Andricus curvator: Difference between revisions
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Adult gall wasps emerge in the spring, from galls formed on the bud the previous year. The spring generation lay eggs usually on a leaf or occasionally a twig and the galls appear soon after the leaves emerge. They are often clustered near the leaf base, where they can cause distortion. Galls of this generaton can also occur on a twig causing the twig to bend. The female wasp develop inside a small egg-shaped swelling and emerge in May or June, laying her eggs on a young bud. Sometimes known as a '''collared gall''' the asexual gall is often concealed among the bud scales, and at first, are difficult to find. The scales may fall away, exposing a 3 mm, smooth, brown, skittle-shaped gall with a nipple-like tip, usually surrounded by a pale ring. In old galls the ring may not be seen. The wasp overwinters in the gall.<ref name="chinery">{{cite book|last1=Chinery|first1=Michael|title=Britain's Plant Galls|date=2011|publisher=WildGuides Ltd|location=Old Basing|isbn=978 190365743 0|page=16}}</ref><ref name=pg>{{cite book |last1=Redfern |first1=Margaret |last2=Shirley |first2=Peter |last3=Boxham |first3=Michael |title=British Plant Galls |date=2011 |publisher=Field Study Council |location=Shrewsbury |isbn=978-185153-284-1|pages=231–260 |edition=Second}}</ref> |
Adult gall wasps emerge in the spring, from galls formed on the bud the previous year. The spring generation lay eggs usually on a leaf or occasionally a twig and the galls appear soon after the leaves emerge. They are often clustered near the leaf base, where they can cause distortion. Galls of this generaton can also occur on a twig causing the twig to bend. The female wasp develop inside a small egg-shaped swelling and emerge in May or June, laying her eggs on a young bud. Sometimes known as a '''collared gall''' the asexual gall is often concealed among the bud scales, and at first, are difficult to find. The scales may fall away, exposing a 3 mm, smooth, brown, skittle-shaped gall with a nipple-like tip, usually surrounded by a pale ring. In old galls the ring may not be seen. The wasp overwinters in the gall.<ref name="chinery">{{cite book|last1=Chinery|first1=Michael|title=Britain's Plant Galls|date=2011|publisher=WildGuides Ltd|location=Old Basing|isbn=978 190365743 0|page=16}}</ref><ref name=pg>{{cite book |last1=Redfern |first1=Margaret |last2=Shirley |first2=Peter |last3=Boxham |first3=Michael |title=British Plant Galls |date=2011 |publisher=Field Study Council |location=Shrewsbury |isbn=978-185153-284-1|pages=231–260 |edition=Second}}</ref> |
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The galls have been found on Algerian oak (''[[Quercus canariensis]]''), Turkey oak (''[[Quercus cerris]]''), Portuguese oak (''[[Quercus faginea]]''), [[Quercus |
The galls have been found on Algerian oak (''[[Quercus canariensis]]''), Turkey oak (''[[Quercus cerris]]''), Portuguese oak (''[[Quercus faginea]]''), Spanish oak (''[[Quercus × hispanica]]''), sessile oak (''[[Quercus petraea]]''), downy oak (''[[Quercus pubescens]]''), Pyrenean oak (''[[Quercus pyrenaica]]'') and pedunculate oak (''[[Quercus robur]]'').<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ellis |first1=W N |title=''Andricus curvator'' Hartig, 1840 on ''Quercus'', agamous generation |url=https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/hymenoptera/apocrita/cynipidae/andricus/andricus-curvator/ |website=Plant Parasites of Europe |accessdate=16 November 2019}}</ref> |
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==Distribution== |
==Distribution== |
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Revision as of 21:59, 16 November 2019
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| Species: | A. curvator
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Andricus curvator is a gall wasp which forms chemically induced leaf galls on oak trees and has both agamic and sexual generations. Agamic and sexual generations usually form two distinct galls on oak trees, but in the case of A. curvator there are three galls; the sexual generation usually on the leaf or occasionally in a twig, and the agamic generation in a bud. The wasp was first described by Theodor Hartig, a German biologist, in 1840 and is found in most of Europe.
Life cycle
Adult gall wasps emerge in the spring, from galls formed on the bud the previous year. The spring generation lay eggs usually on a leaf or occasionally a twig and the galls appear soon after the leaves emerge. They are often clustered near the leaf base, where they can cause distortion. Galls of this generaton can also occur on a twig causing the twig to bend. The female wasp develop inside a small egg-shaped swelling and emerge in May or June, laying her eggs on a young bud. Sometimes known as a collared gall the asexual gall is often concealed among the bud scales, and at first, are difficult to find. The scales may fall away, exposing a 3 mm, smooth, brown, skittle-shaped gall with a nipple-like tip, usually surrounded by a pale ring. In old galls the ring may not be seen. The wasp overwinters in the gall.[2][3]
The galls have been found on Algerian oak (Quercus canariensis), Turkey oak (Quercus cerris), Portuguese oak (Quercus faginea), Spanish oak (Quercus × hispanica), sessile oak (Quercus petraea), downy oak (Quercus pubescens), Pyrenean oak (Quercus pyrenaica) and pedunculate oak (Quercus robur).[4]
Distribution
The gall is found from Ireland to the Ukraine and from Fennoscandia to the Mediterranian.[1]
References
- ^ a b "Andricus curvator Hartig, 1840". Fauna Europaea. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
- ^ Chinery, Michael (2011). Britain's Plant Galls. Old Basing: WildGuides Ltd. p. 16. ISBN 978 190365743 0.
- ^ Redfern, Margaret; Shirley, Peter; Boxham, Michael (2011). British Plant Galls (Second ed.). Shrewsbury: Field Study Council. pp. 231–260. ISBN 978-185153-284-1.
- ^ Ellis, W N. "Andricus curvator Hartig, 1840 on Quercus, agamous generation". Plant Parasites of Europe. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
External links
Media related to Andricus curvator at Wikimedia Commons