Berlin-Britz

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Britz
district of Berlin
Berlin Neukölln Britz Buckow Buckow Gropiusstadt Rudow BrandenburgBritz on the map of Neukölln
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Coordinates 52 ° 27 '0 "  N , 13 ° 26' 0"  E Coordinates: 52 ° 27 '0 "  N , 13 ° 26' 0"  E
surface 12.4 km²
Residents 42,796 (Dec. 31, 2019)
Population density 3451 inhabitants / km²
Incorporation Oct. 1, 1920
Postcodes 12347, 12359
District number 0802
Administrative district Neukölln

Britz is a Berlin district in the Neukölln district , first mentioned in a document in 1237. The large Britz settlement (formerly: Fritz-Reuter-Stadt), consisting of the Hufeisensiedlung and the Krugpfuhlsiedlung, was built on the site of the former manor from 1925 . The younger large housing estate Britz-Buckow-Rudow, which has been part of its own district of Gropiusstadt since 2002 , was not built until the 1960s.

History and etymology

14th to 16th century

Berlin-Britz Karte.png
Village church, around 1300

Britz was first mentioned in a document in 1305 by naming a Heinricus de Bryzk . In the land register of Emperor Charles IV of 1375 it was listed as Britzik, Brisk, Brysk and Brisck . The origin of the place name - as with all places in the Brandenburg region that begin with Bries ..., Brietz ... and Britz ... - is based on the Slavic word bříza for birch , comparable to the parallel names for places that begin with Buch ..., Buck ... and Bück ... (slaw. buk = beech ) and for places that begin with Liep ... (slaw. lipa = linden ). (Before?) In 1369 the village was owned by the von Britzke family . They had received the higher and lower courts as well as the church patronage from the sovereign . At that time, their estate was ten hooves and they received rent and pitcher interest . In 1375 Britz 58 had a total of 58 hooves. Three of them were for the pastor, one for the church. It is therefore extremely likely that there was already a village church at that time . Other residents were a Barefoot family with an eight-hoofed yard, a Berchter Wichhus with nine hooves and the Luckenwalde family with four hooves. Another 13 hooves could be leased. There were still 14 kötter and one jug in the village - however, according to the files, there was no mill. The farmers therefore had to go to a neighboring village to produce flour. In 1450 the place Brytzck appeared in a castle register, a list of payment obligations towards the sovereigns. The von Britzke family now owned 28 free hooves for which they did not have to pay any taxes. The area was 60 hooves, of which three were for the pastor and the church was still one hoof. Four hooves were, however, desolate ; H. unoccupied and therefore brought no income. The jar still existed; in addition, twelve kötter worked in Britz. The von Britzke continued to hold the upper and lower court as well as the patronage and were able to expand their property in 1469 by 1 ⁄ 3 of the share in Müggenbruch, an agricultural area. In 1473 they succeeded in acquiring half a share in the desert Feldmark Osdorf . What happened in the following years has not yet been passed down exactly: In 1480, however, it was reported that 18 hooves on the Britzke had now fallen desolately and a further seven had been "burned". In Issue 1 of the Britzer Heimatbot from 1980 it was described that Friedrich II. - also known as the "Eiserne" or "Eisenzahn" - already suspected the rise of the Britzkes in 1452 and quickly wrote it over to his wife Katharina . At this time, the von Bardeleben zu Satzkorn family appeared (before?) , And they received a quarter from the Britzkes at the upper and lower courts as well as the church patronage as pledge. They also had the right to claim a quarter of the logging for themselves and in 1491 received the other half of the desert field mark of Osdorf.

16th Century

At the beginning of the 16th century, however, the situation of the Britzkes must have recovered. Otto von Britzke acquired Schulzendorf "with all rights" in 1507 , a year later he bought back his share in Lichterfelde from the brothers Caspar, Balzer and Joachim Botyn , which he had had to give up years earlier. Britz was divided into four at the time. One share each belonged to the brothers Otto, Joachim and Georg von Britzke, who in 1513 lent them to the brothers and cousins ​​Ebel, Hans, Heine and Heinrich. The fourth share belonged to the brothers Friedrich and Dietrich von Bardeleben. Otto died in 1517, after which his sons Sigmund, Hans, Antonius, Georg, Otto and Friedrich von Britzke took over his inheritance. The son Otto in turn acquired the village of Mehrow from Jakab Wiese in 1530 and in return sold Schulzendorf. He and his brother Otto introduced the Reformation in the village and in 1541 appointed Georgius Schulze, the first priest who was allowed to look after around 60 communicants. He was entitled to three parish hooves, there was also a meadow “for three loads of hay” and two bison eight bushels of bushel grain . For his pastoral work he received the "30th from the desert Feldmark Osdorf". Almond ”and other lifts . The sexton, on the other hand, had to be satisfied with a bushel grain of every hoof. In 1553 the von Britzke acquired the second half of the desert Feldmark Osdorf, which they now completely owned.

The Bardeleben share had passed to Levin von Bardeleben. Friedrich senior died in 1568, Dietrich in 1573 and Friedrich jun. childless in April 1578. Levin the indebted Good therefore had to acquire and received 1 / 8 of the upper and lower courts, the Kirchlehn, hand and clamping services of farmers Hans Grothe, Veit Behrend and the Kötters Dietrich Steffen and Kruger Gürgen points and furs Thewes . Grothe gave 18 bushels of rye, a bushel of oats, 18 groschen of interest, a smoked chicken and the meat tithe plus service. Behrend delivered a wispel 21 bushels of rye, 1 wispel 22 bushels of oats, 45 groschen interest as well as the meat tithe, a smoking chicken and services. From Steffen he received one and a half chickens, 7.5 groschen of cone interest, the tithe and an annual service. Furs, on the other hand, gave four chickens, 14 pfennigs interest, a bushel and a half of oats and half a mating service. The community had to pay one and a half pounds of pepper to use the Britzer Müggenbruch.

After Otto von Britzke's death in 1579, the first son Sigismund took over the estate. But he also died early and so his cousins ​​Hans, Heine and Gürgen von Britzke came into possession of the ten Hufen farm. Hans and Gürgen ceded their property to Heine and his brother Antonius, who in turn also handed over his property to Heine. In 1582 a settlement was made. Heine kept the estate he lived in with its yard, barn and stable. Gürgen, on the other hand, received the share of the estate as well as all income, services, lease and tithe. This year there were ten farmers and ten kötter in the village. However, Heine could not hold the estate and in 1587 sold it to Levin von Bardeleben for 3050 thalers on four Hufen. He died in 1595 and the estate passed to his son Jacob von Bardeleben auf Selchow, the knight's seat with six hooves, 1 ⁄ 8 upper and lower court and the church patronage to the governor of Biesenthal, Franz von Rathenow.

17th century

In 1600 the church patronage was partly owned by Heine, Gürgen and Matthias von Britzke, Jacob von Bardeleben and Franz von Rathenow. In 1604 he acquired part of the Müggenbruch, the Eichhorst, from Heine, Gürgen and Matthias von Britzke for 90 thalers. In the same year Jacob von Bardeleben died and Caspar von Bardeleben took over his estate. In addition to the three knight seats of the von Britzke family, there were a total of four manors in 1608 with the knight seat von Rathenow. On April 7, 1616, Hans Christian von Rathenow took over the knight's seat with six hooves of land and all rights from Franz von Rathenow, who moved to his Ruhlsdorf estate for 3450 thalers. Heine von Britzke died in 1618, whereupon his sons Sigmund, Alexander and Otto agreed that Sigismund should get the Britz estate and Alexander the Mehrow estate, while Otto was paid out. Shortly before the outbreak of the Thirty Years War , Britz was 23 hooves tall. There lived seven hoofers, two kötter and a shepherd. There was also a blacksmith, i. H. there was no forge of its own in town. Hans Christian von Rathenow had meanwhile also retired to the estate of his father, who died in 1626, in Ruhlsdorf and sold his share to his brother Levin at Easter 1630 for 6027 thalers. The second share that Jacob von Barbeleben had acquired from Franz von Rathenow went to Anna Katharina von Bardeleben, b. Predöhl. She married Friedrich Sigmund von Bernheim and continued to run the estate. Britz was initially spared from the effects of war until 1627, but was then also devastated several times. In 1636 Gürgen Steffen and Martin Diewitz left their farms so that their owners Christian and Georg von Britzke had to pay for the fallen farms. In 1652 the spelling Britz first appeared in a farm labor report . At that time the Schulze still lived in Britz with a farmhand and a boy as well as four farmers and two kötter. In 1659 and 1660 the Britzkesche share went to the Müller family. In 1665 he took over the Bardelebensche Viertel as a fiefdom and one year later the Bardelebensche Achtel - and thus owned all of Britz in 1666. From this property five knight's hooves, 2.5 farmer's hooves, part of the higher and lower jurisdiction as well as part of the church patronage along with shepherd's justice and a desolate house husband's farm went to the von Algenstedt family and from there to the elector in 1694 . Another part went to the von Erlach family in 1699 via the von Chwalkowski family .

18th century

Britz Castle

The von Erlach family owned von Britz from 1707 to 1713. Under the direction of Field Marshal Sigismund von Erlach, a new manor house, the Britz Castle, was built . In 1711 there were seven farriers, eight kötter, a shepherd, a blacksmith, a shepherd, a large and a small farmhand as well as a boy and two pairs of householders. They managed a total of 27 hooves. After 1713 the owners changed and in a short order. Until 1719 the place was owned by the Count von Schwerin, then until 1729 with the Baroness von Ilgen, until 1754 with the Baroness von Knyphausen born von Ilgen and from 1754 until after 1805 with their descendants, the Counts von Hertzberg. In 1745 there was a jug, ten farmers and eight kötter in addition to the manor. The neighboring district of Neukölln (then: Rixdorf ) to the north was also characterized in the 18th century by the settlement of predominantly north Bohemian farmers and craftsmen who were religious refugees and whose descendants also moved to the southern suburbs of Britz, Buckow and Rudow. In 1771 there were 16 gables (= residential houses) in the village; there was a blacksmith's shop and a shepherd, three pairs of housekeepers, a shepherd, a foreman, a middle farmhand and a small farmhand. You paid eight groschen in taxes for 27 hooves.

19th century

Britzer mill from 1863

In 1801, nine whole farmers, six whole kotters, two half kotters, one Büdner and 16 residents lived in the village. There was a wheel maker, a forge, a jug (the bush jug), a windmill and a sheep farm. The forester had 1,500 acres of wood available for cultivation, the estate was 27 Hufen, the manor 29 Hufen. In total there were 35 fireplaces (= households). The village with its bush jug and the manor have come down to us from 1840. There were a total of 57 residential buildings. In 1858 the village, the manor, a Chausseehaus, the Neubritz colony and the Buschkrug establishment existed. There were 17 farm owners and 15 tenants who employed 74 servants and maidservants and 63 day laborers. There were also 21 part-time farmers with 29 servants and maids and 127 workers. The statistics also showed 30 servants, seven servants and 53 possessions: the manor took up the largest area with 2480 acres. Nineteen other properties were between 30 and 300 acres and totaled 1,511 acres. Fifteen other properties were between 5 and 30 acres in size (255 acres in total) and 18 properties under five acres totaled 24 acres. In the meantime, an extensive craftsmen had settled. For example, there were 10 master bakers with 14 journeymen, three master carpenters, a master locksmith with four journeymen and an apprentice, a food dealer, but also three jugs and 15 arms. Britz continued to grow and by 1860 there were already three public buildings, 54 residential and 78 farm buildings, including two flour mills. There were also three residential and four farm buildings in Neu-Britz, as well as an inn and Buschkrug house with two residential and three farm buildings.

20th to 21st century

In 1900 Britz had grown to 401 houses. When Greater Berlin was formed in 1920, Berlin-Britz came to the Neukölln district as a rural community in the Teltow district with 13,475 inhabitants.

During the Nazi dictatorship , residents of the Hufeisensiedlung and the settlement at Krugpfuhl were heavily involved in the resistance against National Socialism in its various forms. The numerous stumbling blocks are currently evidence of this. In the period between 1934 and 1938, however, u. a. the organizer and “industrial mass murderer” Adolf Eichmann and his friend Dieter Wisliceny to the residents of the settlement.

Population development

Population development in Britz from 1734 to 1925
year 1734 1772 1801 1817 1840 1858 1895 1925
Residents 181 248 267 with bush mug 324 with bush mug 573 with bush mug Dorf 796, Neu-Britz 42, Buschkrug 16, Gut: 210 and Buschkrug: 4 6844 14551

Culture and sights

Britz manor
Horseshoe Settlement

The list of cultural monuments in Berlin-Britz includes the cultural monuments entered in the monuments list of the State of Berlin.

Buildings

  • The village church Britz , Backbergstraße 40, is a stone church from around 1250. Restored after fire damage in 1948, the church was painted with glass by Charles Crodel (Christmas and baptismal windows).
  • The Gutshof Britz of the former manor with historical cow, horse and ox stable, Alt-Britz 81-89, now houses a restaurant, the cultural stable, the Neukölln Museum and the Neukölln Paul Hindemith Music School.
  • The Britz Castle with manor park, Alt Britz 73, is the former manor house. It goes back to the burned down manor house from the 15th century. In 1706 the current manor house was built under the squire Field Marshal Sigismund von Erlach. The last major redesign took place in 1880, based on designs by Carl Busse , who added the furnishings and the tower in the neo-renaissance style.
  • The Britzer Mühle , a Dutch windmill built in 1863 and extensively restored in 1985 as part of the Federal Garden Show , is now a manufacturing monument.
  • The ideal settlement north of the middle Hannemannstrasse has been a model garden city settlement of the building cooperative of the same name since 1907.
  • In its first construction phase between 1925 and 1933, the large housing estate Britz consisted of only two sub-settlements separated by Fritz-Reuter-Allee, which were built on an industrial scale according to plans by Bruno Taut and Martin Wagner or Paul Engelmann and Emil Fangmeyer. It is one of the first social housing projects that was later expanded beyond Parchimer and Buschkrugallee Allee. In July 2008, designed by Taut and Wagner settlement was with five other " Berlin Modernism Housing Estates " in the UNESCO the list World Heritage added.
  • Marktplatz Britz-Süd : The listed building ensemble with a large cinema building dates from the 1950s and is also part of the extended Britz housing estate.
  • The former Britz Hospital (today: Bürgeramt 3) at Blaschkoallee 32 was built as a red brick building in the years 1894 to 1896 by the Teltow district . It became the municipal hospital on April 1, 1924. Since 2000 it has been used as a citizens' office.
  • A tenement complex on Hannemannstrasse, called the Löwenhäuser , was built at the beginning of the 20th century on an earlier gravel pit by the building contractor Georg Behnke. Behnke was also a plasterer and sculptor and created a 3.50 meter high lion figure on one of the new houses to decorate the facade. Due to severe damage, the figure was removed in 1973, but since 2010 there has been a representation of a lion as a mosaic pavement on the street.

More Attractions

  • The Britzer Garten has been one of the gems of the Neukölln district since the 1985 Federal Horticultural Show.
  • The Britz open-air laboratory and the environmental center in the Britzer Garden are ecological educational institutions. The building in the Britzer Garten was completely reopened in 2018.
  • The winery Britz is a 2,002-scale vineyard , located in the coupling path 70. The non- commercial winery dedicated to the tradition of the maintenance of viticulture in Britz, where it was already cultivated 300 years ago wine. It is operated by the non-profit society for the promotion of education, culture and environmental protection (PA Berlin) mbH and supported by the association for the promotion of the Britzer winery.
  • The churchyard of Saints Simeon and Saint Luke was built in 1897.

Fountains, monuments and memorial stones

  • Fountain plastic Fette Henne at the Britzer Garten.
  • An ensemble of ornamental fountains and five scooping points with sculptures as well as the monumental figure Persephone by the sculptor Max Kruse stand right next to the Britzer Garten in the spacious park cemetery Neukölln .
  • Goldener Esel ("Rostesel") on Mohriner Allee and Britzer Damm.
  • In the Dörchläuchtingstraße away, a few meters from his former house, there is a memorial stone for the activists and dedicated anarchist writer Erich difficulty .
  • In the Lipschitzallee (Gropiusstadt residential area) there is a fountain system that had been drained since around the year 2000. In July 2019, the five-meter-high bubbling fountain was put back into operation after a comprehensive renovation of the technology, the fountain bowl and the structural environment.

Britzer blossom

Britzer blossom 1966

Japanese ornamental cherries , which bloom every year in Britz, are the occasion for the "Tree Blossom Festival", with which the tradition of the Rose Festival has been continued in a modified form since 1953. The fairground with showmen shops located on the Parchimer Allee, near the Fulhamer Avenue.

Large housing estate Britz

After the preliminary planning work of the Berlin municipality in the winter of 1924 / spring 1925, publicly subsidized apartments were to be built on the farmland of the former Britz manor with house interest taxes. The area was divided on a north-south axis (Fritz-Reuter-Allee) into two self-contained settlements, each with around 1000 residential units, and the row rental houses and the perimeter buildings in the first construction phase in 1925/1926 by two different - only newly founded in 1924 - Housing associations pulled up:

  • The German Society for the Promotion of Housing ( degewo ) was allocated the area east of the Green Ring (today: Fritz-Reuter-Allee) and built the “Eierteichsiedlung” or “Krugpfuhl-Siedlung” on Buschkrugallee (planning: Paul Engelmann and Emil Fangmeyer);
  • The Gemeinnützige Heimstätten-Aktien-Gesellschaft ( GEHAG ), a subsidiary of the Deutsche Wohnungsfürsorge Aktiengesellschaft (DEWOG) headed by Martin Wagner, placed the well-known on the site west of Fritz-Reuter-Allee under the organizational and artistic direction of Martin Wagner and Bruno Taut "Horseshoe settlement" on the other hand.

With the completion of the first construction phase, which was due to take place after almost a year of construction, to the west of the north-south Ache, half the horseshoe, the "Red Front" and the single-family houses in Hüsung and the adjacent area to the north with a total of 500 residential units were ready for occupancy on September 1, 1926. The Krugpfuhl settlement to the east was almost finished by then.

About the occupancy process in the Hufeisensiedlung, those affected reported ex post that membership in a trade union and / or the SPD was a basic requirement for moving in. It is clearly proven that the tenants of the large Britz housing estate consisted mainly of supporters of the SPD. The election result of November 1928 shows 50% of the votes for the SPD and 16% for the KPD for the large estate. (NSDAP 5%).

Immediately after moving in in autumn 1926, the tenants of the two parts of the settlement formed two separate tenant representatives:

  • The "Siedlerverein am Buschkrug eV" was founded in the degewo settlement. V. “: This represented the interests of the residents east of Fritz-Reuter-Allee and published the weekly news bulletin of the Berlin-Britz housing estate as an information organ, and in the course of 1928 for a short time additionally or probably instead the information sheet Heim am Buschkrug .
  • On the other side of the street, the tenants of the Hufeisensiedlung formed a “Residents' Committee of the Gehagsiedlung” and in autumn 1926 published the magazine Das Hufeisen , which was discontinued in the same year . From March 1927 on, the weekly magazine Die Wohngemeinschaft - Das Blatt der Großsiedlung Britz, Neukölln-Dammweg and the Neu-Rudow settlement association took the place of this pure settlement magazine . This magazine appeared until at least the end of 1929, and from the end of 1928 nationally with the subtitle Das Blatt der Großsiedlungen.

RIAS / Deutschlandradio transmission system

Height diagram of the masts of the long and medium wave transmitters of Deutschlandradio

In 1946, the US military administration set up a transmitter for the newly founded RIAS on the site of a former tree nursery . The antenna was stretched between two 30 meter high wooden masts. In 1947 it was replaced by a 60 meter high guyed lattice mast that was isolated from the ground. This, in turn, was replaced in 1948 by two braced steel lattice masts, each 100 meters high, which are no longer in existence - isolated from grounding .

In the following years, both self-radiating transmission masts were raised to heights of 160 meters and 144 meters and also provided with transmitting antennas for VHF . They were dismantled in 2012 and 2015 respectively.

From 1949 onwards, shortwave broadcasts were also available from Berlin-Britz . For this purpose, a dipole antenna oriented in an east-west direction was built on the station premises. A full-wave dipole was added as a second shortwave antenna in 1983.

To improve radio coverage for the GDR with the 1st RIAS program, a crossed dipole antenna for the medium wave frequency 990 kHz went into operation on the station premises in 1978 . This circularly polarized antenna radiated steeply into the ionosphere and thus enabled good reception of this program throughout the GDR during the night . This transmitting antenna - suspended from five 30.5 meter high guyed masts - had to be decommissioned at the end of 1995 for reasons of non-existent electromagnetic environmental compatibility . The Deutschlandradio program was broadcast from here until September 3, 2013 .

Educational institutions

  • Albert Einstein High School (AEO)
  • Fritz Karsen School
  • Alfred Nobel School
  • Primary school on the Teltow Canal
  • Otto Hahn High School
  • (Anna-Simsen-Oberschule, today Alfred Nobel School)
  • Annedore Leber Vocational Training Center
  • Bruno Taut School (primary school)
  • Herman-Nohl-Schule (elementary school, special school, European school)
  • Zurich School (primary school)
  • Schilling School (support center)
  • August Heyn Gardening School Neukölln
  • OSZ-IMT ( Upper School Center )

Parks

The "calendar place" in the Britzer Garten

Ponds and bodies of water

The listed pools are surrounded by open and green areas of different sizes.

  • Brandpfuhl ( location )
  • Britzer Kirchteich ( location )
  • Fennpfuhl ( location )
  • Großer Eckerpfuhl ( location )
  • Horseshoe pond ( location )
  • Krugpfuhl ( location )
  • Papenpfuhl ( location )
  • Roetepfuhl ( location )
  • Walnut pond ( location )
  • Teltow Canal between the industrial area at the Britz-West harbor (520 meters west of the Wilhelm-Borgmann Bridge on Tempelhofer Weg, Lage ) and the Britz-Ost harbor ( Lage ). To the southeast, the Teltow Canal between the Britzer Hafensteig ( Lage ) and the Ernst-Keller-Brücke including (Johannisthaler Chaussee, Lage ) belongs to Britz, the (north) eastern bank is the suburb of Baumschulenweg .
  • Britz-Ost harbor ( location )
  • Britz-West harbor ( location )
  • In the Britzer Garten: Main Lake, Eastern Lake, Southern Lake, Irissee, Kopfweidenpfuhl, Teichbach.

Local public transport

Bus transport

Subway

Personalities

See also

literature

  • Günter de Bruyn : Interim balance - a youth in Berlin . Frankfurt am Main 1992.
  • Ronald Kunze: Tenant participation in social housing. Establishment and development of tenant representatives in the settlements of the non-profit housing companies. Kassel 1992.
  • Raymond Wolff: Neuköllner Pitaval. Berlin 1994, pp. 50-59 (Zu Eichmann and Wisliceny).
  • The end of the idyll? Hufeisensiedlung and Krugpfuhlsiedlung before and after 1933, Ed. Udo Gößwald, Barbara Hoffmann 2013 (museum catalog) 400 pages.
  • Lieselott Enders : Historical local dictionary for Brandenburg: Teltow (=  historical local dictionary for Brandenburg , vol. 4). Verlag Hermann Böhlaus successor, Weimar 1976.

Web links

Commons : Berlin-Britz  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Reinhard E. Fischer : The place names of the states of Brandenburg and Berlin. Volume 13 of the Brandenburg Historical Studies. be.bra Science, Berlin 2005.
  2. ↑ Britzer Heimatbote with a chronicle by Britz, issue 1, January 1980, 31st year, p. 9
  3. ^ Hans-Rainer Sandvoss: Resistance in Neukölln. Issue 4 of the series on resistance in Berlin from 1933 to 1945. Published by the German Resistance Memorial Center , Berlin 1990.
  4. ↑ Lothar Semmel, Christa Emde: Built on Britzer Sand - The History of the Lion Houses ( Memento from September 29, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), Berlin Story Verlag, 2010
  5. ↑ Well bubbles again . In: Berliner Zeitung , July 18, 2019, p. 10 (Berllin page).
  6. ↑ Berlin-Britz. In: Structurae