Solar architecture
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Solar architecture , also known as solar construction , is an architecture and building planning activity that plans buildings that use the natural energy resources of the site, in particular in the form of solar energy . This happens either actively through the use of solar collectors or photovoltaic systems , passively through the passive use of solar energy or a combination of the individual technologies. The result is called a solar house or solar house .
To the subject
Solar construction includes construction measures that
- have the lowest possible heating and cooling energy requirements ( energy saving house ),
- take into account the climatic conditions of the building site (air temperature, solar radiation, precipitation, wind),
- take into account the energy potential of the passive solar radiation component (south glass surfaces and storage masses),
- Provide suitable shell surfaces for occupancy with active solar technology (thermal and photovoltaic)
- and still offer adequate thermal comfort for the residents.
Solar architecture became a separate branch of architectural science as well as construction technology .
Solar building is also increasingly becoming an independent architectural style , which is formally consistent with the tradition of classical modernism and its currents and receptions, with the subordination of design to functionality ( form follows function , the sculptural remains in the background) to be assigned to functionalism . However, more recent solar architecture also takes up suggestions from organic building . Common formal language elements are typically the - latitude- dependent - horizon angles of the position of the sun , which are reflected in the building concept, the pronounced asymmetry with regard to the north-south axis (which distinguishes it from the reduction to simple geometric bodies of the early modern age), with simultaneous Compactness of the construction as far as the surfaces are concerned (as with all energy-saving construction methods), with thermal accessories of the building such as winter gardens . The pronounced material visibility, as far as solar and thermal cells are concerned, mixes with the necessary cladding of the insulation or coloring of the walls (depending on reflection / absorption), supplemented by greenery and the like, which is a purely pragmatic one that deviates from strict concepts such as classic modernism or brutalism Surface formulation of the buildings conditional. At the same time, there is also a pronounced regionalization in solar construction , which reflects the local conditions - and also building traditions.
activities
Solar architecture has two main goals:
- The buildings are pleasantly cool in summer and comfortably warm in winter.
- By solar optimization of the demand for energy is minimized for cooling and heating. Solar architecture is energy efficient .
- The building is designed in such a way that solar heat gains are optimized. For this purpose, the building is oriented towards the sun , and sufficiently large glass surfaces are planned on the south side. Controllable sun protection ("shading") must be provided.
- Measures are taken to avoid heat loss. This includes a compact design and seamless thermal insulation with a tight building envelope (avoidance of thermal bridges ). In addition, there is the use of special building technology such as heat exchangers or controlled home ventilation .
- The energy required is largely generated using a thermal solar system . This heats up a solar storage tank ; this buffers a certain time between heat generation and heat use.
The aim is to save energy : because fossil fuels (oil, gas) are becoming scarcer and more expensive and to slow down climate change . More energy-efficient buildings are more comfortable in both summer and winter and, if properly executed, tend to cause less structural damage .
You can implement different energy standards, such as low-energy houses , passive houses , zero-energy houses or plus-energy houses .
An important element of solar construction is first and foremost the orientation , the alignment of a building with the cardinal points or the sun (the process of looking for the most favorable location for the building on the available property is called positioning ). Structural measures are well- insulating walls ( k-values ), and especially windows and doors , which represent a significant source of heat loss. The glass technology has with double glazing a U value reached 1.1, with a triple glazing of 0.6-0.7, and also quite passable Uf-values (U-value of the window frame): window frame isolated from PVC or aluminum - also driven by the provisions of the EnEV - significantly better than before. The profile depth of windows and doors has increased significantly (previously 50 mm was standard, today it is 70 mm; many six- or seven-chamber profiles have a construction depth of 80 or 88 mm). The warm edge also helps to save energy by reducing heat losses at the edges of the pane.
Projects
One of the first houses to be heated solely by solar energy was built in 1989 by solar pioneer Josef Jenni in Oberburg , Switzerland.
In 2007, the first fully solar-heated apartment building with the Minergie- P standard was completed in Switzerland .
From 1992 to 1996 the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems in Freiburg tested an "energy self-sufficient solar house". This demonstration and research project tried not to use electricity or gas. It made the solar architecture, the idea of the passive house and the technology of controlled living space ventilation better known in German-speaking countries. With over 1200 employees, ISE is the largest solar research institute in Europe.
Solar construction obligation
The city of Tübingen obliges the purchaser to install a photovoltaic system when reselling new land to be built on. Following a municipal council resolution of December 16, 2019, the city of Amberg wants to introduce an obligation for photovoltaic systems in future development plans . In May 2010, the Administrative Court of Gießen declared the city of Marburg's “Statute on Solar Construction Obligation ” from 2008 to be ineffective.
Others
The energy pass informs people who want to buy or rent a property about the approximate energy costs of their decision. The higher purchase price or the higher rent excluding heating are offset by lower follow-up costs; one can weigh this against each other .
See also
- Solar collector and solar thermal , solar house
- Photovoltaic system and photovoltaics , building-integrated photovoltaics
- Energy standards (building): low-energy house , zero energy house , passive house , plus energy house , Active House
- Minergie
- Ecological building
- Earthship
- Trombe wall
- Solar Decathlon , Solar Decathlon Europe (competition of university teams)
- Rotating solar house , turning home , heliotrope (building) , Geminihaus , "Casa Girasole"
literature
- Stefan Behling, Sophia Behling: Sol Power - The evolution of solar architecture . Prestel, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-7913-1651-6 (illustrated book on the subject).
- Sandra Leitte, Cosima Strobl, Angelika Hess; Bergische Universität Wuppertal (Hrsg.): SolarArchitektur4: the German contributions to the Solar Decathlon Europe 2010: Groundbreaking solar architecture in detail , detail, Greenbooks, Institute for international architecture, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-920034-48-5 .
- Jürgen Claus: The sun as a cultural element. The solar age . Edition Interfrom, Zurich 1997, ISBN 3-7201-5274-X .
- Ursula Eicker : Solar Technologies for Buildings. Basics and practical examples , 2nd, completely revised edition, Vieweg + Teubner, Wiesbaden 2012, ISBN 978-3-8348-1281-0 .
- Christian Hanus, Robert Hastings: Building with solar energy: groundbreaking residential buildings, today's framework conditions, development tendencies , with an introduction by Kurt Köhl and Kurt Frei, VDF , Zurich 2007, ISBN 978-3-7281-3085-3 .
- Manfred Hegger , Caroline Fafflok, Johannes Hegger and Isabell Passig: Aktivhaus, the basic work, from the passive house to the energy plus house , Callwey, Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-7667-1902-7 .
- Andreas Karweger (Ed.): Solar architecture and solar construction: proceedings for the second Energy Forum . Economic Forum, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-9812053-0-5 .
- Josef Kiraly: Architecture with the sun, 1 × 1 of the passive solar heating systems . 7th edition, Müller, Heidelberg 1996, ISBN 3-7880-7517-1 .
- Stefan Oehler: Large passive houses . Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-17-017271-9 .
- Bettina Rühm: Energy Plus Houses: Sustainable Building for the Future , DVA, Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-421-03891-3 .
- Gerhard Schuster: Solar Building - Implementation and Implementation Aspects in University Education in Austria. Eindhoven University Press, 2004, ISBN 90-6814-579-7 .
- Astrid Schneider : Solar architecture for Europe . Birkhäuser, Basel 1996, ISBN 3-7643-5381-3 .
- Federal Office of Energy SFOE, NET Nowak Energie & Technologie: Solar architecture, design and implementation , Bern / Friborg 2009 (PDF, 28 pages, 7.5 MB).
Web links
- Solar architecture - past, present and future (private side)
- Jenni Energietechnik AG - builder of the sun houses in Oberburg
- Conference on Advanced Building Skins (BIPV )
Individual evidence
- ↑ http://www.sonnenhaus-institut.de ( Memento of the original from January 7, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Stuttgarter Zeitung: Novelty in Germany: Tübingen prescribes solar roofs for builders. Retrieved January 19, 2020 .
- ^ Hans-Jürgen Frey: Solar building obligation in Amberg. Retrieved January 19, 2020 .
- ^ Court: Marburg solar statutes ineffective FAZ , May 12, 2010
