0 03.7 2.9
Information and communication technology 0211 0200 0199 0219 213 216 02.7 02.5 2.4
otherwise. process cooling 0129 0148 0143 0162 190 193 02.0 01.9 2.1
Air conditioning 0051 0028 0029 0034 39 40 000.4 00.4 0.4
total 9,098 8,692 9,060 8,744 9,208 8,996 106.8 100 100

Origin of the primary energy

Origin of primary energy in Germany in 2011, share of imports

Around 69.9% of the primary energy for the Federal Republic of Germany comes from imports. In 2018, 9,176 petajoules of the total requirement of 13,129 petajoules were imported, primarily mineral oil and natural gas as well as hard coal. These energy sources have a high import dependency of 88 to 97%. The domestic sources of lignite and renewable energies were not dependent on imports.

Net import dependency of energy sources in percent

(Share of the total of imports minus exports minus bunkers in primary energy consumption)

Energy source 2016 2017 2018
Hard coal 94.8 91.9 88.3
Brown coal -1.9 -2.1 -2.2
mineral oil 98.0 97.0 97.2
Natural gases 90.2 91.3 95.6
Nuclear energy 100 100 100
total 70.7 69.4 69.9

In 2018 the following were imported into the Federal Republic of Germany:

  • 85.205 million tons of crude oil,
  • 126.253 billion cubic meters of natural gas (1 m³ corresponds to 35.169 MJ calorific value )
  • 46.965 million tons of hard coal

In 2018, 36.3% of the crude oil came from the Russian Federation , 18.1% from Africa (mainly Nigeria, Algeria and Libya) and 11.8% from Norway. Of the remaining 33.8%, larger parts of the delivery came from Great Britain (7.8%), the Middle East (6%) and Venezuela with 0.8%.

The origin of the imported natural gas may no longer be published since 2015, this is due to the provisions of Section 16 of the Federal Statistics Act in conjunction with Section 11 Paragraphs 2 and 5 of the Foreign Trade Act . Because the transfer of the data could affect individual companies in their trade and business secrets.

The last available status of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy from 2015 is composed as follows:

34.7% of the imported natural gas came from the Russian Federation, 34.1% from Norway and 28.8% from the Netherlands. The remaining 2.5% come from “other countries”. These are the transfer countries from which the natural gas comes to Germany and not the producing country. Some of the natural gas from the Netherlands comes from the United Kingdom as liquefied gas before it is sent to Germany.

In 2018, 40% of hard coal imports came from the Russian Federation, 21.2% from the USA and 11.1% from Australia. Of the remaining 28%, larger shares came from Colombia with 8.3% and from EU countries 10.4% (especially Poland).

Per capita consumption of primary and final energy

Per capita consumption in Germany in 2011 - fossil primary energy

The consumption of primary energy in Germany in 2018 totaling 13,129 petajoules (PJ) corresponds to a per capita consumption of around 43,929 kWh per inhabitant (83.019 million inhabitants). In 2018, 1,287 kg of crude oil ( crude oil units , 1 PJ = 0.024 million toe), 1,191 kg of hard coal units (lignite coal, 1 PJ = 0.034 million tce) and 1,059 m 3 of natural gas (1 m³ corresponds to 35.169 MJ calorific value ). In addition, there are 6,029 kWh per capita from renewable energy sources and 2,774 kWh from nuclear energy.

This per capita consumption of primary energy corresponds to a continuous output of around 5 kW, which was required per inhabitant (consumption converted to 8,760 hours of a year). For comparison: A person is able to achieve a continuous output of 0.06 kW during physical activity and 0.1 kW with piecework performance. The consumption of primary energy in Germany is almost 84 times higher than the continuous human output.

The consumption of final energy in Germany in 2018 totaling 8,963 petajoules (PJ) corresponds to a per capita consumption of around 29,990 kWh per inhabitant. Of this, 9,011 kWh are fuel, 7,676 kWh natural gas, 6,183 kWh total electricity, 1,526 kWh of which are for private consumption, 1,850 kWh are for heating oil and 2,459 kWh are for other energy sources, including firewood, peat, sewage sludge and garbage.

Development of energy prices in Germany

Development of consumer prices in Germany

2015 = 100%

Energy source 2005 2010 2015 2018 2019 2020 (May only)
natural gas 76.0 90.3 100 92.2 95.8 97.2
Gasoline (super) 87.8 101.7 100 104.7 103.0 86.3
diesel 90.7 104.4 100 110.2 108.4 90.9
Heating oil (light) 93.8 114.6 100 117.4 114.5 83.4
Liquid gas - 124.2 100 119.4 108.3 91.4
electricity 61.6 80.2 100 103.3 106.8 111.2
District heating 69.7 86.9 100 93.9 98.1 98.1

Total consumer price index 		86.2 93.2 100 103.8 105.3 106.0

With the worldwide increase in energy consumption, there is a significant increase in energy prices. This price development is recorded for the various types of energy using official data and presented with price indices. The Federal Statistical Office has compiled its own price statistics and related information from the EU Statistical Office ( Eurostat ) for the Federal Republic of Germany and related them to the base year 2015.

Import, producer and export price indices are calculated according to the list of goods for production statistics (GP), edition 2009. For consumer price indices, the classification of private consumption by purpose (COICOP = Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose) is used.

Taxes and surcharges are taken into account in the way they are included in the final price: import prices are therefore stated without VAT, as they are offset in the course of the input tax deduction . The consumer prices accordingly include value added tax as well as duties and levies.

The import prices and production prices for primary energy excluding natural gas increased in the period from 2015 to 2019. With the beginning of the Covid 19 pandemic , the prices have in some cases more than halved. The consumer prices for the most important final energy sources heating and motor fuels as well as for electricity rose faster than the general consumer price index up to 2019, the most for heating oil by 14.5%, for fuels by 3 and 8.4%, for electricity by 6, 8%, natural gas and district heating decreased by 4.2% and 1.9% in the same period compared to 2015.

Price development of primary energy import prices and producer prices

2015 = 100%

Energy source 2005 2010 2015 2018 2019 2020 (May only)
Hard coal (import) 67.1 116.9 100 144.1 125.0 93.4
Lignite (producer prices) 79.0 89.8 100 98.1 103.4 100.7
Crude oil (import) 88.2 126.7 100 126.2 123.3 54.9
Crude oil (producer prices) 81.6 122.6 100 130.0 125.3 43.4
Natural gas (import) 80.6 110.4 100 107.9 85.7 49.7
Natural gas (producer prices)

when sold to trade, commerce and the housing industry

76.3 88.9 100 91.0 95.1 93.4
  • Development of prices for primary and final energy in the Federal Republic of Germany between 2005 and 2019

  • Development of import prices for primary energy in relation to 2015 = 100%

  • Development of consumer prices for final energy in relation to 2015 = 100%

Energy consumption in Austria

Energy consumption in Austria was 1,429 PJ in 2008, with an average annual rate of increase of 1.7% in the period from 1990 to 2008. Gross inland consumption rose from 1970 to 2004 by 75% to 1,395 PJ. At the same time, the share of renewable energy sources is slowly increasing .

Energy consumption in Switzerland

The energy consumption in Switzerland was around 834,210 TJ in of 2019.

Web links

Wiktionary: Energy consumption  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ From a physical point of view, energy consumption, like energy production, is impossible without a qualifying adjective due to the law of conservation of energy . There is only an energy conversion from one form of energy to another. The colloquial energy consumption is in itself the irreversible exergy consumption , cf. with the 2nd law of thermodynamics . See also: Martin Buchholz: Energy - How do you waste something that cannot be reduced? In: Science Slam Finale 2011. November 19, 2011, accessed April 30, 2020 . - and the book about the film - Martin Buchholz: Energy - How do you waste something that can't get less? 1st edition. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2016, ISBN 978-3-662-49741-8 , p. 27 ff .
  2. ↑ Eckhard Rebhan (Ed.): Energy handbook - generation, conversion and use of energy. Springer Verlag, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-540-41259-X .
  3. ↑ VDI guideline 4661 Energy parameters: Definitions - Terms - Methodology (as of September 2003).
  4. ↑ a b c Federal Statistical Office (DESTATIS): Prices - data on energy price development Wiesbaden 2012.
  5. ↑ Achim Dittmann, Joachim Zschernig (ed.): Energy industry. Teubner Verlag, Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-519-06361-1 .
  6. ↑ Explanation of the energy balances . Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen eV (AGEB). Archived from the original on November 8, 2013. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
  7. ↑ Energy Agency North Rhine-Westphalia: Survey "Where is the electricity?" (PDF; 4.0 MB), Düsseldorf 2011.
  8. ↑ Magazine fairkehr 8/2017 of Traffic Club Germany e. V., infographic s. 22 .: fairkehr-magazin.de: "Where are the e-cars?" (February 11, 2018)
  9. ↑ Energy consumption: The fight against climate change is not taking place In: industriemagazin.at , March 23, 2018, accessed on April 1, 2018.
  10. ^ World energy balances and statistics. In: iea.org. (IEA) International Energy Agency, 2019, accessed on August 12, 2020 (English, document: "IEA_HeadlineEnergyData.xlsx").
  11. ↑ According To Marketline Global Energy Consumption Market Value Surpassed $ 9.1 trillion In 2015 . In: Blue and Green Tomorrow , September 13, 2016. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
  12. ^ Nicola Armaroli , Vincenzo Balzani : Energy for a Sustainable World. From the Oil Age to a Sun-Powered Future. Weinheim 2011, pp. 304f.
  13. ↑ Paul Voosen: The realist. In: Science . 359, 2018, pp. 1320–1324, doi: 10.1126 / science.359.6382.1320 .
  14. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Complete edition of the energy data - data collection of the BMWI. xlsx document. In: bmwi.de. Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, June 22, 2020, accessed on July 23, 2020 .
  15. ↑ Energy data: Complete edition. Retrieved September 23, 2018 .
  16. ↑ Development of the energy markets - energy reference forecast project no. 57/12. (pdf) June 2014, accessed on July 7, 2015 (study commissioned by the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology).
  17. ↑ a b Federal Ministry of Economics (BMWi): Figures and facts energy data, as of: 23.09.2018
  18. ↑ a b c population level. Federal Statistical Office (Destatis), July 13, 2020, accessed on August 8, 2020 .
  19. ^ AG Energiebilanzen eV | Evaluation tables. Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen eV, March 1, 2020, accessed on August 11, 2020 .
  20. ↑ Ingrid Wernicke, Jochen Diekmann: Methodical changes in the energy balance 2012. Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen eV, May 1, 2014, accessed on August 11, 2020 .
  21. ^ Complete edition of the energy data - data collection of the BMWi. Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, June 22, 2020, accessed on July 29, 2020 .
  22. ^ Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen (AGEB): Page no longer available , search in web archives: Import dependency of the energy supply of the Federal Republic of Germany, balance year 2011 , Essen 2011.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.ag-energiebilanzen.de
  23. ↑ a b Annual Report 2020 - Association of Coal Importers. Verein der Kohlenimporteure eV, July 1, 2020, p. 113 , accessed on July 30, 2020 .
  24. ↑ Written question to the Federal Government in January 2019, Question No. 180. Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, January 23, 2019, accessed on July 30, 2020 .
  25. ↑ Monitoring report 2019. Bundeskartellamt, Bundesnetzagentur, January 13, 2020, p. 361 , accessed on July 30, 2020 .
  26. ^ Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen eV (AGEB): Evaluation tables , Essen as of Nov. 2012.
  27. ↑ Achim Dittmann, Joachim Zschernig (eds.): Energiewirtschaft, Teubner Verlag Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-519-06361-1
  28. ↑ a b c Data on the development of energy prices - long series up to May 2020. Federal Statistical Office, June 26, 2020, accessed on July 23, 2020 .
  29. ↑ Consumer price index for Germany - long series from 1948 - June 2020. Federal Statistical Office, July 14, 2020, accessed on July 23, 2020 .
  30. ↑ Data on the development of energy prices - long series up to May 2020. Federal Statistical Office, June 26, 2020, accessed on July 24, 2020 .
  31. ↑ Consumer price index for Germany - long series from 1948 - June 2020. Federal Statistical Office, July 14, 2020, accessed on July 24, 2020 .
  32. ↑ Data on the development of energy prices - long series up to May 2020. Federal Statistical Office, June 26, 2020, accessed on July 24, 2020 .
  33. ^ Federal Environment Agency Austria: Energy use in Austria , accessed on January 2, 2011.
  34. ↑ Swiss overall energy statistics 2019. Federal Office of Energy SFOE, July 9, 2020, accessed on July 23, 2020 .