Griselio Torresola

Griselio Torresola
File:Torresola.jpg Torresola participated in an attempt to assassinate U.S. President Harry S. Truman.
Born	1925 Jayuya, Puerto Rico
Died	November 1, 1950 Washington, D.C.
Political party	Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
Movement	Puerto Rican Independence

Griselio Torresola (1925 - November 1, 1950) born in Jayuya, Puerto Rico, was one of two Puerto Rican nationalists who attempted to assassinate United States President Harry Truman in 1950. During the attack on the president, Torresola mortally wounded White House policeman Private Leslie Coffelt and wounded two other law enforcement officers. Torresola was killed by a shot to the head from Coffelt.

Early life and political background

Torresola came from a family which believed in the Puerto Rican independence cause. They had participated in many of the island's past revolts. Torresola moved to New York City in August 1948. He was employed by a New York stationery and perfume store. A divorce from his first wife affected him emotionally and eventually he lost his job. He remarried and lived with his wife and two children on a welfare check of $125 a month.

Torresola was a member of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party and soon joined forces with fellow Nationalist Oscar Collazo in the chapter in New York City.

Jayuya Uprising

Nationalists were increasingly angered by what they viewed as great injustices, including the Ponce Massacre, the extrajudicial murders of some members, the jailing of Albizu for his advocacy of violent resistance, and the impending changes of Puerto Rico's status from a non-autonomous territory to a partially self-governing commonwealth. They viewed Puerto Rico as a colony demanding independence. On October 30, 1950, his brother and sister participated in the Jayuya Uprising.

The United States declared martial law and attacked the town with U.S. P-47 Thunderbolt bomber planes, land-based artillery, mortar fire, grenades, U.S. infantry troops, and the National Guard. The planes machine-gunned nearly every rooftop in the town. The Nationalists managed to hold the town for three days, then mass arrests followed. Torresola was angered by the situation. Even though an extensive part of his hometown was destroyed, news of this military action was prevented from spreading outside of Puerto Rico. It was reported as an "incident between Puerto Ricans" by the American media.

Assassination attempt

Main article: Truman assassination attempt

External audio
Newsreel scenes in English of the assassination attempt on U.S. President Harry S Truman

Blair House, site of the attempt, as it is today.
At the time of the attempt there were two guard booths out front, which are not present today.

In the attack on the Blair House, Torresola and Oscar Collazo attempted to enter the President's residence and assassinate him. Torresola walked up Pennsylvania Avenue from the west side while his partner, Oscar Collazo, engaged Secret Service Special Agents and White House policemen with his Walther P 38 from the east. Torresola approached a guard booth at the west corner of the Blair-Lee house, and noted an officer, Leslie Coffelt, sitting inside. Torresola, in a double handed, isosceles shooting stance, quickly pivoted from left to right around the opening of the booth, and fired four shots from his 9 mm German Luger, semi-automatic pistol at close range at Coffelt. Three of the shots struck Coffelt in the chest and abdomen, and the fourth went through his policeman's tunic. Coffelt slumped down in his chair, mortally wounded.

Torresola turned his attention to plainclothes White House policeman Joseph Downs. Downs, who moments before had paused to chat with Coffelt, was proceeding down a walkway to the basement door at the west end of the Blair-Lee house when he heard shots being fired. Downs turned back towards the guard booth and Torresola, but was shot once in the hip before he could draw his weapon. He was then shot twice more by Torresola, once in the back and once in the neck. Downs staggered back to the basement door, opened it, slid in, then slammed the door behind him, depriving Torresola of entry into the Blair-Lee House. Torresola then turned his attention to the sound of the shoot-out between his partner, Collazo, and several law enforcement officers. Torresola noted wounded District of Columbia policeman Donald Birdzell aiming at Collazo from the south side of Pennsylvania Avenue. Torresola aimed and shot Birdzell in the left knee from a distance of approximately 40 feet.

Torresola stood to the immediate left of the Blair House steps while he reloaded his empty gun. President Truman, who was asleep in his second floor bedroom, awoke to the sound of the gunshots outside. Truman went to his bedroom window, opened it, and looked outside. From where he stood reloading off, Torresola was thirty-one feet away from the president. It is not known whether either man saw the other. At the same time, the dying Secret Serviceman Leslie Coffelt staggered out of his guard booth, leaned against it and aimed his revolver at Torresola who was approximately 20 feet away. Coffelt fired, hitting Torresola two inches above the left ear on a slight upward angle, killing him instantly. Torresola left behind a young wife and two young children. Coffelt succumbed to three bullet wounds several hours later. Leslie Coffelt was accorded burial at Arlington National Cemetery; a plaque at the Blair-Lee House commemorates Coffelt's sacrifice, heroism, and fidelity to his duty and his country. The assassination attempt lasted less than 40 seconds.

Aftermath

Oscar Collazo was sentenced to death, later commuted by Truman to a life sentence. After 27 years in Leavenworth Federal Prison in Kansas, Collazo's sentence was reduced to time served by President Jimmy Carter and he was released in 1979. He returned to Puerto Rico where he continued to support the independence movement. He died in 1994, aged 80. Collazo is quoted as saying "It would not be justice to Griselio if we merely remembered him for his ability with weapons. We must remember the brave and expert guerrilla of the mountains of Jayuya as the patriot who never had doubts when his country called him to completion of his duty."

See also

• Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s
• List of famous Puerto Ricans

References

• Stephen Hunter and John Bainbridge, Jr., American Gunfight: The Plot To Kill Harry Truman - And The Shoot-Out That Stopped It. Simon & Schuster (2005), ISBN 0-7432-6068-6. This is the source for the description of the gunfight.