Social housing

Structural start of the systematic social housing construction in West Germany after the Second World War: Hans Böckler hammering the foundation stone of the large settlement named after him (" Böcklersiedlung ") in Neumünster on March 5, 1950

As a social housing refers to government-sponsored construction of housing , particularly for social groups that are not on free their housing needs housing market can cover. In addition to the personal requirements that tenants in Germany have to prove with the housing entitlement certificate, there is a maximum rent (up to 2001 " cost rent ", now: fixed rent), as regulated in the German Housing Binding Act (WoBindG) or comparable state laws in Austria .

Depending on the state system, social housing is an economic and socio-political addition to housing subsidies or takes its place.

Developments and trends

Social housing in Germany 2019: Anscharpark in Kiel funded by the Schleswig-Holstein Social Housing Fund

While Germany was one of the qualitative and quantitative strongholds of social housing in the past, with the abolition of the privileges and obligations of non-profit housing in 1988 and the withdrawal of the federal government from subsidies, a significant decline in the importance of social housing began. It was precisely the abolition of non-profit status that meant that social housing was no longer bound by the Charitable Housing Act and thus privatization and profit maximization became possible.

Due to the funding structure of the old social housing, the number of apartments in social housing will decrease drastically in the coming years. While there were 3.9 million social housing units in Germany in 1987, the population and building census at the end of 2001 only recorded around 1.8 million housing units. Every year around 100,000 apartments lose their status as social housing. In the past, around a third of socially and price-bound apartments were seen as a prerequisite for a socially equal housing policy.

In Berlin , with ongoing privatization in 2006, 9% in the western part and 24% in the eastern part of the city can be counted as social housing. Dresden has completely sold its holdings, and in large cities with more than 200,000 inhabitants the municipal share is just 8%. While in the past it could be assumed that, after the funding period, the municipal housing companies would rent their vacant portfolios for rents in the lower market area and to households with lower incomes, this security of being able to provide extensive, inexpensive portfolios in the future as well Privatizations of former social housing stock in question.

In particular, the controversy revolves around two opposing positions:

• Critics of privatization claim that private investors often act according to a cherry picking strategy. Good and salable stocks are being refurbished and marketed expensively, so that these apartments are no longer an option for poorer sections of the population. Poor tenants are therefore dependent on the shrinking remnants of social housing or have to move to poorer and smaller apartments. The increased rents often have to be compensated for by transfer payments ( housing benefit or similar), which in the long term reduces or consumes the sales proceeds for the municipalities and other state owners . A “creaming the poor” is operated within the social housing stock, where preferential renting is given to the “best” among the poor.

• Proponents of privatization argue that the interest in corresponding apartments is always an indication of the untapped potential of urban development . It would be better to sell the apartments if possible and use the income to finance social housing elsewhere. The residents should by no means be placed in a worse position. Ideally, the sales proceeds also enable spending for other social purposes (so-called double dividends ). Incidentally, given the enormous debt burdens, especially in large cities, this type of “silent waste” is not acceptable. The high interest rate phase after reunification in 1989 made this argument more important.

Social housing in Germany

Hannibal residential complex in Dortmund

For decades, the legal basis in the Federal Republic of Germany was the Second  Housing Act , which formulated the goal of creating apartments that are intended and suitable for large sections of the population in terms of size, equipment and rent or load (quote from Section 1 II. WoBauG ). In addition to the creation of inexpensive living space, the II. WoBauG also made it possible to acquire owner-occupied real estate for a broad section of the population. This law was superseded on September 1, 2001 by the law on the reform of housing law . It contains the Act on Social Housing Promotion (Housing Promotion Act - WoFG). It regulates housing construction and other measures to support households with rental apartments, including cooperative housing, and the formation of owner- occupied housing for households that cannot adequately obtain housing on the market. In addition to the creation of inexpensive living space, the acquisition of owner-occupied residential property should also be made possible for a broad section of the population.

In order to prepare and optimize the housing construction programs of the Federal Republic of Germany and the German states , so-called “demonstrative construction projects” have been carried out since 1949, which were accompanied and evaluated by various institutes as part of state-sponsored construction research .

As in many other countries, the social or public housing construction in Germany represents a state transfer service . In addition, it was an important element of the state's economic influence and urban development policy with its extensive public investments until the 1990s . With the restructuring of the social security systems since the mid-1990s, the role and function of social or public housing for the reproduction of the city and its tenants has changed.

prehistory

Weimar Republic

View of four residential towers of the "Feiler type" built in the years 1930–1932 by the Reichenbach architect Curt Feiler (1875–1932) in Mylau / Vogtland as a social housing complex

Social housing construction in the Federal Republic has its prehistory in the Weimar Republic . In the 1920s, new settlements emerged in many German cities, which were intended to offer healthy living environments, in particular to population groups with low incomes. The background was the persistent housing poverty in the imperial era, especially in the working-class neighborhoods . With protests up to rent strikes or riots against evictions , the demand for healthy and affordable housing was repeatedly articulated in the environment of the labor movement. However, it was not until after the November Revolution of 1918 that there was an attempt to address the problems broadly with social housing.

Some famous examples can be found in Berlin, such as the Hufeisensiedlung in the Britz district or the Carl Legien residential area in Prenzlauer Berg . Today they are part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Modern Berlin Settlements . In the Neues Frankfurt project, headed by Ernst May , social housing was combined with a renewal of the culture of living.

National Socialism

The abandonment of large apartment building projects, observed since 1932 due to lack of money, fitted into the National Socialist housing ideology. Raised to the program, it said: “We do not want to set up new mass quarters in which hundreds of people are crammed together.” The small apartment of the future, on the other hand, should be built in a “homely small house that is closer to the ground”. Robert Ley , head of the German Labor Front (DAF), was appointed "Reich Commissioner for Social Housing" (RKSW) in 1940 through a " Führer decree " . The RKSW had the task of making preparations in German housing construction for the time after the final victory . In the Führer decree, specifications were set, from the size of the rooms to the rent, from the implementation to the demand for rationalization of construction production. This gave the DAF the chance to influence the shaping of post-war Germany. Social housing was to become the first genuinely National Socialist housing policy. Since 1940 the first basic types for the standardized floor plan types have been presented in the DAF architecture office.

The continuation of the Second World War and the bombing raids changed the program and objectives of National Socialist housing policy or brought it to a standstill.

post war period

Green courtyards in Bremerhaven , originally 2,136 apartments ( Neue Heimat , 1954)

After the war, around 2.34 million apartments in West Germany and West Berlin were destroyed, which made up about 22% of the housing stock in 1939. The need for living space to be created was estimated at around 5 million, and from the early 1950s on 6.5 million apartments.

The influx of millions of displaced persons , the resulting housing shortage - and later the so-called economic miracle - prompted those responsible to adopt an active housing policy even before the Federal Republic of Germany was founded. In the individual federal states, the housing construction programs were started with different intensities, also in relation to the refugees to be admitted per region. For example, the pressure was greatest in Schleswig-Holstein compared to the other West German states, since after the Second World War the state had to accept significantly more refugees and displaced persons than any other West German state in relation to the existing resident population . Therefore, it was already on the 21st February 1946 in Kiel the ARGE-SH eV founded in Kiel and equipped with an appropriate work order to the beginnings of a typing evolve from floor plans, building and construction, and alternative construction methods and simplified planning processes and thus the Streamline and accelerate construction processes and reduce construction costs. Preparations for housing construction and managed housing programs were thus particularly advanced in Schleswig-Holstein. As the representation of the ECA (= Economic Cooperation Administration = Administration for Economic Cooperation) in Europe, the ERP (= European Recovery Program = European Reconstruction Program ) initiated by the US Secretary of State George C. Marshall in 1947 , the so-called "Marshall Plan ”) was responsible, in the summer of 1949 asked the various German organizations and associations to make suitable suggestions on how to help the refugees in Germany using Marshall Plan funds. For these reasons, the first systematic, uniform and Centrally controlled housing program in West Germany after the war, the ERP special program " Construction of 10,000 refugee apartments " implemented under the leadership of the German trade unions in Schleswig-Holstein. The foundation stone of the special program was laid on March 5, 1950 by Hans Böckler , who died on February 16, 1951 , in the settlement later named after him (" Böcklersiedlung ") in Neumünster as the largest single building project of the special program. The laying of the foundation stone for this first project of the special program on the large construction site in Neumünster is therefore considered to be the structural beginning of systematic social housing construction in the Federal Republic of Germany after the Second World War.

The political framework for housing construction in the Federal Republic of Germany then resulted in the I. (1950) and II. (1956) Housing Acts . Housing construction remained state-organized in the GDR .

From social housing to social housing promotion

From a tradition of housing reform and public housing construction of the Weimar Republic and its impressive qualitative results of modern building (" New Building "), two development strands emerged after the Second World War.

• A state-owned mass housing construction in the GDR , which led over three quality periods from building in the national tradition (1950s) to a phase of international modernity (1960s) to mass building of prefabricated panels in new building areas and inner cities.
• Social housing construction in the Federal Republic, on the other hand, was characterized from the start by the juxtaposition of rental and cooperative housing and the promotion of home ownership for the groups described in the law and often in combination with tax incentives for non-profit housing. Urban societies were initially the most important players in the construction of rental housing, which was initially carried out to close gaps in fallow land , later from new buildings on green fields and since the 1970s also as replacement new buildings in urban renewal areas ; they took on an important urban and socio-political role.

Since the 1980s, the country programs have increasingly been opened to private investors.

Social housing according to the Second Housing Promotion Act and the Act on Social Housing Promotion is organized as a contractual and financing instrument. Through various forms of subsidies (building cost and expenditure subsidies , interest reduction) the rents are lowered below the cost rent and thus opened up for the eligible lower income groups. Due to the term of the contracts, after a few decades the social housing stock will fall into the general market regulated by the rent legislation. This has reduced the stock since the newly added social housing was significantly reduced. A German specialty compared to other European countries is the existence of quasi social housing from municipal housing stocks. They are legally outside the regulations of social housing construction, but are often actually subject to similar rental and occupancy regulations due to political decisions made by their public shareholders. This quasi social housing construction comprises large parts of the complex housing construction of the GDR as well as the previous stocks that have fallen out of the ties after the end of the commitment periods, whereby these stocks have been reduced by privatization since the turn of the century (see for example " Landesentwicklungsgesellschaft ").

This former social housing construction was replaced in 2001 by a housing policy funding instrument of the federal and state governments, which consists of several levels of action. The " New Home Affair " from 1982 onwards also played a part in the decline of social housing in Germany and the reorganization and reorganization of housing subsidies .

In the years 2004–2019, however, due to the expiry of time-limited social housing, the available stock of social housing halved, according to the Handelsblatt , although housing construction overall is on an increasing trend (as of 2020). This problem is denounced by the opposition and the German press.

Social housing promotion

Even with the good framework conditions in large parts of the Federal Republic of Germany and despite the essentially balanced housing market, there are households that cannot provide themselves adequately with housing on their own - due to insufficient income or due to social characteristics and special needs. As part of social housing promotion, private investors and municipal housing companies are supported in providing inexpensive rental apartments for households with access to the general housing market. Above all, the modernization of existing living space for the benefit of these target groups and the acquisition of communal occupancy rights in existing buildings are promoted. As part of social housing subsidies, numerous federal states and municipalities are promoting the creation of age-appropriate and handicapped-friendly housing.

Since 1949, all federal governments have therefore considered it necessary to promote social housing promotion as an essential element of a socially responsible housing policy. Until the end of 2006, the federal government therefore has the federal states in the budget of the Federal Ministry of Transport, Housing and Urban Development to perform this task on the basis of Article 104a, Paragraph 4 of the Basic Law (GG) in conjunction with the Housing Promotion Act (WoFG) of January 1, 2002 Annual grants are made available in varying amounts.

With the law amending the Basic Law of September 1, 2006 (“ federalism reform ”), with the new version of Article 74, Paragraph 1, No. 18 of the Basic Law, social housing promotion became the exclusive legislative competence of the states. Insofar as the Federal Housing Promotion Act (WoFG) was not replaced by state law regulations, it remained valid. In addition, Article 104a, Paragraph 4 of the Basic Law (old version) was deleted and housing subsidies were transferred to the federal states. According to the newly inserted into the Basic Law Art. 143c GG and based on it unbundling law (Art. 13 of the Federalism Reform Support Act, BGBl. 2006 I, p 2098, 2102 ) were the countries to the deleted grants for the years 2007 to 2019 compensation payments of Federal too. For the years 2007 to 2013, the federal government paid the states around 518 million euros annually; then the need for these transfers should be reviewed.

On February 21, 2019 , the Basic Law was changed again and parts of the federalism reform with regard to federal financial aid in social housing were revised in the Bundestag. This means that the federal states can again receive support for housing construction after 2019. It was agreed that at least EUR 2 billion a year would be earmarked for social housing.

Housing benefit

Housing benefit is a compensatory element in Germany's basically market economy-oriented housing and rent policy. So that lower-income households can bear the housing costs for adequate and family-friendly living space, they have been supported by housing benefit in the old states since 1965 and in the new states since 1991. There is a legal right to housing benefit if the legal requirements are met. The housing benefit means that the beneficiary households are not restricted to a particularly inexpensive and therefore narrow market segment in the housing stock, but that they have access to housing at average costs. This also supports the maintenance and creation of stable resident structures in the residential areas. Since January 1, 2005, housing benefit has only been paid to non-transfer recipients , as the transfer benefit office takes into account the accommodation costs for transfer benefit recipients (transfer benefits include unemployment benefit II , social assistance , student loans , basic security in old age and reduced earning capacity ).

Property promotion

The Structural self-help is to provide a means of promoting ownership and within the social housing to the ownership education of young families with little or no equity.

The aim of promoting home ownership through the home ownership subsidy was to make it easier for “threshold households” and primarily families with children to build new homes or to buy their own home. The home ownership allowance (EHZ) was abolished; As of January 1, 2006, new cases will no longer receive an EHZ (Act to Abolish Home Ownership).

Building society subsidy, home building bonus and employee savings allowance

In view of the increasing tendency towards home ownership, the state supports building society savings by granting house building premiums and employee savings allowances.

Retirement Property Act

The owner-occupied residential property is seen as an element of private old-age security, although in view of demographic developments and the massive vacancies in some regions, some doubts are justified as to whether this form of wealth accumulation is as secure everywhere as previously assumed. The basic idea is that after the payment phase, rent-free living in old age increases the standard of living compared to living for rent or avoids a decrease and leaves financial leeway. In the state-subsidized private old-age provision (" Riester pension ") that has existed since 2002, owner- occupied residential property is taken into account in the form of the withdrawal model ( Section 92a , Section 92b EStG ).

Housing development programs of the KfW development bank

On January 1, 2005, the federal government and KfW- Förderbank redesigned the residential programs. The new program offer integrates previously separate programs and is tailored more precisely to the various user needs. Applicants who want to renovate their buildings and improve their energy efficiency will find a clearer range of programs, from the funded individual measure to a complex package of measures. In addition, the construction of new energy-saving buildings, the construction and acquisition of photovoltaic systems and the creation of residential property are promoted. Funding takes place via the provision.

Build the initiative cost-effectively and in a quality-conscious manner

The federal government is also promoting the “Low-cost, quality-conscious building initiative”, which provides comprehensive information on the possibilities of low-cost, quality-conscious building and modernization.

Social housing in Austria

The council Karl-Marx-Hof in Vienna with over 1,200 residential units

From the beginning of the 20th century (e.g. through the Housing Welfare Fund ), but particularly strongly in the 1920s and early 1930s and between the 1950s and 1970s, numerous social housing projects, mostly called municipal housing, were built in Austrian cities . These were often laid out in the form of a courtyard and had four to six floors. Newer community building projects have more diverse manifestations. In Vienna, for example, there are now council flats in high-rise buildings and in Linz the pioneering project in ecological urban development, the Solar City , is also a non-profit housing project.

The Austrian system of social housing is characterized by a close connection between housing subsidies and the action of non-profit building associations qua non-profit housing law, which receive tax benefits through the non-profit status and are privileged beneficiaries of housing subsidies, but rules on favorable rental prices for this - even if the bonds of housing subsidies expire - and are subject to continuous new construction.

Reorientation of the building task

While in the decades after the two world wars of the 20th century, social housing provision was largely in the hands of the municipalities, in Austria, since the 1980s, non-profit building associations have increasingly taken on the task of providing affordable housing and housing management for broad sections of the population. Although the City of Vienna, for example, still manages around 230,000 existing apartments, the proportion of apartments built and cared for under non-profit conditions was over 20 percent in 2007, and around 40 percent in urban multi-storey buildings. In medium-sized and small towns, almost exclusively non-profit building associations take on the management of formerly communal apartments.

Association organization

In contrast to Germany, for example, the non-profit building associations sector currently (2008) comprises 193 companies; 101 of them are housing associations. The oldest of these housing cooperatives date back to 1895 and 1907, and since 1946 they have been integrated - together with non-profit corporations - in the umbrella organization Austrian Association of non-profit building associations (gbv-Verband). The entire Austria-wide administrative portfolio of the "non-profit" amounts to around 815,000 apartments (as of 2009) in the legal forms of 99 cooperatives, 81 companies with limited liability and 10 stock corporations.

Practice and economy

Herbert Ludl has been the general director of the largest non-profit company, Sozialbau AG , since 1984. Ludl occupies the position of deputy chairman in the gbv association and emerges as an author and editor of numerous books and brochures on the subject of non-profit business in the housing sector. Under his leadership, the international discussion forum “Housing Conference” has already taken place 18 times, the results of which are published in article volumes. The 2007 brochure “Gemeinnützige Bauvereinigungen in Österreich”, in which Ludl describes the connections between the Austrian system of housing subsidies and the particularities of the non-profit housing industry, takes a concise look at the “Austrian way” of providing social housing. Austria's housing subsidy concentrates on the so-called “object subsidy”; the proportion of “subjective” subsidies in the form of housing subsidies is therefore at a very low level in an international comparison. The brochure quoted was edited by the gbv association and is also available as a download in German and English on the Sozialbau AG web portal. The promotion of residential building measures via the detour of property management is increasingly criticized. Although such a procedure simplifies the administrative effort prior to fundamental renovations, it is precisely because of this that the individual interests and needs are not taken into account at all and thus the beneficiaries are completely deprived of the funding intended for them. The superfluous funds then have to be used elsewhere and can be seen as “cross-subsidization”, especially of interests that are not worthy of support.

Role in climate protection

The non-profit housing sector in Austria fulfills an essential function in the context of the climate protection strategy discussed worldwide, i.e. the fulfillment of the so-called Kyoto target. With a current annual rate of energy-saving renovations and modernizations of over 5 percent in the rental housing stock, “the non-profit” are above their planned target and clearly outperform the private housing sector. Around two thirds of the non-profit housing stock built since the 1950s has already been renovated at least once. Resource savings of up to 70 percent are achieved with the help of saved funds and by using public funding.

The GBV outlined in March 2010:

• Between 2001 and 2009, the real renovation volume increased from 337 million euros (nominal: 355 million euros) by over 44% to 490 million euros (nominal: 594 million euros).

That is a fifth - measured against the total volume of new buildings at GBV.

• A further increase to around 510 million euros (nominal: 624 million euros) is expected in 2010.
• The thermal renovation of the non-profit housing stock plays a major role in the expansion of the renovation work. Since the 1980s it has climbed from 3,500 apartments a year at the beginning to 12,000 renovated rental apartments in the 1990s to over 15,000 renovations in 2009.
• In addition, GBV improves the energy standard of around 5,500 condominiums it manages every year .
• The ongoing renovation helps secure a total of 5,800 jobs in the construction and related trades and save around 45,000 tons of CO ₂ emissions every year .
• It has led to the fact that the non-profit housing industry has the highest percentage of thermally renovated apartments. In relation to the housing stock built before 1980, the average annual renovation rate in our own rental housing stock is 6%, including the owner-occupied sector at 5%;
• measured against all age groups up to 2001

it total 3.1%; about three times that of commercial and private landlords or apartment owners' associations.

Energy efficiency

The low-energy house standard is largely achieved in new residential buildings and in refurbished residential complexes. Some housing companies are currently trying to build passive houses . With the participation of the non-profit building associations, several demonstration objects have been created in Austria. In Vienna, Europe's largest experimental field for passive house-compatible air conditioning technology is currently being developed, the “Eurogate” district, which will include around 900 apartments in the final stage.

See also

• Red Vienna
• Fuggerei in Augsburg (oldest social housing estate in the world)
• Social housing in Berlin ; in New York City
• Right to Housing
• Housing allowance

literature

history

• Kerstin Dörhöfer: Appearances and determinants of state-controlled housing supply in the Federal Republic of Germany. For the planning and implementation of housing for the "broad strata of the people" (social housing) . Berlin 1978
• Tilman Harlander , Gerhard Fehl (ed.): Hitler's social housing 1940–1945. Housing policy, building design and settlement planning . Hamburg 1986
• Jürgen Mümken : Capitalism and Housing. A contribution to the history of housing policy in the mirror of capitalist development dynamics and social struggles . Lich 2006

Change in social housing through transformation of social security systems

• Hans Jörg Duvigneau: The new role of the housing company. From an instrument of distribution policy to an economically active service company with social aspirations - can that work? Darmstadt 2001, schader-stiftung.de (PDF; 38 kB)
• Volker Eick, Jens Sambale (Ed.): Social housing, labor market (re) integration and the neoliberal welfare state in the Federal Republic and North America , Working Paper # 3 of the John F. Kennedy Institute for North American Studies at the Free University of Berlin, 2005 , ISBN 3-88646-056-8 , GoogleBooks
• Björn Egner, Nikolaos Georgakis, Hubert Heinelt, Reinhart C. Bartholomäi 2004: Housing Policy in Germany. Positions. Actors. Instruments . Darmstadt 2004
• Johann Friedrich Geist , Dieter Kürvers: The Berlin tenement house. Volume 3: 1945-1989 . Prestel, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-7913-0719-3 .
• Thomas Knorr-Siedow: Trends in social housing and in labor market policy in Germany . In: Volker Eick, Jens Sambale (eds.): Social housing, job market (re) integration … 2005
• Claudia Pfeiff: Discussion report of the “Housing” panel of experts: The provision of housing as a task of general interest - about the right to exist for housing companies in public hands . Schader Foundation, 2002, schader-stiftung.de (PDF; 54 kB)
• Interview with real estate owner Robert Vogel about very legal loopholes. In: Die Zeit , No. 35/1996

International

• Christiane Droste, Thomas Knorr-Siedow: Large Housing Estates in Germany, Policies and Practices . Utrecht University, 2004
• Allan Murie, Thomas Knorr-Siedow, Ronald van Kempen: Large Housing Estates in Europe, General Developments and Theoretical Back-grounds . Utrecht 2003

Austria

• Manfred Wiltschnigg: Economic- historical aspects of social and communal housing in Eastern Austria . Dissertation , Graz 2002

Web links

Commons : Social Housing  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• lwl.org: Photo documentation (1920s to 50s) of the State Insurance Institution of Westphalia in the image archive of the LWL media center for Westphalia
• qucosa.de: Beauty and Value of Residential Buildings: Results of a Survey by TU Chemnitz , Nicole Küster, Friedrich Thießen, May 2014, .pdf
  • tu-chemnitz.de: Short summary (2 pages, PDF)
• Sozialbau.at
• Ministry for Economy, Labor and Housing Baden-Württemberg , wm.baden-wuerttemberg.de: Social rental housing subsidy
• zeit.de: Report about Gehag and Oaktree

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Jan Kuhnert, Olof Leps: It is time for a new non-profit housing . In: New non-profit housing . Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2017, ISBN 978-3-658-17569-6 , p. 261-274 , p. 263 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-658-17570-2_9 ( springer.com [accessed February 28, 2017]).
2. ↑ Jan Kuhnert, Olof Leps: It is time for a new non-profit housing . In: New non-profit housing . Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2017, ISBN 978-3-658-17569-6 , p. 261-274 , p. 266 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-658-17570-2_9 ( springer.com [accessed February 28, 2017]).
3. ↑ Jan Kuhnert, Olof Leps: The permanent program of the new non-profit housing . In: New non-profit housing . Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2017, ISBN 978-3-658-17569-6 , p. 285–328 , p. 291 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-658-17570-2_11 ( springer.com [accessed February 28, 2017]).
4. ^ Book series The demonstrative building projects of the Federal Ministry for Housing, Urban Development and Regional Planning
5. ↑ Ulrike Haerendel: Housing Policy in National Socialism Journal for Social Reform, no year, pp. 843–879, 850
6. ^ Rabeler, Gerhard: "Reconstruction and expansion of West German cities 1945-1960 in the field of tension between reform idea and reality", in: Series of publications of the German National Committee for Monument Protection, Volume 39, Bonn, 1997
7. ↑ Statistisches Landesamt Schleswig-Holstein (Ed.): "Refugees in Schleswig-Holstein as a result of World War II as reflected in official statistics, Kiel 1974
8. ↑ Working group for contemporary building e. V. (Ed.): “What we want”; Bulletin No. 1, Kiel January 1948
9. ^ [4] Brintzinger, Dr. Ottobert: "Foundation and general development", in: "50 years of the working group for contemporary building eV Kiel" :, Kiel 1996; P. 25 ff
10. ↑ Reinhold Nimptsch: “Productive refugee aid from the trade unions: New organizational methods for the construction of 10,000 apartments”; Cologne 1950
11. ↑ Astrid Holz, Dietmar Walberg, et al: Settlements from the 1950s - modernization or demolition? Methodology for making decisions about demolition, modernization or new construction in settlements from the 1950s. Final report. Federal Office for Building and Regional Planning -BBR-, Bonn (sponsor); Working group for contemporary building e. V., Kiel (executive body); Construction Research Report No. 56; Kiel 2006. ISBN 978-3-8167-7481-5
12. ↑ Working group for contemporary building e. V. (Eds.): Johannes Scharre / Ulrich Haake: "The construction of 10,000 refugee apartments in Schleswig-Holstein (ERP special program 1950) - results, methods, experiences and conclusions", / Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Produktiv refugeeshilfe e. V .; (Research report on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Housing No. 148 (2404/05)); Building research report of the working group for contemporary building e. V. No. 2, Kiel 1952
13. ↑ Rosemarie Mieder: GDR housing policy: All resources in the new building website of the Berlin tenants' association, October 10, 2014
14. ^ Hendrik Mühlenbrock: Housing after the war: Actors and organization of the FRG / GDR February 13, 2017
15. ↑ Jan Kuhnert, Olof Leps: New non-profit housing - Springer . P. 3 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-658-17570-2 ( springer.com [accessed February 27, 2017]).
16. ↑ Report & Documentation: History in the First: Corruption and Housing | ARD media library. Retrieved July 27, 2020 . 
17. ↑ https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/deutschland/wohnungsbau-erneut-42-000-sozialwohnungen-weniger-in-deutschland/24901982.html?ticket=ST-4658873-cwWJMugsEaaGKxdfmxxm-ap1
18. ↑ https://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2019-08/sozialer-wohungsbau-weniger-sozialwohnungen-deutschland
19. ↑ https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/konjendung/nachrichten/statistisches-bundesamt-wohnungsbau-in-deutschland-auf-hoechstem-stand-seit-fast-20-jahren/25886418.html?nlayer=Themen_11804704
20. ↑ https://www.manager-magazin.de/lifestyle/artikel/miete-zahl-der-sozialwohnungen-in-deutschland- geht-drastisch-zurueck-a- 1273129.html
21. ↑ https://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/bilanz/article199813712/Bezahlbaren-Wohnraum-Beim-sozialen-Wohnungsbau-draengt-die-Zeit.html
22. ↑ https://www.sueddeutsche.de/wirtschaft/wohnungsnot-sozialer-wohnungsbau-deutschland-enteignungen-1.4445596
23. ↑ BGBl. 2001 I p. 2376 .
24. ↑ Federal Law Gazette 2006 I p. 2034 .
25. ↑ KfW development bank
26. ↑ Jan Kuhnert, Olof Leps: New non-profit housing - Springer . P. 179 ff. , Doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-658-17570-2 ( springer.com [accessed on February 27, 2017]).
27. ↑ Facts and analyzes: Apartments, construction work , accessed on February 6, 2011.
28. ^ Historical outline , accessed on May 19, 2011.
29. ↑ Non-profit housing - balance sheet and outlook. , March 8, 2010.