Sun house

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The term solar house refers to a type of low-energy house that generates at least 50% of the energy for heating the building from solar thermal energy . This requires a large-sized solar collector surface and a large-sized heat accumulator , which is often designed in the form of a water tank, in which the solar heat can be stored and thus solar heating is possible over longer periods of time. In winter, a second heat source is usually used for post-heating , often on a biomass basis , but there are also fully solar-heated solar houses.

Solar houses follow the principles of sustainable solar construction . The underlying idea is to collect and store solar heat as efficiently as possible in summer and in times of winter with high levels of radiation so that it can be used in winter. A subsequent conversion of existing buildings into solar houses is also possible and it can also be implemented in multi-family houses.

history

The term was coined in the 1970s in connection with the first largely solar-heated houses in Germany, which served as a test system for VMH- Multibeton to measure possible energy savings in practice, and Switzerland and was later coined by the Sonnenhaus-Institut association with its headquarters in Straubing in Lower Bavaria .

The first residential building in Europe fully heated with solar energy was built in 1989 in Oberburg near Burgdorf in Switzerland with 84 square meters of solar collectors and a large hot water tank of 118 cubic meters. In the first 10 years or so, the house was also operated with a photovoltaic island system , with an area of ​​43 m² solar cells and 48 kilowatt hours of battery storage. This was the first time that it was proven that the energy consumption of a house in the moderate Central European climate can be completely covered with the solar energy converted on the property. The first fully solar heated apartment building in Europe was also completed in Oberburg in 2007. Both buildings were created by the Swiss solar pioneer Josef Jenni . In addition to a collector surface of 200 m², the latter has a solar storage tank with a capacity of 205,000 liters. In total, the 8 apartments in the building have a total usable area of ​​1230 m², the heating requirement is 9.8 kW.

Features and technology

Buildings that meet the following conditions are considered to be solar houses:

The solar house achieves the high degree of solar coverage of the heat demand through a large solar collector surface of a thermal solar system for heat generation and a correspondingly dimensioned heat storage unit for long-term storage up to the use of a seasonal storage unit . In addition, a typical well-insulated single-family house needs about two to four cubic meters of firewood per year to bridge longer periods of bad weather. Regenerative auxiliary heating is only used in addition to the solar system during the months with little sunshine (depending on the design of the solar system from November / December to February / March). In the case of a design with a solar coverage of over 100%, surpluses can be brought into a local heating network .

A solar house uses for heating the rooms usually low temperature heating , at a low flow temperature as radiant heating , or about as a wall heating or underfloor heating . With a low-temperature heating system, the stored heat is used more effectively, as it can be used by the hot water storage tank with a significantly lower water temperature.

This means that a different approach is pursued than with most passive houses , which do not have a heat distribution system in the traditional sense, but work with heating the supply air of the central ventilation system that is always present in the passive house. A central ventilation system is not absolutely necessary in the solar house.

For the dimensioning of a solar house are u. a. Weigh the costs for the size of the solar collector area and the hot water storage tank.

Further development of the concept

The solar house technology is increasingly being combined and expanded with other energy and heat sources:

  • Photovoltaics for own electricity requirements / e-mobility / to supply a heat pump
  • Battery storage for PV electricity
  • Pilot projects with hydrogen technology / fuel cells
  • Component activation (as an extension of storage technology)

By using these technologies, the degree of self-sufficiency in terms of heat, electricity and mobility can be optimized by up to 100%.

The sun house concept became particularly popular in the classic single-family home segment. Nevertheless, there are also early projects in which the concept in the construction of multi-family houses and functional buildings was successfully implemented. There has been a strong upward trend since around 2015, particularly in multi-family houses.

Development of existing buildings

The number of already existing solar houses cannot be precisely recorded. The Sonnenhaus-Institut eV collects data every year in an internal survey, which however cannot be complete. As of 2019, it is assumed that there will be over 2000 buildings. Furthermore, a number of solar houses will be built by companies or builders who are not members of the Sonnenhaus Institute. The association's internal estimates assume a total of 3000 to 5000 "real" solar houses.

In this context, it should also be taken into account that “sun house” is not a protected term. So there are also "sun houses" z. B. created and marketed by property developers under this label who do not fully meet the definition in the sense of the association or have the generally applicable characteristics (see above).

A faster spread of the concept can be expected as soon as an integrated overall system (plug-in) is offered on the market, with the help of which a solar house could be equipped across the essential or all components (modules, storage, additional heating, control, etc.).

Advantages and disadvantages

advantages
  • high environmental compatibility
  • much more independence from fuel costs and consumption
  • largely CO 2 neutral
disadvantage
  • higher initial investment
  • Limitations in the architectural design, for example the execution of the roof

Sonnenhaus Institute

The Sonnenhaus-Institut eV (internal abbreviation SHI) is a network of planners, craftsmen, manufacturers and system providers as well as builders with the legal form of a registered association . The association was founded in 2004 and aims to promote the development and distribution of largely solar- heated buildings . The members share their knowledge in seminars and lectures. In cooperation with other institutions, they participate in research projects.

The institute documents the solar and heating systems in the solar houses and evaluates the actual consumption data. Other activities include training and public relations for the concept. Since the establishment of the Sonnenhaus-Institut eV in 2004, more than 2,000 largely solar-heated residential and commercial buildings have been created by association members. The association had around 280 members at the end of 2019. The board works on a voluntary basis .

Membership structure

Company members are heating and installation companies, architects , energy consultants , specialist planners and construction companies. There are also some manufacturers of system components, such as buffer storage, solar modules and control technology. There is also a growing number of private members, mostly prospective or former builders. With Bayernwerk AG, an energy supply company has been a member for the first time since the beginning of 2020 .

Most of the members come from Germany. The regional focus in the distribution of members is east and south Bavaria, but also Baden-Württemberg. There are also memberships in the neighboring countries of Austria, Switzerland, Italy, Luxembourg and Belgium.

Awards

In 2016 the Sonnenhaus Institute was awarded the German Solar Prize. The association received the award in the “Solar Architecture and Urban Development” category. The jury cited the “long-term and consistent commitment to the implementation and further development of the solar thermal construction and heating concept in buildings with active and passive use of solar energy” as the reasoning Furthermore.

Self-image and financing

Since it was founded in 2004, the association has been independent and open to technology. The sun house concept (“heat electricity mobility”) also includes the aspect of the highest possible level of self-sufficiency with PV electricity and the integration of electromobility .

The association is financed to this day mainly through membership fees and to a lesser extent through seminars, income from the sale of information material and donations. At no time was the work of the Sonnenhaus Institute significantly influenced by manufacturers or industry.

Development and current discussion

The promising dynamic in the founding years of the association was driven by steadily rising energy prices and a corresponding public discussion as well as a high need for information with regard to the relatively new use of solar technologies in the construction industry. In this respect, there were justified prospects that solar house technology and solar thermal energy in general, due to their intrinsic advantages, could establish themselves in the long term despite a lack of support from politics or industry.

Falling or stagnating prices for oil and gas in the following years disappointed these hopes. The industry's attention stagnated and the positive aspects of the concept for environmental and climate protection could not change that.

Despite the persistently low energy prices, this development is currently experiencing a change due to the strongly accelerated public climate debate. The association registers increasing interest in the sustainable aspects of the solar house concept. At the moment, the association is making forced efforts to find a hearing in specialist committees and political decision-makers.

A central point of this activity is currently to protect the thermal collector technology from being forgotten in the political discussion and funding. Here one is currently in a field of tension between the booming photovoltaics and the increasingly weaker solar thermal energy. Even if the Sonnenhaus-Institut would like to see PV technology integrated into the overall concept (see above), solar thermal energy is considered to be an indispensable component in the energy supply of buildings. In terms of technology openness, the solar house is an ideal component for implementing the energy transition .

See also

literature

  • Chapter 9.1.5 Solar house. In: Jung (Ed.): Handbuch Energieberatung , 2nd edition, ISBN 978-3-8462-0190-9 , pp. 390–394
  • Leukefeld , Baer, ​​Hüttmann: Modern heating with solar thermal energy: Security in the changing world of energy technology , Publisher: Solare Zukunft, 2nd edition from 2015, ISBN 978-3-933634-44-3 , pp. 82–83
  • Josef Jenni: Das Sonnenhaus , Jenni Energietechnik AG, 3rd revised and expanded edition, Oberburg bei Burgdorf 2010, ISBN 978-3-033-02392-5 , 89 pp.
  • The Sonnenhaus information brochure from the Sonnenhaus Institute, 3rd edition from 2013, 102 pp.
  • J. Berner: A crane brings the sun: At Sonnenhäuser, thermal colletors and solar modules mostly form the roof. Cranes not only make assembly easier during the construction phase, they are also used for the large heat accumulators. In: Sonne Wind & Wärme No. 6/2018, pp. 26–27

Web links

Commons : Solar powered houses  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. a b c Michael Sterner , Ingo Stadler (ed.): Energy storage. Need, technologies, integration. 2nd edition, Berlin Heidelberg 2017, p. 743; in the first edition of the book on p. 680
  2. a b HeizSolar - model-based measurement data analysis of solar active houses - Fraunhofer ISE. Retrieved July 30, 2019 .
  3. Axel Urbanek: Sonnenhaus Reichenberg , DGS, Sonnenenergie Heft 6, 1976
  4. Axel Urbanek: Solar system with underfloor heating , DGS, Sonnenenergie Heft 4, 1976
  5. Trinal: invitation to Kastanienbaum LU , Swiss Bauzeitung, Issue 79, Zurich 1977
  6. a b The Oberburger Sonnenhaus. In: Josef Jenni: Das Sonnenhaus , 3rd revised and expanded edition, Oberburg bei Burgdorf 2010, ISBN 978-3-033-02392-5 , pp. 4–5
  7. The zero energy house ( memento of December 27, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) on the website of the Burgdorf community
  8. “Solar technology heats apartment buildings” , swissinfo , September 1, 2007
  9. Information brochure Das Sonnenhaus from the Sonnenhaus Institute, 3rd edition from 2013, p. 17
  10. Information brochure Das Sonnenhaus from the Sonnenhaus Institute, 3rd edition from 2013, p. 8
  11. https: Sonnenhaus-Institut records further growth in apartment building. November 27, 2018, accessed August 15, 2020 .
  12. Warm water from the sun tank . In: Main-Netz , July 5, 2013. Accessed May 10, 2014.
  13. ^ Portrait of the Sonnenhaus Institute eV | Sonnenhaus Institut eV Accessed on July 14, 2020 .
  14. Goals and Achievements | Sonnenhaus Institut eV Accessed on July 17, 2020 .
  15. Sonnenhaus Institute welcomes Bayernwerk as a new member | Sonnenhaus Institut eV Accessed on July 17, 2020 .
  16. Eurosolar eV: German Solar Prize 2016: Sonnenhaus-Institut eV In: Short film on Youtube. October 8, 2016, accessed on July 21, 2020 (German).
  17. Christoph: Awarding of the German Solar Prize 2016 in Solingen. Retrieved on July 17, 2020 (German).
  18. Electromobility | Sonnenhaus Institut eV Accessed on July 17, 2020 .
  19. cf. Volker Handke, Christian Kamburow: Environmental standards for thermal solar collectors ... Ed .: Institute for future studies and technology assessment. Workshop report, no. 97 . Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-929173-97-0 , pp. 102 .
  20. Bernhard Pötter: The climate changed in 2019. In: SPIEGEL Science. December 30, 2019, accessed July 21, 2020 .