Energy balance (energy industry)
In the energy balance of the energy industry , the occurrence, conversion and use of energy sources are shown as completely and in detail as possible for an economy or an economic area in a certain period of time. The energy balance provides information on the consumption of energy sources , divided into sectors, from their generation to conversion to use in the various areas of consumption. Energy balances serve as the basis for energy and environmental policy, e.g. B. also for the determination of greenhouse gas emissions as a database of the international framework convention.
application
Energy balances are created for economic areas and companies in order to identify the effort and benefits and thus also potential for savings. For this purpose a subdivision according to both energy sources and places of consumption is necessary.
The overarching application is the energy balance in the energy industry when creating an overall balance at state level.
German energy balance
development
In the Federal Republic of Germany, energy statistical data are collected and published by various bodies. In the non-governmental area there is the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen eV, whose members are associations of the German energy industry and economic research institutes or who have founded this association. It was founded in 1971. The association created a uniform and closed energy balance for the Federal Republic of Germany in 1971 for the period from 1950 to 1969. Since then, annual reports have been made of energy consumption in the Federal Republic of Germany. For the years from 1991 to 1994, these balances have been drawn up separately for the new federal states and for Germany as a whole (in the territorial delimitation of October 3, 1990).
From 2003, the official energy statistics were re-regulated with the Energy Statistics Act (EnStatG). The official energy statistics from various legal bases were merged and adapted to the further information needs of the users. Since then, statistical data has also been collected and evaluated for the heating market, combined heat and power and renewable energy sources.
The Energy Statistics Act was revised on March 6, 2017.
The energy balances have been drawn up since 2003 by the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW) and EEFA GmbH & Co. KG.
Energy balance in the energy industry
structure
The energy balance scheme comprises a matrix of 33 columns and 68 rows (including the total columns and rows). In the horizontal structure (columns) the energy sources are shown which are used for energetic and non-energetic use . In the vertical structure (rows), the volume, conversion and use of the respective energy sources are recorded.
All sources or substances in which energy is stored mechanically, thermally, chemically or physically are referred to as energy carriers. There are five core groups in the energy balance:
Balance levels
The distinction is made in three balance sheet areas:
- the primary energy balance,
- the conversion balance and
- the final energy consumption.
In the primary energy balance, the energy sources are recorded with their volume during extraction and delivery according to the following criteria:
- domestic production of energy sources,
- Foreign trade in energy sources, divided into import and export,
- Offshore bunkering ( heating oil , diesel fuel and lubricants for national and international shipping in German ports. Excluding deliveries to inland and coastal motor vessels and fisheries, which are part of the transport sector (final energy consumption).)
- Changes in inventory, recorded separately according to withdrawals and increases.
The domestic primary energy consumption is calculated from the generation side as the sum of the domestic production, the changes in stocks and the foreign trade balance minus the offshore bunkering. The primary energy consumption can also be determined from the usage side as the sum of the final energy consumption, the non-energy consumption and the balance in the conversion balance.
In the conversion balance , the physical / chemical conversion of energy sources is shown as input and output. This also includes the consumption in energy generation and line losses in the conversion areas . A comprehensive ecological consideration such as the life cycle analysis also includes secondary losses, e.g. from the flaring of associated gases in oil production .
The different energy sources are converted to the uniform parameter Joule so that they can be compared and added together. The lower calorific value (H u ) is used for this purpose for combustible energy sources . There is no uniform conversion standard such as the calorific value for the other energy sources and for the foreign trade balance with electricity. In these cases, the so-called efficiency principle is also applied in the energy balances for Germany from 1995 onwards - in accordance with the procedure of international organizations ( IEA , Eurostat , ECE ).
For nuclear energy, a physical efficiency of 33% is assumed to be representative for energy conversion. When generating electricity from hydropower and other renewable energy sources to which no calorific value can be assigned (wind, photovoltaics), the respective energy input is equated with the calorific value of the electrical energy generated. Foreign trade in electricity is also assessed on the basis of the calorific value of electricity, i.e. 3,600 kJ / kWh. This conversion therefore assumes an efficiency of 100%.
Up until 1994, the so-called substitution principle was still taken into account in the energy balances, in which it is assumed that electricity generation from hydropower, nuclear energy, garbage and waste heat as well as an import surplus in external electricity trade replaces corresponding electricity generation in conventional thermal power plants, which means that fuel is used in these power plants is decreased. For conversion to the primary energy consumption, the average specific fuel consumption in conventional thermal power plants of the general (public) supply was used.
Compared to the substitution principle, the efficiency principle leads to higher primary energy consumption for nuclear energy, but lower primary energy consumption for other energy sources. The division of fuel consumption into the products of electricity and heat in the case of combined heat and power in industry is based on Directive 2004/8 / EC of the European Parliament and the Council of February 11, 2004. First, the primary energy savings are calculated. For this purpose, the reference efficiencies for the separate generation of electricity (40%) and heat (80%) are specified based on the specified guideline.
In addition to tabular overviews, the result is also graphical representations that illustrate the energy flow for the Federal Republic as an overview and as a detailed energy flow diagram.
Energy balances in other countries
- Austria: Statistics Austria provides energy balances for all of Austria and individual federal states as well as sector balances.
- Switzerland: An energy balance is published annually as table 4 in the Swiss overall energy statistics by the Federal Office of Energy .
- Liechtenstein: The Statistical Office publishes energy statistics , but without an energy balance.
- Europe and Turkey: Eurostat publishes energy balances for all 28 EU member states, the entire EU as well as Iceland, Norway, Montenegro, Macedonia, Serbia and Turkey.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from October 8, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed January 22, 2013.
- ↑ a b Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen eV (AGEB): Internet presentation of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen eV (AGEB) ( memento of the original from March 30, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Essen 2013
- ^ Böning, Jeanette A .: Methods of corporate life cycle assessment. Metropolis, Marburg 1994, ISBN 3-89518-014-9 , p. 26.
- ↑ Johannes Kals: Operational Energy Management - An Introduction. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-17-021133-9 , pp. 25-27.
- ↑ https://ag-energiebilanzen.de/35-0-Aufhaben-und-Ziele.html
- ↑ Energy Statistics Act (EnStatG) of July 26, 2002 ( Federal Law Gazette I p. 2867 ), last amended by Article 3 of the law of December 20, 2012 ( Federal Law Gazette I p. 2730 )
- ↑ Energy Statistics Act (EnStatG) of March 6, 2017 ( Federal Law Gazette I p. 392 PDF)
- ↑ a b c d e Working Group on Energy Balances (AGEB): Explanations - Explanation of terms ( Memento of the original from January 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Essen 2013.
- ↑ Working group on energy balances: Energy flow for the Federal Republic of Germany 2014 - overview graphic Essen 2015.
- ↑ Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen (AGEB): Detailed energy flow diagram for the Federal Republic of Germany 2013 (current status July 2015) , Essen 2015.
- ↑ http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/energie_und_umwelt/energie/energiebilanzen/
- ↑ http://www.bfe.admin.ch/themen/00526/00541/00542/index.html?lang=de
- ↑ Swiss total energy statistics 2011 (PDF)
- ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from February 22, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Energy statistics 2011 ( Memento of the original from November 14, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF)
- ↑ Eurostat: Other documents ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , last accessed on May 20, 2014.
