Fram (ship, 1892)
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The Fram (Norwegian for forward ; pronunciation with a short a) is a ship completed in 1892 and used by Norwegian polar explorers from 1893–1912. The Fram was designed to be able to drift in the pack ice without being damaged by the enormous pressure of the ice. In addition, the ship was well insulated because of the low temperatures in the polar regions.
The initiative for the construction came from Fridtjof Nansen ; he gave Colin Archer , the renowned Norwegian ship designer from Larvik , in 1890 the order to build the Fram .
No wooden ship ever sailed - either in the south or in the north - at higher latitudes than the Fram . The Fram was en route for expeditions until 1914 and was landed in 1935. The ship is exhibited with the superstructure from 1902 in the Frammuseum in Oslo .
construction
The Fram had a displacement of 800 tons and an unusual triangular-rounded hull cross-section. The outer wall was about 50 cm thick and stiffened with inclined struts inside. The construction was designed in such a way that the ship was lifted by the pressure of the ice and therefore could not be crushed. This idea was later adopted in the construction of the German research vessel Gauß , with which Erich von Drygalski carried out the first German south polar expedition from 1901 to 1903. This shape is said to have contributed to poor stability in the water, which is said to have made sailing in rough seas almost unbearable.
Many ideas for the construction of the ship went back to Nansen: The rudder and the propeller drive were retractable. These precautions served to protect against the ice.
The Fram was rigged as a three- masted schooner and equipped with a triple expansion steam engine . For Amundsen's South Pole expedition, she was the first ocean-going ship in the world to be fitted with a diesel engine . It developed 180 hp (132 kW) and could be reversed to drive backwards.
Hull model of the Fram ( Colin Archer )
Expeditions
The Fram has been used on several well-known expeditions:
explorer | year | expedition |
---|---|---|
Fridtjof Nansen | 1893-1896 | North Pole |
Otto Sverdrup | 1898-1902 | Sverdrup Islands |
Roald Amundsen | 1910-1912 | South Pole |
Conversions
Over time, the Fram has been rebuilt several times by its users. In the Frammuseum in Oslo, the different versions are shown as models (broad jib and stag jib were not placed at the same time - as shown in model 5).
Model of the Fram 1893-1896 ( Fridtjof Nansen )
Model of the Fram 1898–1902 ( Otto Sverdrup )
Model of the Fram 1910–1912 ( Roald Amundsen )
Framuseum
The Fram was in a dock from 1912 to 1920 , but received no maintenance and began to disintegrate. On the initiative of Lars Christensen , Otto Sverdrup and Oscar Wisting was Fram restored in the 1920s. From 1935 the ship was exhibited under a roof in the specially built Framuseum on the Bygdøy peninsula ( Oslo ). Visitors can see the ship, which has been fitted with the original interior. The three polar journeys of the Fram are also shown in the museum ; There is also an extensive exhibition on the Arctic and Antarctic regions. As the museum has no heating or air conditioning, warm clothing is recommended, especially in winter.
Names after the Fram
- Fram Rupes , on Mercury
- Fram crater , a small crater on Mars discovered by the Opportunity spacecraft in 2004 .
- Fram Basin , a deep-sea basin in the Arctic Ocean
- Fram Strait , a sea route between Svalbard and Greenland (between the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean).
- Fram , the regatta yachts of the Norwegian royal family who love sailing
- Fram , a Hurtigruten mail and cruise ship
- Framheim , base camp of Amundsen's Fram expedition
- Fram Mesa , Table Mountain in the Nilsen Plateau in the Queen Maud Mountains , Antarctica
- Fram Islands , archipelago off the coast of the East Antarctic Adélieland
See also
literature
- Tor Borch Sannes: The Fram: Adventure Polar Expedition . Hoffmann et al. Campe, Hamburg 1986, ISBN 3-455-08252-1 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Frammuseet: Die Fram ( Memento of the original from May 11, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ mercedes-benz-publicarchive.com/marsClassic/de/instance/picture/Ananze.xhtml?oid=249074
Coordinates: 59 ° 54 ′ 12 " N , 10 ° 41 ′ 58" E